Lenguas y genes: aplicaciones a la prehistoria de la lengua vasca

Homenaje a Ignacio Barandiarán Maestu / coord. por Javier Fernández Eraso, Juan Santos Yanguas.

"Legatorum facta": la ejemplaridad de los embajadores romanos

Dossier monográfico: Puesta en escena y escenarios en la diplomacia del mundo romano

El confinamiento de los prisioneros de guerra y rehenes en la Roma republicana

Dossier monográfico: Puesta en escena y escenarios en la diplomacia del mundo romano

Conflictos, treguas y amnistías en el mundo antiguo

Introducción a las contribuciones presentadas al curso "Conflictos, treguas y amnistías en el mundo antiguo", desarrollado en agosto de 1999 en el marco de los XVIII Cursos de Verano de la UPV/EHU en Donostia.

Reserved parking : marine reserves and small-scale fishing communities: a collection of articles from SAMUDRA report

As the earth’s resources continue to face increasing pressure from a variety of human and natural causes, protection of the environment and biodiversity is a matter of contemporary concern, The conservation of coastal and marine resources, in particular, has become a priority for countries around the world. In this context, marine protected areas (MPAs) are being widely promoted as one of the most effective tools for the conservation of coastal and marine resources. Most MPAs are located in coastal areas of great biodiversity, and hence their development has direct impacts on the lives and livelihoods of coastal communities, especially small-scale and traditional fishing communities. Typically, they are the ones who have to bear the costs of conservation practices–lost livelihood options, expulsion from traditional fishing grounds and living spaces, and violation of human/community rights, to name a few. The articles in this dossier, drawn chronologically from the pages of Samudra Report, the triannual publication of ICSF, draw attention to these issues. They show that conservation and livelihoods are closely intertwined, and that top-down, non-participatory models of conservation can be counter-productive. Despite being poor and powerless, fishing and coastal communities can be powerful allies in conservation efforts, given their longstanding dependence on natural resources and their traditional ecological knowledge systems. As the examples in this dossier reveal, it is possible for fishing communities to protect and conserve the environment, while continuing with sustainable fishing operations. Clearly, only an integrated approach to fisheries management and conservation will prove successful. This dossier will be useful for policymakers, social scientists, non-governmental organizations and others interested in fisheries, conservation, communities and livelihoods.

中国普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon Griff.）群体遗传学及保护策略的研究

普通野生稻的基因资源对水稻的育种已经起过并将继续起至关重要的作用。所以，研究和保存其遗传多样性具有重要的意义。首先对普通野生稻在我国的分布现状作了较为全面的野外调查。采集了69个群体，近2000个个体的硅胶干燥叶片。研究了从硅胶干燥的小量叶片中高效率、高质量制备DNA的方法。并用此方法制备了44个代表群体，1168个个体的总DNA，建立了中国普通野生稻的总DNA库。随机选取19个引物对29个群体、651个个体的总DNA进行了RAPD扩增。统计出群体和地区内的多态性片段百分比（PPB），RAPDistance和WINAMOVA程序联用分析遗传变异在地区间、地区内群体间和群体内的组成。广西濠江流域5个野生群体的分析结果表明了中下游群体的PPB值显著高于中上游群体。从而从分子水平上证实了水流对无性繁殖体的传播影响了沿江分布群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。6个现有原位保护群体的分析结果说明了5个群体值得进一步原位保护，而另一个群体适合异位保护。中国境内29个群体的统计分析揭示出群体间的遗传多样性差异很大（PPB值从23.29%到46.18%）。广东具有的PPB值最高（79.12%），其次是海南（77.11%）和广西（68.67%）。因而，华南是我国普通野生稻的遗传多样性中心。18个群体AMOVA分析结果均表明了遗传变异主要存在于群体内，但群体间业已有较大的遗传分化。从175个随机引物中筛选出9个引物，成功地鉴定出5个群体的克隆多样性和克隆结构。这二者与群体的生态环境，特别是水分状况密切相关。也同时受人类干扰强度的影响。而与群体所处的纬度没有明显的相关性。 根据以上结果，普通野生稻原位保护的策略是选取分布在不同地理区域、遗传多样性水平高的群体。分布在广东、海南和广西的6个群体，具有很高的遗传多样性，建议加以原位保护。此外，孤岛状隔离在我国普通野生稻分布区边缘的3个小群体也应立即进行原位保护。此外，原位保护的群体应给予适度的干扰以维系较高的克隆多样性和遗传多样性。在进行遗传多样性研究和异位保护时，每群体的取样个体数应不少于25株，相邻取样个体间的距离应大于12米。

