Edición, traducción y estudio del Kitab al-filaha ar-rumiyya ("Tratado de agricultura griega") de Qustus b. Askuraskinah (Casiano Baso Escolástico)

Programa de doctorado: Filología Clásica y Árabe

Bizkaiko Lehen Hezkuntzako ikasleen irakurtzeko ohiturak eta irakurtzearen balioa: eskola-liburutegiaren eraginari buruzko azterketa

553 p.

Sinisteen araberako menu egokitua eskola jantokietan

Madrileko JAN-ek emandako 388/2015 epaia erreferentzia bezala hartuz, ekola jantokian ikasle musulman bati txerrikorik gabeko menua ukatu zitzaion ukatzeko emandako arrazoiak pentsatu gabeak daudela ikusita. Lan honen bidez beste interpretazio bat eman nahi zaio epai honetan esandakoari. Horretarako, existitzen den araudia eta kulturartekotasunaren eredua kontutan hartuz.

Arkitektura eskola Pariseko Cathédrales du Rail ondarean

Proiektuak existitzen den ondare handiaren espazioa adaptatzen du arkitektura eskola bat bihurtu dadin. Sistema espazial bat planteatu da, bolumenen berezko ardatzetan oinarritu dena. Orokorrean, bere funtzioa espazio berri itxiak sortzea da monumentaltasuna eta eskala txikituz, uzten den hutsarekin orekan geratuz. Hutsak zein beteak garrantzi berbera dute proposamenean.

Musika eta Dantza eskola ordizian

Herriko musika eskola eta dantza taldearen instalakuntzak dauden egoera ikusita, diziplina hauek bateratuko dituen ekipamendu berri bat proposatzen da Ordiziako Herri Antzokian hutsik dauden lokaletan. Esku hartzea lokal hauetan eta aurrean duen plazan egin da.

Diagenesis in interplanetary dust - chondritic porous aggregate w7029-star-a

In previous Analytical Electron Microscope studies of extraterrestrial Chondritic Porous Aggregate (CPA) W7029* A, we have reported on the presence of layer silicates(Rietmeijer and Mackinnon, 1984a; Mackinnon and Rietmeijer, 1983) and metal oxides (Rietmeijer and Mackinnon, 1984a; Mackinnon and Rietmeijer, 1984). We present here a continuation ofthis detailed mineralogical study and propose a scenario which may account for the variety and types of phases observed in this CPA. At least 50% ofCPA W7029*A is carbonaceous material, primarily poorly graphitised carbon (POC) with morphologies similar to POC in acid residues of carbonaceous chondrites (Smith and Busek, 1981; Lumpkin, 1983). The basal spacing of graphite in CPA W7029*A ranges from 3.47-3.52 A and compares with doo, of graphite in the Allende residues (Smith and Buseck, 1981; Lumpkin, 1983). Low-temperature phases comprise - 20% of CPA W7029*A and include layer silicates, Bi,O" a-FeOOH(Rietmeijer and Mackinnon, 1984a; Mackinnon and Rietmeijer, 1983), BaSO.,.Ti.O, plates, pentlandite-violarite and bornite. Clusters of Mg-rich olivine and pyroxene make up - 12% of the aggregate...

