Covulcanization of elastomer blends with special reference to NR/EPDM blends

Attempts have been made to attain satisfactory network structures in each of the phases of a rubber blend by minimising the cure rate imbalance by employing methods such as grafting of accelerators to the slow curing rubber, chemically bonding the crosslinking agents to the rubber in which it has lower solubility, functionalisation of the slow curing rubber, masterbatching of the curing agents to the slow curing rubber etc. Functionalisation of the slow curing constituents of NR/IIR and NR/EIPDM blends is tried using novel reagents as the first part of this study. However, the crux of the present study is a more direct approach to attaining a covulcanized state in NR/IIR and NR/EPDM blends: Precuring the slow curing rubber (IIR or EPDM) to a low level when it can still blend with NR and then to ck) the final curing after blending with NR. TNM3 precuring is also likely to minimise the viscosity mismatch. Since a low level of resmmal crosslink density is likely to be present lJ1 reclaimed rubbers, blending heat resistant reclaimed rubber such as butyl reclaim with NR may also have the same effect of precuring IIR, and then blending with NR. Hence use of IIR reclaim for developing blends with NR is also proposed to be investigated in this study

“Studies on short polyester fiber - polyurethane elastomer composite with different interfacial bonding agents”

The work presented in this thesis is regarding the development and evaluation of new bonding agents for short polyester fiber - polyurethane elastomer composites. The conventional bonding system based on hexamethylenetetramine, resorcinol and hydrated silica was not effective as a bonding agent for the composite, as the water eliminated during the formation of the RF resin hydrolysed the urethane linkages. Four bonding agents based on MDI/'I‘DI and polypropyleneglycol, propyleneglycol and glycerol were prepared and the composite recipe was optimised with respect to the cure characteristics and mechanical properties. The flow properties, stress relaxation pattern and the thermal degradation characteristics of the composites containing different bonding agents were then studied in detail to evaluate the new bonding systems. The optimum loading of resin was 5 phr and the ratio of the -01 to isocyanate was 1:1. The cure characteristics showed that the optimum combination of cure rate and processability was given by the composite with the resin based on polypropyleneglycol/ glycerol/ 4,4’diphenylmethanediisocynate (PPG/GL/MDI). From the rheological studies of the composites with and without bonding agents it was observed that all the composites showed pseudoplastic nature and the activation energy of flow of the composite was not altered by the presence of bonding agents. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, tear resistance and abrasion resistance were improved in the presence of bonding agents and the effect was more pronounced in the case of abrasion resistance. The composites based on MDI/GL showed better initial properties while composites with resins based on MDI/PPG showed better aging resistance. Stress relaxation showed a multistage relaxation behaviour for the composite. Within the-strain levels studied, the initial rate of relaxation was higher and the cross over time was lesser for the composite containing bonding agents. The bonding agent based on MDI/PPG/GL was found to be a better choice for improving stress relaxation characteristics with better interfacial bonding. Thennogravimetirc analysis showed that the presence of fiber and bonding agents improved the thennal stability of the polyurethane elastomer marginally and it was maximum in the case of MDI / GL based bonding agents. The kinetics of degradation was not altered by the presence of bonding agents

Desenlaces del tratamiento de pacientes adultos con tuberculosis multiresistente y con resistencia extendida. Revisión sistemática.

Introducción: La tuberculosis es considerada una enfermedad de alta prevalencia a nivel mundial y un problema de salud pública por la disminución en la tasa de cura desde la aparición de TB con resistencia múltiple y extendida, por lo cual se requiere diseñar estrategias de manejo emergentes que permitan frenar el aumento en la incidencia de la TB a nivel mundial. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura a través de PubMed y HINARI, dirigida a estudios que evaluaran los desenlaces de manejo de la TB MDR según los objetivos planteados por la última guía de la OMS1. Resultados: Se recolectaron 9 artículos de seguimiento a una cohorte en diferentes lugares del mundo según los criterios de inclusión, de la muestra recolectada en los 9 artículos, 4720 personas recibieron tratamiento desde el inicio, 4163 (88%) fueron TB MDR y 557 (12%) TB XDR. De esta muestra se excluyeron los transferidos a otras instituciones al hacer el análisis, quedando un total de 4455 casos. Se encontró de las muestras con el manejo individualizado, sin embargo la mortalidad continua siendo representativa y mayor en relación con algunas variables. Conclusiones: Los estudios evaluaron las múltiples estrategias de manejo en diferentes países sin obtener resultados contundentes sobre una estrategia de manejo estandarizada. La realización de un meta análisis no es posible por la pobre caracterización de los esquemas de tratamiento usados en los diferentes estudios y definiciones mal delineadas.