Rights first, rights forever: small-scale fisheries and fishing communities from a human-rights perspective. A collection of articles from SAMUDRA report

Small-scale and artisanal fisheries contribute about two-thirds of the global fish production destined for direct human consumption. They also accommodate over 90 per cent of those who make their living from fisheries. Women comprise at least half the workforce in small-scale fisheries. Despite the important contributions made by small-scale fisheries to poverty eradication and food security, small-scale fishers and fishworkers continue to be marginalized at different levels. It is in this context that the Committee on Fisheries (COFI) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has developed the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines).

Labels or fables? The myth of sustainability: a collection of articles from SAMUDRA Report

Labels or Fables? The Myth of Sustainability examines the costs of certification of global fisheries and how it is allegedly biased towards industrial-scale fisheries. This dossier is a compilation of articles from Samudra Report dealing with the issue of ecolabelling in fisheries.

Intra- and interspecific variation of the CCR5 gene in higher primates

We have evaluated the molecular evolution of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in primates. The chemokine receptor CCR5 serves as a major co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection. Knowledge of evolution of the CCR5 molecule and selection on the CCR5 gene may shed light on its functional role. The comparison of differences between intraspecific polymorphisms and interspecific fixed substitutions provides useful information regarding modes of selection during the course of evolution. There is marked polymorphism in the CCR5 gene sequence within different primate species, whereas sequence divergence between different species is small. By using contingency tests, we compared synonymous (SS) and nonsynonymous (NS) CCR5 mutations occurring within and between a broad range of primates. Our results demonstrate that CCR5 evolution did not follow expectations, of strict neutrality at the level of the whole gene. The proportion of NS to SS at the intraspecific level was significantly higher than that observed at the interspecific level. These results suggest that most CCR5 NS polymorphisms are slightly deleterious. However, at domains more closely correlated with its known biological functions, there was no obvious evidence to support deviation from neutrality.

A paradigm for virus-host coevolution: Sequential counter-adaptations between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses

Endogenous retroviruses ( ERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections of the host germline transmitted vertically from generation to generation. It is hypothesized that some ERVs are used by the host as restriction factors to block the infection o

目标物体尺寸的大小对小鼠空间深度感知的影响

探索了小鼠在排除透视、遮挡等空间深度的线索下,是否是依靠视觉目标的尺寸大小来感知空间深度.小鼠放置于可以调节高度的高台上,高台位于仅底面有光线照明、四周黑暗的实验箱内.将由格子构成底部面板的尺寸设计为小鼠估计高度距离的唯一线索,设置了3个空间尺度的底板,分别按2/3的比例缩小,并设置7个高度.在同一高度下每测试一轮即对底板的尺寸进行随机变换.记录小鼠跳落前在高台上停留的时间,研究小鼠对高度的判断是否受到底板尺寸的影响.结果表明所有大小线索条件下小鼠在高台上停留的时间随高度的增加而延长.在20～30cm的高度范围,小鼠不以大小为线索的信息来判断深度,可能主要以双眼视差产生的深度信息来判断高度.而在小于20cm和大于30cm的高度范围,特别是在更高的距离上如50cm、60cm和70cm,小鼠以目标大小信息为线索来对深度进行判断,以弥补在这些条件下双眼深度信息的不足.在理论上说这是由于小鼠只有三分之一的(中央)视野为双眼视野区.实验的行为范式可以应用到以转基因鼠为模式生物的实验中,以研究此类行为与基因之间的关系.