Rajamerkkien vartijat : Maariidat Helsingin ja Sipoon pitäjissä 1630 - 1669

Tutkielman aiheena ovat säätyläisten ja talonpoikien maariidat Helsingin ja Sipoon pitäjissä 1600-luvun puolessa välissä. Historiallisen kriminologian tutkijat ovat pitäneet kiinteään maaomaisuuteen liittyneitä maariitoja keskeisenä syynä 1500-luvun korkeaan väkivallan tasoon. 1600-luvulla väkivalta kutistui pieneksi rikosryhmäksi alioikeuksien alkaessa toimia. Enää talonpoikien ei tarvinnut turvautua väkivaltaan omaisuutta puolustaessaan, vaan riidat saatiin päätökseen käräjillä. Tässä työssä selvitän Helsingin ja Sipoon tuomiokirjojen avulla, mitä tapahtui maariidoille 1600-luvulla, sillä itse maariidat ovat jääneet väkivaltatutkimuksen varjoon historiallisessa kriminologiassa. Arvioin maariitoja kvantitatiivisesti ja kvalitatiivisesti syventyen erityisesti niiden yleisyyteen, osapuoliin, maariitojen rooliin talonpoikien ja säätyläisten elämässä sekä maariitojen 1600-luvulle tyypillisiin piirteisiin. Lahjoitusmaat lisääntyivät etenkin 1630- ja 1640-luvuilla voimakkaasti Suomessa. Myös pienaatelin asuttamissa Sipoon ja Helsingin pitäjissä aateliset laajensivat maaomistuksiaan talonpoikaismaan kustannuksella. Baltiasta ja Keski-Euroopasta Suomeen saapuneet feodaaliset omistuskäsitykset asettivat aateliset ja talonpojat törmäyskurssille. Maariitojen käsittely oikeudessa oli siviiliprosessi, jossa periaatteessa tasa-arvoiset osapuolet ottivat yhteen riita-asiassa. Omaisuusriitojen käsittelyssä säilyi huomattavan pitkään perinteisiä, paikallisia, tapaoikeuden piirteitä, joita kruunu oli pyrkinyt karsimaan pois muista rikosasioiden käsittelyistä. Perinteiset oikeustavat eivät kuuluneet modernisoituvan ja keskittyvän valtion oikeusjärjestelmään. Ne säilyivät kuitenkin omaisuusoikeuteen liittyvissä maariidoissa huomattavan pitkään, koska riidanratkaisun auktoriteetti oli laajalla alalla käräjäyhteisössä. Maariidat olivat Helsingin ja Sipoon pitäjissä 4. suurin rikosryhmä 1600-luvun puolessa välissä. Niitä voidaankin pitää agraarisen yhteiskunnan tyyppirikoksena. Säätyläisten suuri määrä osapuolten joukossa oli 1600-luvun maariidoille tyypillinen piirre. Oikeus oli tasapuolinen säätyjä kohtaan arvioidessaan tapausten syyllisyyskysymystä, mutta asettui selvästi säätyläisten puolelle jaellessaan rangaistuksia. Säätyläisiä rangaistiin maariidoissa lievällä vahingonkorvauksella ja talonpoikia yleensä ankarammalla sakolla. Väkivallalla oli maariidoissa keskeinen rooli myös 1600-luvulla. Etenkin 1630-luvulla väkivaltaa esiintyi lähes kaikissa maariidoissa. 1640-luvulla oikeus vakiinnutti asemansa maariitojen ratkaisuareenana väkivallan sijaan ja riidat ratkaistiin käräjätuvassa. Silti väkivallan rooli maariitojen taustalla säilyi. Joka viidennen maariidan taustalla oli väkivaltaa. Tyypillisintä se oli talonpoikien välisissä maariidoissa. Väkivalta sai hyvin raakojakin piirteitä maariitojen yhteydessä. Lievästä väkivallasta oli kyse vain harvoin. Vuosikausia kestäneet maariitojen kierteet saivat päätöksensä 1600-luvun puolessa välissä oikeuden saavuttaessa riittävästi valtaa pitääkseen annetut tuomiot voimassa myös maariidoissa. Suurimmassa osassa Helsingin ja Sipoon pitäjien maariidoista saatiin päätös ensimmäisellä käräjäkerralla tai alle vuoden kuluessa riidan puhkeamisesta. Kuitenkin 17 prosenttia riidoista oli pitkään jatkuneita riitoja, joista oli riidelty yli vuosi. Oikeuteen luotettiin enemmän ja se pystyi pitämään tuomiot voimassa toisin kuin vielä 1500-luvulla. Talonpojat yhdistivät usein voimansa aatelisia vastaan käydyissä maariidoissa. Heidän keskuuteensa vaikutti syntyneen moraalinen yhteisö aatelin talonpoikaiselle maanomistukselle muodostamaa uhkaa vastaan. Toisiaan vastaan riidellessä solidaarisuus oli tiessään. Tasavahvojen osapuolten oli tultava toimeen omillaan. Säätyläiset turvautuivat maariitoihin lähinnä taloudellisten syiden vuoksi. Kun kartano ei kannattanut, alustalaisten tai rajapiiritilojen maita saattoi yrittää saada haltuunsa viemällä riita käräjille jopa tekaistun syyn varjolla. Kyseenalaistamalla vanhat rajat heillä oli tarkoitus saada omiin maihin lisää alaa ja siten saada uutta maata rälssiksi. Etenkin oman rälssimaan rajojen sisäpuolella aatelisilla oli vahva usko oikeudestaan toimia tahtonsa mukaan omistuksillaan huolimatta siitä, oliko kyseessä perintötila vai lampuodin tila.

