Experiència dels cuidadors i les cuidadores principals informals que tenen cura d'un familiar vell amb demència des de fa més de quatre anys

El treball que es presenta vol respondre la pregunta de quina és l’experiència dels cuidadors i les cuidadores principals informals que tenen cura d’un familiar vell amb demència des de fa més de 4 anys. Després de plantejar les hipòtesis de partida, es defineixen els objectius generals i específics i s’expliquen l’interès, la justificació, la rellevància i l’aportació d’aquest estudi. En l’apartat corresponent a l’estat de la qüestió i la fonamentació conceptual, després de fer una revisió bibliogràfica, es descriuen els elements que formen part d’aquesta temàtica: perfils dels receptors de cures i de les cuidadores, significat de tenir cura, vida quotidiana i qualitat de vida i descripció del model conceptual de Virginia Henderson. En el capítol següent s’exposen la metodologia, el paradigma i el mètode d’investigació utilitzats en aquest treball, així com les matrius d’anàlisi del contingut i del discurs. A partir d’aquí s’exposen els resultats en funció dels objectius plantejats. En la discussió, s’analitzen i s’interpreten les dades obtingudes i es contraposen amb altres estudis, a més de fer-se una reflexió personal sobre els aprenentatges adquirits i una proposta de línies de treball futures. A continuació s’exposen unes conclusions per resumir la informació obtinguda. En la secció de referències bibliogràfiques es detallen les fonts consultades, i en els annexos hi consten els models d’entrevista i de matriu per a l’anàlisi de dades, el full de consentiment informat, així com el buidatge i l’anàlisi de les entrevistes.

Aprendizaje y servicio: estudio del grado de satisfacción de estudiantes universitarios

El aprendizaje y servicio es una metodología pedagógica que fomenta el aprendizaje de los estudiantes mediante su participación activa en experiencias asociadas al servicio comunitario. Esta metodología permite al estudiante involucrarse directamente con aquellos a quienes ofrece un servicio, adaptándose a sus necesidades y a una realidad que a menudo es muy diferente de la que vive en el aula. En esto radica uno de sus mayores impactos. Además, este tipo de prácticas contribuye a despertar en los alumnos su interés por la acción colectiva, su formación ciudadana, etc. La investigación que se presenta ha consistido en un estudio diagnóstico- comprensivo con 39 estudiantes, donde a partir del modelo de satisfacción con el que se ha trabajado se han analizado cuatro dimensiones clave (conocimiento e intención atribuida, valoración de la utilidad atribuida, valoración del proceso y proyección social). Estas dimensiones nos han conducido a reflexionar sobre elementos claves del aprendizaje y servicio (aprendizajes ciudadanos, aprendizajes personales, aprendizajes curriculares, procesos de reflexión, etc.). La muestra del estudio ha estado formada por 39 estudiantes y la principal técnica de análisis de la información recogida ha sido el análisis de contenido, mediante la triangulación de técnicas (cuestionario, entrevista y grupos de discusión) e informantes (estudiantes, profesores, coordinadores y miembros de entidades). El análisis de la información muestra un alto grado de satisfacción de los alumnos participantes. La dimensión que ha influido más en este resultado ha sido la valoración de la utilidad atribuida; en concreto, la percepción que tienen los alumnos sobre la adquisición de unos aprendizajes conceptuales, personales y ciudadanos. Atendiendo a lo anterior, cabe señalar que la relación generada entre profesores, entidades y estudiantes, así como la posibilidad de vincular la teoría con la práctica han condicionado los resultados. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Service learning projects promote student learning through active participation in community service. Thus, the service learning method enables students to engage directly with the people to whom they offer their services and requires them to adapt to other peoples' needs and to a reality that is often very different from the classroom. This is one of the major ways in which service learning has an impact. In addition, service learning helps to awaken students' interest in collective action, citizenship, etc. A comprehensive diagnostic study of 39 students was conducted to analyse four key dimensions (attributed knowledge and intentionality, evaluation of usefulness, evaluation of the process and social impact) on the basis of the chosen satisfaction model. The four dimensions led to reflection on key elements of learning and community service (learning about citizenship, learning about oneself, learning of a curriculum, processes of reflection, etc.). The main data analysis technique was content analysis, involving the triangulation of various techniques (questionnaires, interviews and discussion groups) and informants (students, teachers, coordinators and members of other organisations). Data analysis showed a high degree of satisfaction among the participating students. The dimension that most influenced the results was assessment of the attributed value, more specifically the students' perception of their acquisition of conceptual, personal and citizenship knowledge. It should be cautioned that the results were swayed by the relationship generated among teachers, students and institutions and the possibility of linking theory with practice.