Eficácia da Terapia Combinada com Cefquinoma no Tratamento de Mastite Bovina

A Mastite é a afeção mais comum do úbere e consiste na reação inflamatória dos tecidos secretores da glândula mamária, como resposta a lesões traumáticas, infeções bacterianas e fúngicas. É uma das doenças mais observadas em explorações leiteiras, com grande impacto e perdas a nível económico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi a análise da eficácia da utilização de uma terapia combinada com Cefquinoma para o tratamento de mastites, comparando a terapêutica de Cefquinoma e outra terapêutica alternativa, o tempo de tratamento aplicado e a evolução do caso clínico. O estudo foi realizado num total de 80 vacas com mastite clínica em 3 explorações na área de grande Lisboa, tendo sido registados e analisados, para cada caso, qual o tratamento usado (a terapia combinada com Cefquinoma ou a terapêutica protocolar estabelecida pela exploração), o tempo de tratamento e a sua evolução clínica (se obteve cura, morte, refugo ou perda de ¼ mamário). O estudo da eficácia da terapia combinada com Cefquinoma pretende contribuir para um melhor conhecimento da eficácia das terapias existentes como coadjuvantes da melhoria da rentabilidade das explorações leiteiras. Os resultados obtidos permitem estabelecer uma relação positiva entre a taxa de cura e a terapêutica usada.

A hands-on approach for fitting long-term survival models under the GAMLSS framework

In many data sets from clinical studies there are patients insusceptible to the occurrence of the event of interest. Survival models which ignore this fact are generally inadequate. The main goal of this paper is to describe an application of the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) framework to the fitting of long-term survival models. in this work the number of competing causes of the event of interest follows the negative binomial distribution. In this way, some well known models found in the literature are characterized as particular cases of our proposal. The model is conveniently parameterized in terms of the cured fraction, which is then linked to covariates. We explore the use of the gamlss package in R as a powerful tool for inference in long-term survival models. The procedure is illustrated with a numerical example. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Bayesian Long-term Survival Model Parametrized in the Cured Fraction

The main goal of this paper is to investigate a cure rate model that comprehends some well-known proposals found in the literature. In our work the number of competing causes of the event of interest follows the negative binomial distribution. The model is conveniently reparametrized through the cured fraction, which is then linked to covariates by means of the logistic link. We explore the use of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to develop a Bayesian analysis in the proposed model. The procedure is illustrated with a numerical example.

On the unification of long-term survival models

In this paper we extend the long-term survival model proposed by Chen et al. [Chen, M.-H., Ibrahim, J.G., Sinha, D., 1999. A new Bayesian model for survival data with a surviving fraction. journal of the American Statistical Association 94, 909-919] via the generating function of a real sequence introduced by Feller [Feller, W., 1968. An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, third ed., vol. 1, Wiley, New York]. A direct consequence of this new formulation is the unification of the long-term survival models proposed by Berkson and Gage [Berkson, J., Gage, R.P., 1952. Survival cure for cancer patients following treatment. journal of the American Statistical Association 47, 501-515] and Chen et al. (see citation above). Also, we show that the long-term survival function formulated in this paper satisfies the proportional hazards property if, and only if, the number of competing causes related to the occurrence of an event of interest follows a Poisson distribution. Furthermore, a more flexible model than the one proposed by Yin and Ibrahim [Yin, G., Ibrahim, J.G., 2005. Cure rate models: A unified approach. The Canadian journal of Statistics 33, 559-570] is introduced and, motivated by Feller`s results, a very useful competing index is defined. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effectiveness of artemether-lumefantrine provided by community health workers in under-five children with uncomplicated malaria in rural Tanzania : an open label prospective study