The kinetics and reactivity of several polyatomic free radicals in reactions with NO2, O2, Cl2, and HCl

In this thesis, the kinetics of several alkyl, halogenated alkyl, and alkenyl free radical reactions with NO2, O2, Cl2, and HCl reactants were studied over a wide temperature range in time resolved conditions. Laser photolysis photoionisation mass spectrometer coupled to a flow reactor was the experimental method employed and this thesis present the first measurements performed with the experimental system constructed. During this thesis a great amount of work was devoted to the designing, building, testing, and improving the experimental apparatus. Carbon-centred free radicals were generated by the pulsed 193 or 248 nm photolysis of suitable precursors along the tubular reactor. The kinetics was studied under pseudo-first-order conditions using either He or N2 buffer gas. The temperature and pressure ranges employed were between 190 and 500 K, and 0.5 45 torr, respectively. The possible role of heterogeneous wall reactions was investigated employing reactor tubes with different sizes, i.e. to significantly vary the surface to volume ratio. In this thesis, significant new contributions to the kinetics of carbon-centred free radical reactions with nitrogen dioxide were obtained. Altogether eight substituted alkyl (CH2Cl, CHCl2, CCl3, CH2I, CH2Br, CHBr2, CHBrCl, and CHBrCH3) and two alkenyl (C2H3, C3H3) free radical reactions with NO2 were investigated as a function of temperature. The bimolecular rate coefficients of all these reactions were observed to possess negative temperature dependencies, while pressure dependencies were not noticed for any of these reactions. Halogen substitution was observed to moderately reduce the reactivity of substituted alkyl radicals in the reaction with NO2, while the resonance stabilisation of the alkenyl radical lowers its reactivity with respect to NO2 only slightly. Two reactions relevant to atmospheric chemistry, CH2Br + O2 and CH2I + O2, were also investigated. It was noticed that while CH2Br + O2 reaction shows pronounced pressure dependence, characteristic of peroxy radical formation, no such dependence was observed for the CH2I + O2 reaction. Observed primary products of the CH2I + O2 reaction were the I-atom and the IO radical. Kinetics of CH3 + HCl, CD3 + HCl, CH3 + DCl, and CD3 + DCl reactions were also studied. While all these reactions possess positive activation energies, in contrast to the other systems investigated in this thesis, the CH3 + HCl and CD3 + HCl reactions show a non-linear temperature dependency on the Arrhenius plot. The reactivity of substituted methyl radicals toward NO2 was observed to increase with decreasing electron affinity of the radical. The same trend was observed for the reactions of substituted methyl radicals with Cl2. It is proposed that interactions of frontier orbitals are responsible to these observations and Frontier Orbital Theory could be used to explain the observed reactivity trends of these highly exothermic reactions having reactant-like transition states.