Sairaanhoitajaopiskelijoiden ohjattujen käytännön harjoittelujen aikana ilmenneet eettiset ongelmat

Ethical problems occurring during the practical training period of Finnish nursing students The present study focused on nursing students adopting the professional code of conduct during their supervised practical training. The study was carried out in two phases. During the first phase, the objective was to survey ethical problems occurring in practical training as well as how these problems are detected and resolved by nursing students and their supervisors at different stages of their studies. In the second phase, the capability of the nursing students about to graduate to detect and resolve ethical problems was described and analyzed. The students’ capacity for self-instruction, independent search for information as well as factors related to teaching of ethics were determined within this phase. Further, an extensive literature review was carried out to complement the study. Thus, the main objective of the thesis was to make suggestions for the development of the teaching of ethics and supervision in nursing studies and in practice. In the first part of the empirical phase (2002–2005), the views of the nursing students (n =18) were clarified with themed open essay questions. Furthermore, the views of the supervising nurses (n = 115) were established by utilizing a series of themed questions and group interviews. During the second phase (2006–2007), the data for the analyses were collected from nursing students in their graduating stage (n = 319) by a national Internet-based questionnaire. The results of the first phase were examined with contentanalysis and those of the second phase both statistically and by using content analysis. Ethical problems occurring during supervised practical training were typically connected to a patient or a client, a member of the nursing staff or to a student, while solutions were connected to preparation and the action to solve the problem in question. Ethical dilemmas were classified as legal, ethical comportment and uncertainty problems as well as personal and institutional ones. The solutions for these problems were further grouped as based on facts, instructor/staff/member/specialist or patient/client/relative. The results showed that although the nursing students about to graduate had detected many ethical problems both independently as well as together with the nursing staff during every practical training period, they were able to resolve only few of them. Ethical problems were most frequently encountered during training in psychiatric nursing. On the grounds of their own impressions, the nursing students stated that their ability to detect and solve ethical problems improved during their training period. The primary factors related to this enhancement of their skills were teaching and the students’ readiness for selfinstruction. Gender, orientation of the studies and age were observed to be the most important among the underlying factors influencing the capability to detect and solve ethical problems as well as to engage in self-instruction. Based on the results obtained, suggestions for development as well as topics for further studies are presented through teaching of professional ethics and supervision during practical training.

”Käsitteitä tarpeen mukaan". Kirjallisuustieteelliset käsitteet lukion kirjallisuudenopetuksessa