Background: Home-management of malaria (HMM) strategy improves early access of anti-malarial medicines to high-risk groups in remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa. However, limited data are available on the effectiveness of using artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) within the HMM strategy. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of artemether-lumefantrine (AL), presently the most favoured ACT in Africa, in under-five children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tanzania, when provided by community health workers (CHWs) and administered unsupervised by parents or guardians at home. Methods: An open label, single arm prospective study was conducted in two rural villages with high malaria transmission in Kibaha District, Tanzania. Children presenting to CHWs with uncomplicated fever and a positive rapid malaria diagnostic test (RDT) were provisionally enrolled and provided AL for unsupervised treatment at home. Patients with microscopy confirmed P. falciparum parasitaemia were definitely enrolled and reviewed weekly by the CHWs during 42 days. Primary outcome measure was PCR corrected parasitological cure rate by day 42, as estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00454961. Results: A total of 244 febrile children were enrolled between March-August 2007. Two patients were lost to follow up on day 14, and one patient withdrew consent on day 21. Some 141/241 (58.5%) patients had recurrent infection during follow-up, of whom 14 had recrudescence. The PCR corrected cure rate by day 42 was 93.0% (95% CI 88.3%-95.9%). The median lumefantrine concentration was statistically significantly lower in patients with recrudescence (97 ng/mL [IQR 0-234]; n = 10) compared with reinfections (205 ng/mL [114-390]; n = 92), or no parasite reappearance (217 [121-374] ng/mL; n = 70; p <= 0.046). Conclusions: Provision of AL by CHWs for unsupervised malaria treatment at home was highly effective, which provides evidence base for scaling-up implementation of HMM with AL in Tanzania.

Modelos de sobrevivência com fração de cura e erro de medida nas covariáveis

In this work, we study the survival cure rate model proposed by Yakovlev et al. (1993), based on a competing risks structure concurring to cause the event of interest, and the approach proposed by Chen et al. (1999), where covariates are introduced to model the risk amount. We focus the measurement error covariates topics, considering the use of corrected score method in order to obtain consistent estimators. A simulation study is done to evaluate the behavior of the estimators obtained by this method for finite samples. The simulation aims to identify not only the impact on the regression coefficients of the covariates measured with error (Mizoi et al. 2007) but also on the coefficients of covariates measured without error. We also verify the adequacy of the piecewise exponential distribution to the cure rate model with measurement error. At the end, model applications involving real data are made

Modelos de sobrevivência com fração de cura e omissão nas covariáveis

In this work we study the survival cure rate model proposed by Yakovlev (1993) that are considered in a competing risk setting. Covariates are introduced for modeling the cure rate and we allow some covariates to have missing values. We consider only the cases by which the missing covariates are categorical and implement the EM algorithm via the method of weights for maximum likelihood estimation. We present a Monte Carlo simulation experiment to compare the properties of the estimators based on this method with those estimators under the complete case scenario. We also evaluate, in this experiment, the impact in the parameter estimates when we increase the proportion of immune and censored individuals among the not immune one. We demonstrate the proposed methodology with a real data set involving the time until the graduation for the undergraduate course of Statistics of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

The Conway-Maxwell-Poisson-generalized gamma regression model with long-term survivors

In this paper, we proposed a flexible cure rate survival model by assuming the number of competing causes of the event of interest following the Conway-Maxwell distribution and the time for the event to follow the generalized gamma distribution. This distribution can be used to model survival data when the hazard rate function is increasing, decreasing, bathtub and unimodal-shaped including some distributions commonly used in lifetime analysis as particular cases. Some appropriate matrices are derived in order to evaluate local influence on the estimates of the parameters by considering different perturbations, and some global influence measurements are also investigated. Finally, data set from the medical area is analysed.

Testes de hipóteses em modelos de sobrevivência com Fração de cura

Survival models deals with the modeling of time to event data. However in some situations part of the population may be no longer subject to the event. Models that take this fact into account are called cure rate models. There are few studies about hypothesis tests in cure rate models. Recently a new test statistic, the gradient statistic, has been proposed. It shares the same asymptotic properties with the classic large sample tests, the likelihood ratio, score and Wald tests. Some simulation studies have been carried out to explore the behavior of the gradient statistic in fi nite samples and compare it with the classic statistics in diff erent models. The main objective of this work is to study and compare the performance of gradient test and likelihood ratio test in cure rate models. We first describe the models and present the main asymptotic properties of the tests. We perform a simulation study based on the promotion time model with Weibull distribution to assess the performance of the tests in finite samples. An application is presented to illustrate the studied concepts

Obstrução nasolacrimal congênita: fatores relacionados com a melhora após sondagem terapêutica