Pelon ja toivon välissä : Pätkätyöläisen urakerronta

This study analyzes the forming of the occupational identity of the well-educated fixed-term employees. Fixed-term employment contracts amongst the well-educated labour force are exceptionally common in Finland as compared to other European countries. Two groups of modern fixed-term employees are distinguished. The first comprises well-educated women employed in the public sector whose fixed-term employment often consists of successive periods as temporary substitutes. The other group comprises well-educated, upper white-collar men aged over 40, whose fixed-term employment careers often consist of jobs of project nature or posts that are filled for a fixed period only. Method of the study For the empirical data I interviewed 35 persons (26 women and 9 men) in 33 interviews, one of which was conducted by e-mail and one was a group interview. All the interviews were electronically recorded and coded. All the interviewees have two things in common: fixed-term employment and formal high education. Thirteen (13) of them are researchers, four nurses, four midwives, four journalists, and ten project experts. I used the snowball method to get in touch the interviewees. The first interviewees were those who were recommended by the trade unions and by my personal acquaintances. These interviewees, in turn, recommended other potential interviewees. In addition, announcements on the internet pages of the trade unions were used to reach other interviewees. In analysing process I read the research material several times to find the turning points in the narrative the interviewees told. I also searched for the most meaningful stories told and the meaning the interviewees gave to these stories and to the whole narrative. In addition to that I paid attention to co-production of the narrative with the interviewees and analyzed the narrative as performance to be able to search for the preferred identities the interviewees perform. (Riesman 2001, 698-701). I do not pay much attention to the question of truth of a narrative in the sense of its correspondence with facts; rather I think a working life narrative has two tasks: On the one hand one has to tell the facts and on the other hand, he/she has to describe the meaning of these facts to herself/himself. To emphasize the double nature of the narrative about one’s working life I analyzed the empirical data both by categorizing it according to the cultural models of storytelling (heroic story, comedy, irony and tragedy) and by studying the themes most of the interviewees talked about. Ethics of the study I chose to use narrative within qualitative interviews on the grounds that in my opinion is more ethical and more empowering than the more traditional structured interview methods. During the research process I carefully followed the ethical rules of a qualitative research. The purpose of the interviews and the research was told to the interviewees by giving them a written description of the study. Oral permission to use the interview in this research was obtained from the interviewees. The names and places, which are mentioned in the study, are changed to conceal the actual identity of the interviewees. I shared the analysis with the interviewees by sending each of them the first analysis of their personal interview. This way I asked them to make sure that the identity was hidden well enough and hoped to give interviewees a chance to look at their narratives, to instigate new actions and sustain the present one (Smith 2001, 721). Also I hoped to enjoy a new possibility of joint authorship. Main results As a result of the study I introduce six models of telling a story. The four typical western cultural models that guide the telling are: heroic story, comedy, tragedy and satirical story (Hänninen 1999). In addition to these models I found two ways of telling a career filled with fixed-term employments that differ significantly from traditional career story telling. However, the story models in which the interviewees pour their experience locates the fixed term employers work career in an imagined life trajectory and reveals the meaning they give to it. I analyze the many sided heroic story that Liisa tells as an example of the strength of the fear of failing or losing the job the fixed term employee feels. By this structure it is also possible to show that success is felt to be entirely a matter of chance. Tragedy, the failure in one’s trial to get something, is a model I introduce with the help of Vilppu’s story. This narrative gets its meaning both from the sorrow of the failure in the past and the rise of something new the teller has found. Aino tells her story as a comedy. By introducing her narrative, I suggest that the purpose of the comedy, a stronger social consensus, gets deeper and darker shade by fixed-term employment: one who works as a fixed term employee has to take his/her place in his/her work community by him/herself without the support the community gives to those in permanent position. By studying the satiric model Rauno uses, I argue that using irony both turns the power structures to a carnival and builds free space to the teller of the story and to the listener. Irony also helps in building a consensus, mutual understanding, between the teller and the listener and it shows the distance the teller tells to exist between him and others. Irony, however, demands some kind of success in one’s occupational career but also at least a minor disappointment in the progress of it. Helmi tells her story merely as a detective story. By introducing Helmi’s narrative, I argue that this story model strengthens the trust in fairness of the society the teller and the listener share. The analysis also emphasizes the central position of identity work, which is caused by fixed-term employment. Most of the interviewees talked about getting along in working life. I introduced Sari’s narrative as an example of this. In both of these latter narratives one’s personal character and habits are lifted as permanent parts of the actual professional expertise, which in turn varies according to different situations. By introducing these models, I reveal that the fixed-term employees have different strategies to cope with their job situations and these strategies vary according to their personal motives and situations and the actual purpose of the interview. However, I argue that they feel the space between their hopes and fears narrow and unsecure. In the research report I also introduce pieces of the stories – themes – that the interviewees use to build these survival strategies. They use their personal curriculum vitae or portfolio, their position in work community and their work morals to build their professional identity. Professional identity is flexible and varies in time and place, but even then it offers a tool to fix one’s identity work into something. It offers a viewpoint to society and a tool to measure one’s position in surrounding social nets. As one result of the study I analyze the position the fixed-term employees share on the edge of their job communities. I summarize the hopes and fears the interviewees have concerning employers, trade unions, educational institutions and the whole society. In their opinion, the solidarity between people has been weakened by the short-sighted power of the economy. The impact the fixed-term employment has on one’s professional identity and social capital is a many-sided and versatile process. Fixed-term employment both strengthens and weakens the professional identity, social capital and the building of trust. Fixed-term employment also affects one’s day-to-day life by excluding her/him from the norm and by one’s difficulty in making long-term plans (Jokinen 2005). Regardless of the nature of the job contract, the workers themselves are experts in making the best of their sometimes less than satisfying work life and they also build their professional identity by using creatively their education, work experiences and interpersonal relations. However, a long career of short fixed-term employments may seriously change the perception of employee about his/her role. He/she may start concentrating only in coping in his/her unsatisfactory situation and leaves the active improvement of the lousy working conditions to other people. Keywords: narrative, fixed-tem employment, occupational identity, work, story model, social capital, career  

Evil Gods and Reckless Saviours : Adaptation and Appropriation in Late Twentieth Century Jesus-Novels