Tavoitteeni tässä tutkimuksessa oli selvittää, miten kirjallisuustieteellisiä proosa-anayysin käsitteitä opetetaan opetussuunnitelman mukaisissa lukion äidinkielen ja kirjallisuuden oppikirjoissa ja miten hyvin kokelaat hallitsivat kertoja-käsitteen tekstitaidon ylioppilaskokeessa keväällä 2007. Samalla pohdin, minkälainen kirjallisuustieteellinen käsitteistö palvelisi tekstianalyysin opetusta koulussa, koska Lukion opetussuunnitelman perusteet 2003 ja äidinkielen ylioppilaskoe edellyttävät äidinkielen ja kirjallisuuden opetukselta ja oppilailta käsitteiden käyttöä. Tutkimusaineistonani olivat kaikki kuusi käytössä olevaa lukion äidinkielen ja kirjallisuuden oppikirjaa ja 440 kpl kevään 2007 äidinkielen tekstitaidon ylioppilaskokeen vastaustekstiä. Oppikirjoja tarkastelin soveltamalla niiden arviointiin Lev S. Vygotskin ajatuksia arkikäsitteiden ja tieteellisten käsitteiden opettamisesta ja Hans Aeblin esittämiä teoreettisia malleja käsitteiden opettamisesta ja oppimisesta. Tutkimukseni osoittaa, että opetussuunnitelmassa mainittujen proosa-analyysin käsitteiden kertoja, näkökulma, motiivi, aihe ja teema opetus on epätäsmällistä. Oppikirjoissa ei ole otettu huomioon sitä, että käsitteenoppiminen on monivaiheinen prosessi. Myöskään problematiikkaa, joka aiheutuu kyseisten käsitteiden määrittelyn kirjavuudesta ja käytöstä sekä arkikielen käsitteinä että tieteellisinä käsitteinä, ei oppikirjoissa käsitellä. Sama näkyy ylioppilaskoeaineistossa: oppilaat eivät hallitse käsitettä kertoja tieteellisenä käsitteenä. Tietoisuus kirjallisuustieteellisten käsitteiden määrittelyn problematiikasta ja arkikäsitteiden ja tieteellisten käsitteiden ontologisista kategorioista on onnistuneen käsitteenoppimisen edellytys. Kirjallisuustieteelliset käsitteet ovat metakäsitteitä, jotka edellyttävät oppilaiden metakäsitteellisen tietoisuuden ja motivaation hyödyntämistä opetuksessa, jossa olisi sovellettava monipuolisesti eri oppimiskäsitysten parhaita puolia hyödyntäviä lähestymistapoja, erilaisia pedagogisia diskursseja. Koulujen kirjallisuudenopetusta suunniteltaessa ja kirjallisuustieteellisiä käsitteitä opetettaessa on otettava huomioon niin kirjallisuustieteen kuin kasvatustieteen näkökulma. Opetussuunnitelman ja ylioppilaskokeen asettama vaatimus käsitteiden käytöstä on kohtuuton, mikäli ei sovita, miten käsitteet määritellään ja mitä käsitteitä kokelaiden oletetaan ylioppilaskokeessa hallitsevan. Kirjallisuustieteellisten käsitteiden puutteellisen opetuksen oppikirjoissa ja niiden epämääräisen käytön ylioppilaskokeen tehtävänannoissa ja arvioinnissa voi kärjistyneimmillään nähdä oppilaan oikeusturvakysymyksenä

CONHECIMENTO PEDAGÓGICO E CONHECIMENTO QUÍMICO NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES: A CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE DOCENTE

This paper presents results of a content analysis of the formative professional profile of undergraduates within the context of Brazil's expansion of its federal education system and implementing of teacher training policies. The analysis focuses on the conceptions of undergraduates regarding elements of their initial training and professional perspectives, as recorded in narratives, interviews, and questionnaires. Based on the relationships identified between the recorded content and the Educational Course Project, we identified three categories of analysis that point to tensions generated during the professional development of chemistry teachers: 1) The relationship between pedagogical knowledge and chemical knowledge; 2) the conceptual aspects of science education, as represented by the different ways that students understand the "ionization process"; and 3) teaching identity, including the elements indicative of the identity construction of future teachers. The results indicate that the educational and professional profile of undergraduates is marked by a particular tension between chemical content knowledge and pedagogical content, as well as a lack of objectivity and focus on the course's original intent. This situation has produced a multifaceted training context in which there is confusion regarding aspects relating to the licensing, teaching modalities, and preparation of the chemistry education professional.

