Intersetorialidade e transversalidade: a estrat??gia dos programas complementares do Bolsa Fam??lia

O artigo analisa a estrat??gia implementada em 2006 e 2007 pelo Programa Bolsa Fam??lia (PBF) para a articula????o de programas complementares ??s transfer??ncias condicionadas de renda, enfatizando sua contribui????o para o enfrentamento da desigualdade e da exclus??o social no Brasil, e apresenta resultados preliminares alcan??ados por alguns destes programas executados em n??vel federal. A articula????o de programas complementares possibilita o reconhecimento de necessidades de grupos populacionais em situa????o de risco social e promove a oferta de a????es espec??ficas para as suas necessidades, para uma inclus??o cidad?? diferenciada. A estrat??gia implementada em 2006 e 2007 foi caracterizada pela intersetorialidade e transversalidade e a cria????o de um espa??o prop??cio para o desenvolvimento de inova????es no campo das pol??ticas sociais. Apesar do car??ter recente dos programas complementares e das dificuldades de monitoramento, os resultados obtidos em programas federais e o comprometimento dos governos municipais na articula????o de programas municipais demonstram que essa pode ser uma op????o na agenda das pol??ticas sociais dos tr??s n??veis de governo no Brasil.

Evaluating the impacts of Bolsa Escola programs on student performance in Brazil

Since the 1980s, governments and organizations have promoted cash transfers in education as a tool for motivating elementary aged children to attend school. Oftentimes, the monthly payments supplemented the income a child would be making in the labor market. In Brazil, where these Bolsa or grant programs were pioneered, there has been much success in removing children from harsh labor conditions and increasing enrollment rates among the poorest families. However, the capacity of Bolsa Escola programs to meet other objectives, such as impacting educational outcomes and reducing incidences of poverty, continues to be examined. As these programs continue to be adopted globally, funding millions of children and families, evidence that demonstrates such success becomes ever more imperative. This study, therefore, examined evidence to determine whether Bolsa Escola programs have a significant impact on the academic performance of beneficiaries in Brazil. ^ Through the course of three data collection phases, multiple data sources were used to demonstrate the academic performance of fourth and eighth grade Brazilian students who were eligible to participate in either an NGO or the federal cash transfer program. MANOVAs were conducted separately for fourth and eighth grade data to determine if significant differences existed between measures of academic performance of Bolsa and non-Bolsa students. In every case and for both grade levels, significant effects were found for participation. ^ The limited qualitative data collected did not support drawing conclusions. Thematic analysis of the limited interview data pointed to possible dependency on Bolsa monthly stipends, and reallocation of responsibilities in the home in cases where children shifted from being breadwinners to students. ^

Integração de políticas sociais: um estudo de caso sobre o Bolsa Família

O presente trabalho propõe-se a analisar o processo de integração das diversas ações de transferência de renda no âmbito do governo federal, durante a primeira gestão do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, entre os anos de 2003 e 2006, que resultou na criação do Programa Bolsa Família. A análise proposta busca contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o governo e a administração pública, gerando informações sobre a formação da agenda governamental de um governo comprometido, programaticamente, com a redução da pobreza e da desigualdade social. Quanto ao caminho metodológico percorrido, na elaboração desta dissertação, partiu-se da seguinte pergunta-chave: por que e como se deu o processo de integração do Programa Bolsa Família? A metodologia de pesquisa aplicada consistiu na identificação das razões para a entrada deste tema na agenda governamental do primeiro governo do presidente Lula. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso, objetivando identificar quais atores participaram da discussão sobre a unificação dos programas de transferência de renda e quais foram os conceitos que os orientaram. Como instrumento de pesquisa, optou-se pela aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com alguns participantes do Grupo de Trabalho de Unificação dos Programas de Transferência de Renda. Além das entrevistas, as outras fontes utilizadas foram: os relatórios e/ou atas das reuniões do Grupo de Trabalho, da Câmara de Política Social do governo; as legislações dos programas anteriores; a legislação do Programa Bolsa Família; os discursos realizados pelo presidente eleito Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva entre janeiro e outubro de 2003. Por meio da análise, de toda a documentação elencada, é possível verificar o esforço governamental no sentido de implementar mudanças nos programas de transferência de renda. Dessas reuniões foram produzidos relatórios pelos Grupos Técnicos, abordando as políticas sociais para a redução das desigualdades, construindo o Programa Bolsa Família levando se em conta a importância do legado histórico das ações existentes. Como resultado da pesquisa, identificou-se que o presidente Lula, a Câmara de Política Social e o seu grupo de especialistas técnicos souberam aproveitar a janela de oportunidades de um governo que estava iniciando com forte apelo para desenvolver políticas públicas de combate à fome e a pobreza. Após percorrer o caminho de reconstrução histórica para a elaboração dessa dissertação, buscou-se destacar algumas contribuições que tem por objetivo servir de incentivo para novos estudos sobre o processo decisório na esfera pública de governo.