Late twentieth century Jesus-novels search after a completely new picture of Jesus. Novels written for instance by Norman Mailer, José Saramago, Michèle Roberts, Marianne Fredriksson, and Ki Longfellow provide an inversive revision of the canonic Gospels. They read the New Testament in terms of the present age. In their adaptation the story turns often into a critique of the whole Christian history. The investigated contrast-novels end up with an appropriation that is based on prototypical rewriting. They aim at the rehabilitation of Judas, and some of them make Mary Magdalane the key figure of Christianity. Saramago describes God as a blood thirsty tyrant, and Mailer makes God combat with the Devil in a manichean sense as with an equal. Such ideas are familiar both from poststructuralist philosophy and post-metaphysical death-of-God theology. The main result of the intertextual analysis is that these scholars have adopted Nietzschean ideas in their writing. Quite unlike earlier Jesus-novels, these more recent novels present a revision that produces discontinuity with the original source text, the New Testament. The intertextual strategy is based on contradiction. The reader wittnesses contesting and challenging, the authors attack Biblical beliefs and attempt to dissolve Christian doctrines. An attack on Biblical slave morality and violent concept of God deprives Jesus of his Jewish Messianic identity, makes Old Testament law a contradiction of life, calls sacrificial soteriology a violent pattern supporting oppression, and presents God as a cruel monster who enslaves people under his commandments and wishes their death. The new Jesus-figure contests Mosaic Law, despises orthodox Judaism, abandons Jewish customs and even questions Old Testament monotheism. In result, the novels intentionally transfer Jesus out of Judaism. Furthermore, Jewish faith appears in a negative light. Such an intertextual move is not open anti-Semitism but it cannot avoid attacking Jewish worship. Why? One reason that explains these attitudes is that Western culture still carries anti-Judaic attitudes beneath the surface covered with sentiments of equality and tolerance. Despite the evident post-holocaust consciousness present in the novels, they actually adopt an arrogant and ironical refutation of Jewish beliefs and Old Testament faith. In these novels, Jesus is made a complete opposite and antithesis to Judaism. Key words: Jesus-novel, intertextuality, adaptation, slave morality, Nietzsche, theodicy, patriarchy.

Elliptic flow of thermal photons in heavy-ion collisions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and Large Hadron Collider

We calculate the thermal photon transverse momentum spectra and elliptic flow in $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC and in $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC, using an ideal-hydrodynamical framework which is constrained by the measured hadron spectra at RHIC and LHC. The sensitivity of the results to the QCD-matter equation of state and to the photon emission rates is studied, and the photon $v_2$ is discussed in the light of the photonic $p_T$ spectrum measured by the PHENIX Collaboration. In particular, we make a prediction for the thermal photon $p_T$ spectra and elliptic flow for the current LHC Pb+Pb collisions.

Estudio general de las politicas vigentes en cuarentena animal de Nicaragua, en los puestos fronterizos El Espino y Peñas Blancas en el periodo de Enero-Mayo 2009

En Nicaragua existen leyes, requisitos, y procedimientos que se aplican, para llevar a cabo la protección agropecuaria a nivel de los puestos fronterizos del país, por eso se propuso este trabajo monográfico que lleva por título "Estudio de las políticas vigentes en cuarentena animal de Nicaragua en los puestos fronterizo El Espino y Peñas Blancas en el periodo de Enero a Mayo del 2009", el cual se baso en los procedimientos de inspección en cuarentena animal, productos y subproductos según la Ley Básica de Salud Animal y Sanidad Vegetal (Ley 291). Este estudio se realizo en un periodo de cinco meses mediante la estadía en dichos puestos, los datos recopilados se obtuvieron de formatos oficiales de la Dirección General de protección agropecuaria (DGPSA) dentro de ellos tenemos los certificados zoosanitarios, permisos de importación, formatos de inspección, actas de retención, decomiso, destrucción y rechazo. Se confirmo que los puestos cumplen con los procedimientos de inspección cuarentenaria tomando en cuenta la ley 291 y manuales de inspección. Durante la etapa de investigación constatamos que existe una gran discrepancia entre el Puesto de El Espino y Peñas Blancas, tanto en el trabajo a realizar como en instalaciones, no obstante. ambos puestos carecen de instalaciones adecuadas para la inspección, cuentan con bajo presupuesto y poco personal, pero a pesar de las condíciones en que se encuentran los inspectores realizan un arduo esfuerzo por efectuar su trabajo. Se recomienda que todos los puestos cuarentenarios del país cumplan con las condiciones adecuadas, infraestructuras seguras y personal profesionalmente capacitado y debidamente actualizado con las enfermedades exóticas que puedan ingresar al país.