CASOS INVESTIGATIVOS E A RELAÇÃO COM O SABER: TRAJETÓRIA E PROCESSO DE APRENDIZAGEM DE ESTUDANTES DO ENSINO SUPERIOR NO TOCANTINS

In light of the theory of relationship with know of Bernard Charlot, aiming to understand the unique stories of the subject through a positive lecture, i.e., understanding the reality and the way the subjects read and interpret the world, this article attempts identify how higher education students solve an investigative case and learn the scientific knowledge using this theory. For this, we used narrative as a discourse genre to collect the data of 34 students who participated in the small group activities. After content analysis, the results showed that all groups of students solve the case in a similar way and in three stages, prevailing relations with know with the world, with others and with yourself. However, even if the resolution is similar, chemical learning differs between different groups and differs between the scientific content present in the case. From these results it is possible to identify the effectiveness of learning depends on the epistemic and identity relationships with know of each subject (relationship with yourself) because to learn the student must enter into an intellectual activity (investigative case), stay on it and develop the relationships with known necessary to master the normativity (chemical language).

Ammattikorkeakoulun yhteiskuntavastuu sidosryhmävuorovaikutuksen näkökulmasta

Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia sidosryhmävuorovaikutuksen roolia ammattikorkeakoulun yhteiskuntavastuutehtävän toteuttamisessa. Tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisista ulottuvuuksista ammattikorkeakoulun yhteiskuntavastuu sidosryhmien näkökulmasta muodostuu, miten ammattikorkeakoulut toteuttavat sidosryhmävuorovaikutusta sekä mitä arvoa vuorovaikutus tuottaa osapuolille. Tutkimusstrategiana on laadullinen tapaustutkimus, jonka aineistonkeruumenetelmänä on teemahaastattelu ja tutkimusmetodina sisällönanalyysi. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kolmen sidosryhmän ja kohdeorganisaation edustajien haastatteluista. Kohdeorganisaatio on Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulu. Tutkimustulosten mukaan ammattikorkeakoulun yhteiskuntavastuu on pitkälle säädelty, laaja ja verkostomainen kokonaisuus, jossa sidosryhmät jakavat vastuuta. Lakisääteiset tehtävät muodostavat yhteiskuntavastuun rungon, jonka lisäksi ammattikorkeakoululla on samat vastuut kuin yrityksillä. Lakisääteisen ja valtionohjauksen perustason ylittäminen on mahdollista strategian, profiloitumisen ja laadunvarmistuksen avulla. Yhteiskuntavastuu ja siihen liittyvä vuorovaikutus integroituvat osaksi ammattikorkeakoulun toimintaa. Strategia suuntaa sidosryhmävuorovaikutukseen liittyvää ja käytössä olevien resurssien edellyttämää priorisointia. Vuorovaikutus on tutkielman perusteella strategista toimintaa, jonka moraaliset ja arvoa luovat ominaisuudet määräytyvät sekä valtionohjauksen että ammattikorkeakoulun vapaaehtoisesti ottamien vastuiden kautta.