On impatience, education, returns, and inequality

In this paper we investiga te the impact of initial wealth anel impatience heterogeneities, as wcll as differential access to financia! markets on povcrty anel inequality, anel cvaluate some mechanisms that could be used to alleviate situations in which these two issues are alarming. To address our qucstion we develop a dynamic stochastic general cquilibrium modo! of educational anel savings choicc with heterogeneous agents, where individuais differ in their initial wealth anel in their discount factor. We find that, in the long run, more patient households tend to be wealthier anel more educated. However, our baseline model is not able to give as much skewness to our income distribution as it is rcquircd. We then propose a novel returns structure based on empírica! observation of heterogeneous returns to different portfolios. This modification solves our previous problem, evidencing the importance of the changes made in explaining the existing levels of inequality. Finally, we introducc two kinds of cash transfers programs- one in which receiving thc benefit is conditional on educating the household's youngster (CCTS) anel one frec of conditionalities (CTS) - in order to evaluate the impact of these programs on the variables of concern1 Wc fine! that both policies have similar qualitativo rcsults. Quantitatively, howcvcr, the CCTS outperforms its unconclitional version in all fielcls analyzecl, revealing itself to be a preferable policy.

O novo federalismo social e o Rio: desenho de programas complementares de transferência de renda condicionada

Brazilian public policy entered in the so-called new social federalism through its conditional cash transfers. States and municipalities can operate together through the nationwide platform of the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP), complementing federal actions with local innovations. The state and the city of Rio de Janeiro have created programs named, respectively, Renda Melhor (RM) and Família Carioca (FC). These programs make use of the operational structure of the BFP, which facilitates locating beneficiaries, issuing cards, synchronizing payment dates and access passwords and introducing new conditionalities. The payment system of the two programs complements the estimated permanent household income up to the poverty line established, giving more to those who have less. Similar income complementation system was subsequently adopted in the BFP and the Chilean Ingreso Ético Familiar, which also follow the principle of estimation of income used in the FC and in the RM. Instead of using the declared income, the value of the Rio cash transfers are set using the extensive collection of information obtained from the Single Registry of Social Programs (Cadastro Único): physical configuration of housing, access to public services, education and work conditions for all family members, presence of vulnerable groups, disabilities, pregnant or lactating women, children and benefits from other official transfers such as the BFP. With this multitude of assets and limitations, the permanent income of each individual is estimated. The basic benefit is defined by the poverty gap and priority is given to the poorest. These subnational programs use international benchmarks as a neutral ground between different government levels and mandates. Their poverty line is the highest of the first millennium goal of the United Nations (UN): US$ 2 per person per day adjusted for the cost of living. The other poverty line of the UN, US$ 1.25, was implicitly adopted as the national extreme poverty line in 2011. The exchange of methodologies between federal entities has happened both ways. The FC began with the 575,000 individuals living in the city of Rio de Janeiro who were on the payroll of the BFP. Its system of impact evaluation benefited from bi-monthly standardized examinations. In the educational conditionalities, the two programs reward students' progress, a potential advantage for those who most need to advance. The municipal program requires greater school attendance than that of the BFP and the presence of students’ parents at the bimonthly meetings held on Saturdays. Students must achieve a grade of 8 or improve at least 20% in each exam to receive a bi-monthly premium of R$50. In early childhood, priority is given to the poor children in the program Single Administrative Register (CadÚnico) to enroll in kindergarten, preschools and complementary activities. The state program reaches more than one million people with a payment system similar to the municipal one. Moreover, it innovates in that it transfers awards given to high school students to savings accounts. The prize increases and is paid to the student, who can withdraw up to 30% annually. The total can reach R$3,800 per low-income student. The State and the city rewarded already education professionals according to student performance, now completing the chain of demand incentives on poor students and their parents. Increased performance is higher among beneficiaries and the presence of their guardians at meetings is twice compared to non beneficiaries; The Houston program, also focuses on aligning the incentives to teachers, parents and students. In general, the plan is to explore strategic complementarities, where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The objective is to stimulate, through targets and incentives, synergies between social actors (teachers, parents, students), between areas (education, assistance, work) and different levels of government. The cited programs sum their efforts and divide labor so as to multiply interactions and make a difference in the lives of the poor.