Determinación de las principales patologías reproductivas en hembras bovinas en la comunidad de hierba buena, municipio de Waslala, RAAN

En Nicaragua carece de análisis sobre el grado de incidencia y el impacto de las patologías reproductivas en hembras de ganadería bovina, lo cual ha impedido adoptar medidas sanitarias para controlar dichas enfermedades, por esta razón realizamos nuestro trabajo investigativo que se baso en la “DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS PRINCIPALES PATOLOGÍAS REPRODUCTIVAS EN HEMBRAS BOVINAS EN LA COMUNIDAD DE HIERBA BUENA, MUNICIPIO DE WASLALA, RAAN”. Este estudio se realizó en el municipio de Waslala, se encuentra entre las coordenadas geográficas de 13˚20¨ latitud norte y 85˚22” longitud oeste, dista a 241 Km. de la capital Managua y a 112km. del municipio de Matagalpa. Siendo el objetivo principal de este estudio Determinar las principales patologías reproductivas en hembras bovinas en la comunidad de Hierba Buena, municipio de Waslala, RAAN. Dicho estudio se realizo de manera descriptiva paralo cual se elaboraron formatos específicos para obtener datos generales de todas las fincas, se selecciono una muestra de 138 hembras bovinas elegidas de forma aleatoria deseis fincas de dicha comunidad; A cada hembra se realizo palpación y valoración externa para determinar patologías existentes, además se efectuaron encuestas a productores de la comunidad para averiguar el historial reproductivo de todo el área de estudio. Obteniendo los siguientes resultados: que el anestro prolongado y retención de placenta son las patologías con mayor presencia en las unidades de producción con un 23% del total de patologías encontradas seguido de quistes ováricos con un 20%. Así como las hembras entre los rangos de edad de 4 a 5.5 años de edad son las que mayormente se detectaron presencia de patologías reproductivas. Las causas más frecuentes depatologías reproductivas identificadas fueron en primer lugar las deficiencias nutricionales con un 8.7%, trastornos hormonales con 5.1%. La metritis y el anestro prolongado son las patologias con mayor incidencia con relacion al numero de partos, esto tiene como justificante las deficiencias nutricionales y el mal manejo que se le ofrece a las hembras antes y luego del parto. Y otros resultados de importancia para el estudio son las pérdidas economicas por las diferentes patologias reproductivas en donde las mayores pérdidas fueron las ocasionadas por Anestro prolongado con perdida por animal de C$6910.75, seguido de quistes ováricos con C$5319.5 (P/A), y por abortos en el primer periodo de gestación con C$5202 (P/A) al igual que el aborto en el segundo periodo; así como también se logro determinar una pérdida total solamente por Anestro prolongado de C$55286 según el numero de casos encontrados en la zona de estudio.

Valoración económica de la afectación por descortezadores en cuatro comunidades de Jalapa, Nueva Segovia, 1999-2001

Se hizo una valoración económica de la afectación por descortezadores en las comunidades El Limón, Teotecacinte,br /Macaralí y Aranjuez, tomando como sujetos de estudio socios de las cooperativas forestales agrupadas en la Central de Cooperativas Forestales de Jalapa (CECOFOR). La metodología del estudio se baso en encuestas. En Jalapa se perdieronbr /17 000 ha de pino, lo que representa 85 % del área de pinos del municipio, con pérdidas económicas potenciales por más de cien millones de dólares. Los sectores más afectados fueron los madereros / transportistas, dueños de bosques y dueños de aserríos. Las comunidades más afectadas fueron Teotecacinte y Macaralí, con pérdidas de 96 y 84 % respectivamente de las áreas, con un potencial de perdida aproximado de cinco y cuatro millones de dólares, respectivamente, en concepto de madera y fijación de carbono. La menor afectación se dio en las comunidades El Limón y Aranjuez. La economía diaria de los dueños de bosques no se considera fuertemente afectada, ya que a excepción de la comunidad de Macaralí, no dependen exclusivamente del bosque. Los aserríos han disminuido sus utilidades en un 11 %, lo que puede llevar a un cierre parcial o total si siguenbr /disminuyendo, provocando desempleo en el municipio. Sin embargo, el efecto de la plaga ha despertado el interés de muchos organismos cooperantes, lo cual puede ser una oportunidad para el desarrollo del municipio.