Uusperheen voimavarat ja lasten hyvinvointi

The resources of the step family and the children’s well-being The present study investigates children's well-being in stepfamilies and fac¬tors, both external and internal, that are related to the children's well-being. Of the external factors, the study focuses on factors related to the structure of the stepfamily, parents' education, socio-economic status and factors related to work, livelihood and living conditions. The internal resources include the general functioning of the family, parenthood and parenting, family support networks and issues that the stepfamilies themselves consider important. Another important resource in a stepfamily is a functioning network of human relationships, which in the present study is approached from the maternal viewpoint. Changing family relations are considered a potential threat to the children's well-being. Therefore, in addition to looking into the stepfamily's resources, the other important goal of the study is to explore other factors potentially related to the well-being of children living in stepfamilies. In view of the stepfamily's resources, it is important to explore how the functioning of the relationships network is linked with the child's well-being. The study employs survey and interview data. The survey data (n=2236) are part of national survey data on the well-being of families and children and factors impacting them which were gathered as part of ”Origins of Exclusion in Early Childhood”, a research project carried out in 2002. The data consists of 667 stepfamilies. The interview data consists of interviews with 24 parents in stepfamilies. In the study, the analyses of survey and interview data are combined. Both descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate methods are employed. Content analysis is employed in the analysis of the interview data. The results indicate that the stepfamilies’ resources in general but their external resources in particular differed from those of the nuclear and single-parent families. The level of education and the socio-economic status of the stepfamily parents were somewhat lower than those of the nuclear family parents. The differences in relation to single-parent families were primarily related to the better economic status of the stepfamilies. The analysis of internal resources showed relatively minor differences: the stepfamilies assessed themselves a somewhat better general functioning of the family than did the nuclear families. Parenting issues caused more disagreement in stepfamilies than in nuclear families. The analysis of the functioning of the human relations in stepfamilies showed that the stepfamily mothers experienced the external relationships of the family (e.g., between the child and the absent father) as significantly more problematic than the relationships within the stepfamily. Living in a stepfamily thus challenges the functioning of the relationship between the child and the absent father. As a result of the analysis of the relationships networks in the stepfamilies, three groups were formed. One group had the nuclear family as an ideal goal, another valued an extended family composed of a variety of relationships, and the third one appreciated a strong intimate relationship between the parents. In the present study, the most common group was the multi-relationship, extended type of stepfamily. In conclusion, living in a stepfamily does not seem to pose a risk to the child’s well-being, but it may influence the family’s resources and thus have an indirect effect on the child’s well-being. In view of the resources of the stepfamily, the child’s well-being was best supported by a functioning network of human relationships in the stepfamily: there was a distinct connection with the children’s problems and the non-functioning of the relationships network. According to the mothers, the internal relationships in the stepfamily seemed to be more important than the external relationships of the family. A child’s functioning relationship with the absent father can be viewed as a positive resource, supporting the child’s well-being in the stepfamily.

Nursing Ethics Education in Finland from the Perspective of Codes of Ethics

The purpose of this study was to analyze nursing ethics education from the perspective of nurses’ codes of ethics in the basic nursing education programmes in polytechnics in Finland with the following research questions: What is known about nurses’ codes in practice and education, what contents of the codes are taught, what teaching and evaluation methods are used, which demographic variables are associated with the teaching, what is nurse educators’ adequacy of knowledge to teach the codes and nursing students’ knowledge of and ability to apply the codes, and what are participants’ opinions of the need and applicability of the codes, and their importance in nursing ethics education. The aim of the study was to identify strengths and possible problem areas in teaching of the codes and nursing ethics in general. The knowledge gained from this study can be used for developing nursing ethics curricula and teaching of ethics in theory and practice. The data collection was targeted to all polytechnics in Finland providing basic nursing education (i.e. Bachelor of Health Care). The target groups were all nurse educators teaching ethics and all graduating nursing students in the academic year of 2006. A total of 183 educators and 214 students from 24 polytechnics participated. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire with four open-ended questions, designed for this study. The data was analysed by SPSS (14.0) and the open-ended questions by inductive content analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Inferential statistics were used to estimate the differences between the participant groups. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated with Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. The literature review revealed that empirical research on the codes was scarce, and minimal in the area of education. Teaching of nurses’ codes themselves and the embedded ethical concepts was extensive, teaching of the functions of the codes and related laws and agreements was moderate, but teaching of the codes of other health care professions was modest. Issues related to the nurse-patient relationship were emphasised. Wider social dimensions of the codes were less emphasized. Educators’ and students’ descriptions of teaching emphasized mainly the same teaching contents, but there were statistically significant differences between the groups in that educators assessed their teaching to be more extensive than what students had perceived it had been. T he use of teaching and evaluation methods was rather narrow and conventional. However, educators’ and students’ descriptions of the used methods differed statistically significantly. Students’ knowledge of the codes and their ability to apply them in practice was assessed as mediocre by educators and by students themselves. Most educators assessed their own knowledge of the codes as adequate to teach the codes, as did most of the students. Educators who regarded their knowledge as adequate taught the codes more extensively than those who assessed their knowledge as less adequate. Also students who assessed their educators’ knowledge as adequate perceived the teaching of the codes to be more extensive. Otherwise educators’ and students’ demographic variables had little association with their descriptions of the teaching. According to the participants, nurses need their own codes, and they are also regarded as applicable in practice. The codes are an important element in nursing ethics education, but their teaching needs development. Further research should focus on the organization of ethics teaching in the curricula, the teaching process, and on the evaluation of the effectiveness of ethics education and on educators’ competence. Also the meaning and functions of the codes at all levels of nursing deserve attention. More versatile use of research methods would be beneficial in gaining new knowledge.