Use of oocyte transfer in a commercial breeding program for mares with reproductive abnormalities

In some mares with lesions of the reproductive tract, embryo collection and survival rates are low or collection of embryos is not feasible. For these mares, oocyte transfer has been proposed as a method to induce pregnancies. In this report, a method for oocyte transfer in mares and results of oocyte transfer performed over 2 breeding seasons, using mares with long histories of subfertility and various reproductive lesions, are described.Human chorionic gonadotropin or an implant containing a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog was used to initiate follicular and oocyte maturation. Oocytes were collected by means of transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration. Following follicular aspiration, cumulus oocyte complexes were evaluated for cumulus expansion and signs of atresia; immature oocytes were cultured in vitro to allow maturation. The recipient's ovary and uterine tube (oviduct) were exposed through a flank laparotomy with the horse standing, and the oocyte was slowly deposited within the oviduct. Oocyte transfer was attempted in 38 mares between 9 and 30 years old during 2 successive breeding seasons. All mares had a history of reproductive failure while in breeding and embryo transfer programs. Twenty pregnancies were induced. Fourteen of the pregnant mares delivered live foals. Results suggest that oocyte transfer can be a successful method for inducing pregnancy in subfertile mares in a commercial setting..

Superovulation and embryo transfer in Bos indices cattle

Compared to Bos taurus breeds, Bos indices breeds of cattle present several differences in reproductive physiology. Follicular diameter at deviation and at the time of ovulatory capability are smaller in B. indicus breeds. Furthermore, B. indicus breeds have a greater sensitivity to gonadotropins, a shorter duration of estrus, and more often express estrus during the night. These differences must be considered when setting up embryo transfer programs for B. indicus cattle. In recent studies, we evaluated follicular dynamics and superovulatory responses in B. indicus donors with the objective of implementing fixed-time AI protocols in superstimulated donors. Protocols using estradiol and progesterone/progestrogen releasing devices to control follicular wave emergence were as efficacious as in B. taurus cattle, allowing the initiation of superstimulatory treatments (with lower dosages of FSH than in B. taurus donors) at a self-appointed time. Furthermore, results presented herein indicate that delaying the removal of progesterone/progestogen-releasing devices, combined with the administration of GnRH or pLH 12 h after the last FSH injection, results in synchronous ovulations, permitting the application of fixed-time AI of donors without the necessity of estrus detection and without compromising the results. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A regional basic income: towards the eradication of extreme poverty in Central America

Incluye Bibliografía

Avaliação dos impactos de políticas públicas de transferência de renda na qualidade de vida no semiárido nordestino face às mudanças climáticas