OBJETIVO: Avaliar em crianças portadoras de obstrução nasolacrimal congênita (ONLC) os índices de cura com a sondagem das vias lacrimais e os fatores relacionados com o insucesso do procedimento. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo observacional, incluindo 80 crianças portadoras de obstrução nasolacrimal congênita, submetidas à sondagem terapêutica da via lacrimal. As crianças foram avaliadas quanto ao sexo, faixa etária e resultado da sondagem. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por estatística descritiva, teste de Goodman e pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A cura ocorreu igualmente em ambos os sexos. A média de idade das crianças que se beneficiaram da sondagem foi de 19,95±11,4 meses e a das crianças que não se curaram foi de 23,37±15,2 meses. A possibilidade de cura ocorreu igualmente nas faixas etárias acima dos 6 meses. Observou-se nas crianças que não se curaram com a sondagem a existência de alterações nasais como rinite, hipertrofia de adenóide ou de cornetos, desvio de septo e sinusopatia. CONCLUSÃO: A possibilidade de cura com a sondagem não varia significativamente mesmo nas idades acima dos 12 meses. Entre as causas de insucesso com o procedimento devem ser incluídas as alterações da cavidade nasal.

Caracterização da população portadora de tuberculose do município de Américo Brasiliense/SP, no período de 1992 a 2002

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem all over the world, which was recognized by the WHO in 1993 as a global emergency because of its very high incidence in the 22 countries that concentrate 80% of TB cases. One of these countries is Brazil, where TB occurrences are well-documented in major cities, but little is known of its spread in rural areas and small towns. Therefore, an epidemiological study was done on medical records of TB sufferers in the rural district and small town of Américo Brasiliense, São Paulo state, from 1992 to 2002, with the aim of improving TB prevention and treatment. The results showed that the incidence of TB peaked in the years of intense migration of rural workers, largely cane-cutters. Among these, the disease attacks mainly the men, in their productive years (20 to 40 years old). The predominant clinical form observed was pulmonary tuberculosis. The treatment abandonment rate was less than 1.8%, while the cure rate was around 90%. The disease detection rate by examination of sputum for acid-fast bacilli was around 60%.

Nova proposta de tratamento para malária por Plasmodium vivax

Recaídas que podem ocorrer com o tratamento convencional de longa duração para malária por P. vivax e são em parte devido a parcial adesão do paciente. Portanto a utilização de esquemas terapêuticos de curta duração é capaz de proporcionar melhor acompanhamento do caso e ao mesmo tempo manter a eficácia, ser de boa tolerância e praticamente isento de efeitos adversos. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Programa de Malária do Instituto Evandro Chagas, em Belém do Pará, no período de julho de 1994 a junho de 1995. O estudo caracterizou-se por ser aberto, comparativo, prospectivo e randomizado. Participaram aqueles com idade superior a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos e que pudessem permanecer em Belém até o final do controle. Todos procederam da Amazônia, sendo que o Pará foi o responsável pela maioria dos casos (85,8%) e a área metropolitana de Belém contribuiu com 39,2%, equivalente a autoctonia. A amostra foi composta de 120 pacientes, os quais foram alocados em 3 diferentes esquemas, cada um com 40 participantes, conforme a seguinte distribuição: esquema I - fosfato de cloroquina, comprimidos contendo 150 mg de substância base - 25 mg / Kg como dose total, dividida em 3 dias, sendo 10 mg / Kg de peso corporal no primeiro dia; 7,5 mg / Kg no segundo e terceiro dias, associada ao fosfato de primaquina, comprimidos contendo 15 mg de substância base - 0,25 mg / Kg / dia, por 14 dias; esquema II - fosfato de cloroquina, comprimido contendo 150 mg de substância base - 10 mg / Kg, dose única, associada ao fosfato de primaquina comprimidos contendo 15 mg de substância base - 0,50 mg / KG / dia, por 7 dias; esquema III - fosfato de cloroquina, comprimidos contendo 150 mg de substância base - 10 mg / Kg, dose única, associada ao fosfato de primaquina comprimidos contendo 15 mg de substância base - 0,50 mg / Kg / dia, por 5 dias. A medicação foi administrada por via oral, sob supervisão médica, sendo todos os pacientes tratados em regime ambulatorial. O diagnóstico clínico fundamentou-se na história, epidemiologia e exame físico do paciente, enquanto o encontro do hematozoário, plasmódio, através da gota espessa, confirmou o caso de malária. As respostas terapêuticas aos 3 esquemas foram satisfatórias, com percentual de cura acima dos 80%, sendo que o esquema II, não permitiu recaídas. O desaparecimento da tríade sintomática ocorreu no máximo em até 96 horas, e a negativação da parasitemia assexuada em até 72 horas, para os três diferentes esquemas de tratamento. Os efeitos colaterais foram mínimos e efêmeros. Não se observou toxicidade, mesmo com doses duplicadas de primaquina.