The concept of solution: Industry’s insights compared to theoretical views

Many manufacturing companies have started to offer complete solutions to their customers’ unique needs due to toughening competition and customer demand. Discourse on this kind of solution business is still developing, hence, there is not an established definition for the concept of solution. The aim of the study is to profoundly identify the concept of solution and to understand how the industry’s current views differ from the theoretical concepts. The describing dimensions are identified from selected 13 theoretical notions, and from responses, that the employees of five different companies have given. The 32 interview transcripts are analyzed with thematic analysis and qualitative content analysis. According to the findings, the concept of solution is characterized by integration, customization, risk-sharing, value co-creation, long-term orientation, and desired outcomes. The industry’s insights differ in terms of them all. The results illustrate, that a solution is a bundle, and the whole solution is customized on some level for a client. A solution supplier needs to be customer-focused, in which value co-creation is only a part. The solution solves the customer’s problem, and improves both the customer’s, and the supplier’s business. Neither long-term focus nor risks-sharing were directly employed to characterize the concept of solution. Differences are mainly due to the different approaches to the definitions and inexperience of the companies.

Developing co-operation of business units – exploring synergies and a joint business model

The purpose of this study was to develop co-operation between business units of the company operating in graphic industry. The development was done by searching synergy opportunities between these business units. The final aim was to form a business model, which is based on co-operation of these business units.The literature review of this thesis examines synergies and especially the process concerning the search and implementation of synergies. Also the concept of business model and its components are examined. The research was done by using qualitative research method. The main data acquiring method to the empirical part was theme interviews. The data was analyzed using thematisation and content analysis.The results of the study include seven identified possible synergies and a business model, which is based on the co-operation of the business units. The synergy opportunities are evaluated and the implementation order of the synergies is suggested. The presented synergies create the base for the proposed business model.

Eurooppalainen näkökulma suomalaiseen kulttuurijohtamiseen ja suomalaiseen yhteiskuntaan sopeutuminen