Introdução: Os impactos das alterações climáticas são e serão sentidos localmente, e irão variar de lugar para lugar. Nas regiões mais sensíveis à variabilidade climática, onde outros fatores e restrições afetam o desenvolvimento, a mudança climática terá um impacto significativamente maior. Uma da preocupações mais recentes da comunidade científica é que esses impactos negativos das alterações climáticas sobre a sociedade, saúde e o meio ambiente possa vir a restringir quaisquer ganhos realizados até o momento na melhora da qualidade de vida das populações, e em especial na região nordeste do Brasil. Neste contexto, as mudanças climáticas, bem como a variabilidade climática natural com seus extremos, podem vir a acentuar uma vulnerabilidade social já existente, fazendo com que a qualidade de vida das populações mais vulneráveis seja especialmente e desproporcionalmente afetada. Objetivo: Analisar como os impactos das políticas públicas de transferência de renda em especial o Programa Bolsa Família e a Aposentadoria Rural influênciam a qualidade de vida frente à variabilidade e mudanças climáticas de famílias pobres no nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: Fez-se uso de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos de coleta e análise de dados sobre as diferentes formas de pobreza e vulnerabilidade e a relação com a capacidade de adaptação à seca, e como isso afeta a percepção de qualidade de vida em famílias pobres rurais e urbanas em dois municípios do estado do Ceará (Parambu e Boa Viagem) sobre o estresse da seca. Realizou-se 221 entrevistas domiciliares (141 na zona rural e 80 na zona urbana). Complementarmente foram coletados dados qualitativos obtidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chaves (gestores municipais e estaduais, chefes religiosos, presidentes de associações rurais e agentes de saúde). Os dados foram codificados e analisados com o auxílio do N-Vivo e do SPSS. Resultados: Os resultados foram separados e apresentados em formato de três manuscritos. Em geral, os resultados mostram que apesar dos programas de transferência de renda agirem positivamente na 16 melhora da qualidade de vida da famílias beneficiadas, durante o evento de seca as famílias não conseguem superar os fatores que as tornam vulneráveis, o que pode afetar sua percepção de bem-estar subjetivo. Ao mesmo tempo, devido às limitações e deficiências das intervenções políticas de intervenção de seca, as relações de dependência e clientelismo, característica da região, continuam a perpetuar. Conclusão: Os ganhos materiais na qualidade de vida, promovidos pelos programas sociais, como o Bolsa Família e a pensão rural, apesar de serem necessários, não são suficientes para promover uma transformação na vida dessas famílias

Policy Labels and Investment Decision-making

Much attention in recent years has turned to the potential of behavioural insights to improve the performance of government policy. One behavioural concept of interest is the effect of a cash transfer label on how the transfer is spent. The Winter Fuel Payment (WFP) is a labelled cash transfer to offset the costs of keeping older households warm in the winter. Previous research has shown that households spend a higher proportion of the WFP on energy expenditures due to its label (Beatty et al., 2011). If households interpret the WFP as money for their energy bills, it may reduce their willingness to undertake investments which help achieving the same goal, such as the adoption of renewable energy technologies. In this paper we show that the WFP has distortionary effects on the renewable technology market. Using the sharp eligibility criteria of the WFP in a Regression Discontinuity Design, this analysis finds a reduction in the propensity to install renewable energy technologies of around 2.7 percentage points due to the WFP. This is a considerable number. It implies that 62% of households (whose oldest member turns 60) would have invested in renewable energy but refrain to do so after receiving the WFP. This analysis suggests that the labelling effect spreads to products related to the labelled good. In this case, households use too much energy from sources which generate pollution and too little from relatively cleaner technologies.

O social no governo Lula: a construção de um novo populismo em tempos de aplicação de uma agenda neoliberal

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the main characteristics of new Lula's government support. The paper's hypothesis concentrates in the idea of starting a different political approach, "a new populism". The paper argues that Lula's government to keep in power, beyond of going on with the neoliberal project - unfinished in the last years of FHC government -, needs to build up a solid and trustful political support, which is being done by implementing income transfer programs directed to poor people and the ones with less organization experience. This paper also calls the attention to Lula's government nature, in order to clarify the difficulties which should be dealt and the tasks to be developed in building up a political party that defends workers emancipation and Brazilians exploited.

Utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche en éducation Validation d’un questionnaire et proposition d’un modèle

La recherche sur l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche (CIR) est en pleine expansion. Plusieurs études ont montré que l’utilisation des CIR contribue à améliorer la réussite scolaire des élèves. Toutefois, il semble que les enseignants les utilisent très peu. Pour améliorer cette utilisation, il est nécessaire de développer un modèle explicatif de l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche. Ce modèle permet de rendre compte des mécanismes menant à l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche en milieu de pratique. Il permet également de mettre en évidence les facteurs les plus influents et l’agencement de ces différents facteurs dans le but de favoriser une meilleure utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche. Ce dernier aspect constitue l’objectif principal de cette thèse pour le domaine spécifique de l’éducation. Pour ce faire, un questionnaire sur l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche (QUC) est validé et un modèle est proposé. Le premier article de la thèse examine la fiabilité, la validité et la structure factorielle du QUC avec un échantillon francophone et anglophone d’un milieu défavorisé. Le QUC, composé de 43 items, mesure six dimensions, soit : l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche, le contexte organisationnel, la stratégie de soutien, l’opinion des utilisateurs et leur expertise ainsi que la fréquence d’accès aux sources des connaissances issues de la recherche. Au total, 2270 enseignants ont complété le questionnaire. Les résultats des différentes analyses montrent que le QUC doit être réduit à 20 items regroupés en cinq facteurs : l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche, l’opinion des utilisateurs, la stratégie de soutien, l’expertise des utilisateurs et les facteurs organisationnels. Le second article de cette thèse examine quel modèle permet de mieux expliquer l’utilisation des CIR. Pour ce faire, deux modèles sont testés avec le même échantillon que dans le premier article, soit un modèle de liens directs et un modèle avec médiation. Pour le premier modèle, un lien direct entre l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche et les facteurs qui favorisent cette utilisation est postulé : l’expertise, l’opinion, la stratégie de soutien et le facteur organisationnel auront des liens directs avec l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche. Le second modèle (modèle avec médiation) se base quant à lui sur les théories de l’action raisonnée et du comportement planifié et postule que le lien entre les facteurs et l’utilisation n’est pas direct; certains facteurs ont des effets directs et d’autres des effets indirects. Concrètement, ce second modèle postule que l’expertise et l’opinion agissent comme médiateurs entre, d’une part, les deux variables indépendantes (le facteur organisationnel et la stratégie de soutien), et, d’autre part, la variable dépendante (l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche). Les résultats des analyses montrent que le modèle avec médiation permet de mieux comprendre l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche. Cette étude a permis de valider un questionnaire sur l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche et aboutit à la proposition d’un modèle qui permet d’expliquer l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche spécialement conçu pour le domaine de l’éducation. Elle fournit des outils (un questionnaire validé et un modèle) qui permettent de mieux cerner le paradigme de l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche, ce qui pourrait favoriser une plus grande utilisation des CIR par les intervenants scolaires. En effet, les résultats de cette recherche peuvent guider les décideurs dans l’implantation des programmes menant à l’utilisation des connaissances issues de la recherche qui s’adressent aux enseignants. Ces résultats indiquent sur quels facteurs agir en premier lieu afin d’améliorer l’utilisation des CIR chez les enseignants du secondaire dans les milieux défavorisés. Le présent modèle pourrait être utilisé dans d’autres milieux scolaires (par exemple les milieux non défavorisés ou les milieux scolaires primaires) après validation.

Natural resources, redistribution and Human capital formation

How do resource booms affect human capital accumulation? We exploit time and spatial variation generated by the commodity boom across local governments in Peru to measure the effect of natural resources on human capital formation. We explore the effect of both mining production and tax revenues on test scores, finding a substantial and statistically significant effect for the latter. Transfers to local governments from mining tax revenues are linked to an increase in math test scores of around 0.23 standard deviations. We find that the hiring of permanent teachers as well as the increases in parental employment and improvements in health outcomes of adults and children are plausible mechanisms for such large effect on learning. These findings suggest that redistributive policies could facilitate the accumulation of human capital in resource abundant developing countries as a way to avoid the natural resources curse.