Tässä tutkielmassa korostuu Euroopan sisäinen kulttuurillinen erilaisuus ja sen vaatimukset Suomessa toimiville monikansallisille organisaatioille. Eurooppalaista johtamista on tutkittu jo vuosikymmenten ajan, mutta erityisesti suomalaisesta, Suomessa työskentelevien eurooppalaisten näkökulmasta ei vastaavaa tutkimusta tiettävästi ole aiemmin tehty. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää suomalaisen kulttuurin ja johtajuuden arvoeroja muiden Euroopan Unionin maiden kansalaisten näkökulmasta. Pohjois-Euroopan maista tutkimuksessa on mukana edustajia Ruotsista, Tanskasta ja Hollannista. Keski-Euroopan maista edustusta löytyy Saksasta ja Itävallasta, kun Etelä-Eurooppaa edustavat ranskalaiset ja italialaiset henkilöt. Itäisestä Euroopasta mukana on latvialaisia henkilöitä ja anglo-Euroopasta britannialaisia. Tutkimus kartoittaa tutkimukseen mukaan otettujen maiden yhteisö- ja johtamiskulttuurillisia törmäyskohtia suomalaisen kulttuurin kanssa, jotta Suomessa toimivat monikansalliset työyhteisöt löytäisivät yhä parempia strategioita eurooppalaisen ihmispääoman, eurooppalaisten työntekijöiden ja näiden osaamisen, johtamiseksi ja monikansallisen yhteisön toimivuuden ymmärtämiseksi ja parantamiseksi. Näitä törmäyskohtia tarkastellaan empiirisesti Hofsteden (1984) kulttuuridimensioiden, Housen ym. (1999) GLOBE-tutkimuksen ja Koopmanin ym. (1999) johtajuusulottuvuuksien avulla. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu Internet-pohjaisesta kyselystä, joka suoritettiin keväällä 2010. Siihen osallistui 75 Suomessa työskentelevää Euroopan Unionin kansalaista. Analysointimenetelmänä tutkimuksessa käytetään klusterointia, keskiarvoistuksia, Kruskall Wallisin testiä ja sisällönanalyysiä tukemaan määrällisen analyysin tuloksia ja tuomaan esiin siitä poikkeavia havaintoja. Tutkimuksen ytimessä on johtamiskulttuurilliset erot, joista tehdään laajempaa analyysiä edellä mainituin keinoin. Yhteisökulttuurillisia eroja havainnoidaan tutkimuskyselyyn perustuvien väittämien perusteella tehtyjen histogrammien avulla. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että maantieteellinen, uskonnollinen tai poliittinen läheisyys eivät määritä kulttuurillista läheisyyttä tai johda kulttuurilliseen sopeutumiseen. Poliittinen raja kahden naapurin välillä saattaa johtaa saman asian kokemiseen kahdella täysin eri tavalla. Lisäksi tuloksista käy ilmi, että yhteisökulttuurilliset ja johtamiskulttuurilliset arvot eivät välttämättä kulje käsikkäin Suomessa työskentelevien eurooppalaisten näkökulmasta. Yleisinä kulttuurillisina kipukohtina tutkimuksessa nousee esiin suomalaisen kulttuurin sosiaalisuuden ja kommunikaation puutteellisuus, toisaalta suomalaiseen kulttuuriin sopeutumista helpottaa suomalainen rehellisyys ja suoruus. Johtamiskulttuurillisina haasteina eurooppalaiset kokevat suomalaisen tyyppijohtajan kyvyttömyyden riskien ottamiseen ja kannustusmenetelmien puutteet. Tämän lisäksi tutkimuksessa tulee ilmi useita tiettyihin kansallisuuksiin liittyviä törmäyskohtia. Tutkimus on nähtävä tämän hetken kuvauksena. Kulttuuritutkimus sisältää monia tekijöitä, jotka ovat jatkuvassa muutoksessa ja lisäksi hyvin subjektiivisia. Kulttuurijohtajuus merkitsee kuitenkin nyt ja tulevaisuudessa kykyä olla innovatiivinen, joustava ja herkkä sosiaalisille merkityksille.

Kielikylpydidaktiikkaa kehittämässä : 3-6-vuotiaiden kielikylpylasten kielellinen kehitys ja kielikylpydidaktiikan kehittäminen päiväkodissa

The goal of this study is to determine the naming ability in Finnish and Swedish of nursery school-aged children participating in a language immersion programme, as well as their command of both languages. The study also aims to describe factors reflecting language immersion teaching in nursery schools based on action research and a literature survey. The longitudinal study, conducted in 2003–2005, comprised 133 native Finnish three- to six-year-old children in language immersion programmes. A total of four measurements were carried out over two and a half years. In each measurement, four separate tests were given to each child (totally 1134 measurements). Research material was collected using survey tools that measured the children’s naming ability and command of language. The tools had been translated into both Finnish and Swedish. The material also includes taped responses related to the tool for naming ability. Didactic approaches were developed on the basis of material from action research and the literature survey. The material was examined using methodological triangulation, and a quantitative analysis was made of each survey tool. Furthermore, a content analysis of the children’s taped responses gave further depth to the description of language development. The theoretical framework of the study is mainly based on modern sociocultural theories of second language development and acquisition. Thus, the approach is both linguistic and pedagogic, with emphasis lying on the latter. The socioculturally-oriented framework of this study is mainly influenced by the theorists Vygotski, Spolsky, van Lier and Cummins. According to the results, the language skills of children in language immersion programmes develop as expected from age three to six in the fields studied. In the field of language command, the children acquired excellent skills in listening comprehension. Their naming ability was not as good. In each test, the children showed weaker skills in Swedish than in Finnish. However, based on the assumption that the two languages have a shared cognitive field, the skills in Swedish catch up with the skills in Finnish at an annual rate of 6–7 per cent. The study indicates that children meet a language development threshold one year earlier in their native language than they do in the immersion language. As for the naming ability in Swedish, problems arose from the fact that the deviation in results increases with age. Children showed creativity in their use of naming strategies. Judging by the research results, children begin to use the immersion language as a tool for thought at a very early phase. The research results, action research and literature survey were also used to create a general educational model for language immersion.