Superovulation and embryo collection in nulliparous Boer goat does immunized against a recombinant ovine alpha-subunit inhibin

With the purpose of eliciting a superovulatory response, 12 adult nulliparous Boer goat does were actively immunized against a recombinant a-subunit of ovine inhibin (roIHN-alpha; two injections of 100 mg 4 weeks apart). Another 12 control Boer goat does were treated with physiological saline and acted as controls. One year later the immunized animals were boostered by the administration of another dose (100 mg) of the immunogen. Following treatment, blood samples were collected twice weekly for the periods of 16 and 12 weeks, respectively, to monitor the inhibin binding ability with the aid of a radio-tracer binding assay. Throughout the experiment, estrus detection was conducted twice daily with the aid of an aproned intact buck. From the first day after treatment to 48 h after standing estrus, ovarian activity was monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography. On alternate estrous cycles, does were mated and 6 days later flushed transcervically to recover embryos. All goats treated with the roIHN-alpha produced antibodies reactive to the native bovine inhibin tracer-the titre increasing from 2.9 +/- 0.4 to a maximum of 21.9 +/- 2.9% binding after the second injection. The antibody titre gradually subsided over the next 16 weeks. The booster injection restored an elevated antibody titre (11.7 +/- 0.4%), which was maintained until the end of the sampling period 12 weeks later. In the control goats only trace amounts of antibody were recorded throughout the trial. In the roIHN-alpha-immunized goats the number of follicles reaching a diameter of > 4 mm was 14.6 +/- 1.2 per doe. A positive correlation was recorded between the follicle number and antibody titre (r=0.61; P < 0.01). The number of follicles ovulating per doe (6.9 +/- 0.7) followed the same tendency-however, the proportion decreased with increasing follicle numbers. A relatively weak correlation was recorded between the inhibin binding ability and number of ovulations (r=0.27; P < 0.05). In the control goats the majority (92%) of follicles exceeding 4 mm in diameter ovulated (2.5 +/- 0.1 follicles/doe). Embryo collection proved unsatisfactory (42% versus 39% recovery for immunized and control animals, respectively)-presumably because the uterine lumen of the nulliparous does was too narrow to permit effective flushing. In the group of immunized goats the occurrence of short estrous cycles (< 15 days) recorded was 34% versus only 6% in the controls. Overall, immunization of goats against roIHN-alpha led to an almost six-fold increase in number of ovarian follicles, a three-fold increase in ovulations and, despite the low recovery rate, a more than three-fold increase in ova or embryos recovered. It may be concluded that treatment of female goats with roIHN-alpha leads to an inhibin antibody response, accompanied by enhanced ovarian activity. The response was, however, accompanied by a large proportion of retained follicles and a high incidence of short estrous cycles. These problems need to be further investigated before rendering the method fit for application in embryo transfer programs in goats. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estimando o impacto da renda na saúde através de programas de transferência de renda aos idosos de baixa renda no Brasil

Nível de renda e estado de saúde são variáveis correlacionadas tanto pelo fato de aumentos da primeira propiciarem maior acesso a bens e serviços que se refletem em melborias no estado de saúde das pessoas, como pelos ganhos de produtividade e de renda propiciadas por melborias da saúde do trabalhador. Esse artigo estuda os impactos da renda na saúde no Brasil, tendo como instrtrnlento para lidar com o problema de simultaneidade, as mudanças observadas em políticas de transferência de renda aos idosos de baixa renda. A estratégia usada foi comparar o estado de saúde de pessoas idosas de baixa renda - sem contar o efeito dos benefícios - antes e depois do incremento exógeno do recebimento de novos programas de transferência de renda. Utilizamos um estimador de diferenças em diferenças baseado em regressões logísticas. Os dados foram extraídos de suplementos especiais de saúde de pesquisas domiciliares do IBGE (PNAD 1998 e 2003). O trabalbo demonstra uma melbora diferenciada do estado de saúde de pessoas idosas de baixa renda