Development of research networks : the case of social capital

The aim of this study is to explore how a new concept appears inscientific discussion and research, how it diffuses to other fields and out of the scientific communities, and how the networks are formed around the concept. Text and terminology take the interest of a reader in the digital environment. Texts create networks where the terminology used is dependent on the ideas, viewsand paradigms of the field. This study is based mainly on bibliographic data. Materials for bibliometric studies have been collected from different databases. The databases are also evaluated and their quality and coverage are discussed. The thesauri of those databases that have been selected for a more in depth study have also been evaluated. The material selected has been used to study how long and in which ways an innovative publication, which can be seen as a milestone in a specific field, influences the research. The concept that has been chosen as a topic for this research is Social Capital, because it has been a popular concept in different scientific fields as well as in everyday speech and the media. It seemed to be a `fashion concept´ that appeared in different situations at the Millennium. The growth and diffusion of social capital publications has been studied. The terms connected with social capital in different fields and different stages of the development have also been analyzed. The methods that have been used in this study are growth and diffusion analysis, content analysis, citation analysis, coword analysis and cocitation analysis. One method that can be used tounderstand and to interpret results of these bibliometric studies is to interview some key persons, who are known to have a gatekeeper position in the diffusion of the concept. Thematic interviews with some Finnish researchers and specialists that have influenced the diffusion of social capital into Finnish scientificand social discussions provide background information. iv The Milestone Publications on social capital have been chosen and studied. They give answers to the question "What is Social Capital?" By comparing citations to Milestone Publications with the growth of all social capital publications in a database, we can drawconclusions about the point at which social capital became generally approved `tacit knowledge´. The contribution of the present study lies foremost in understanding the development of network structures around a new concept that has diffused in scientific communities and also outside them. The network means both networks of researchers, networks of publications and networks of concepts that describe the research field. The emphasis has been on the digital environment and onthe socalled information society that we are now living in, but in this transitional stage, the printed publications are still important and widely used in social sciences and humanities. The network formation is affected by social relations and informal contacts that push new ideas. This study also gives new information about using different research methods, like bibliometric methods supported by interviews and content analyses. It is evident that interpretation of bibliometric maps presupposes qualitative information and understanding of the phenomena under study.

Working Capital Management: a Bibliometric Study

This thesis is a study of articles published in scientific journals about working capital management using bibliometric methods. The study was restricted to articles published in 1990–2010 that deal with the whole working capital management topic not a single sub-area of it. Working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities; sometimes also a definition of inventory plus accounts receivable minus accounts payable is used. The data was retrieved from the databases ISI Web of Science and Sciverse Scopus. Articles about working capital management were found 23. Content analysis, statistical analysis and citation analysis was performed to the articles. The most cited articles found in citation analysis were also analyzed by nearly same methods. This study found that scientific research of working capital management seems not to be concentrated to specific persons, organizations or journals. The originality and novelty in many articles is low. Many articles studied relation between working capital management and profitability in firms or working capital management practices of firms using statistical analyses. Data in articles was firms of all sizes, except in developing economies only big firms were used. Interesting areas for future research could be surveys made about working capital management practices in firms, finding of best practices, tools for working capital management, inventing or improving alternative views to working capital management like process-oriented view and firm or industry specific studies.