Konfliktaushandlung zwischen Ehepartnern in deutsch- und schwedischsprachigen Dramen : eine historisch-kontrastive linguistische Dialoganalyse

I min doktorsavhandling undersöker jag framställningen av verbala konflikter mellan äkta makar inom både tysk- och svenskspråkiga dramer. Det empiriska materialet består av en historisk rad av tre svensk- och tre tyskspråkiga dramer som sträcker sig från 1896 till 1987. Den svenskspråkiga dramaserien består av dramerna Dödsdansen (1900, A. Strindberg), Ringleken (1978, Ahlfors/Andersson/Bargum) och Hämndaria (1987, L. Norén). Den tyskspråkiga serien består av dramerna Reigen (1896, A. Schnitzler), Die Zimmerschlacht (1967, M. Walser) och Play Strindberg (1968, F. Dürrenmatt). Som teoretisk och metodisk utgångspunkt för analysen fungerar det relativt nya och outforskade forskningsområdet ’historisk dialoganalys’, vilket är både språk- och litteraturvetenskapligt inriktat. Inom historisk dialoganalys utgår man ifrån att litterära dialoger, även om de är fiktiva, fungerar som en rikhaltig källa till historisk kunskap om samtal och kommunikation. Min avhandling sträver efter att genom noggrann analys beskriva de framställda verbala konflikterna mot deras estetiska, historiska, kulturella och sociala bakgrund. Resultaten av den historiska och kontrastiva jämförelsen av de sex valda dialogerna visar att det finns signifikanta historiska paralleller i framställningen av de verbala konfliktmönstren bland de tyskspråkiga dramerna och bland de svenskspråkiga dramerna. Däremot visar den kontrastiva jämförelsen av de svensk- och tyskspråkiga dramaserierna att det finns signifikanta skillnader mellan de framställda svensk- och tyskspråkiga konfliktmönstren. Samtidigt kunde det upptäckas att dessa kontrastiva skillnader inte bara är påverkade av skilda estetiskt-litterära traditioner, utan delvis också av olika historiska, sociala och kulturella normer och konventioner som står bakom de svensk- och tyskspråkiga dialogerna. Avhandlingens resultat leder å ena sidan till en djupare insikt om genrehistoriska paralleller, differenser och utvecklingar, och å andra sidan ger de upptäckta dialogstrukturerna inblick i historiskt och kulturellt bundna normer och konventioner om (verbalt) beteende. I och med att det är fråga om fiktionala dialoger får resultaten inte likaställas med sådana från naturliga samtal. Min avhandling fungerar snarare som ett komplement till analysen av verkliga konflikter i och med att den tillför en historisk och kulturell dimension som samtalsanalysen inte har när den enbart fokuserar på nutidens samtal.

Knowledge sharing in intrafirm networks in organization

The objective of this study was research the shared knowledge and the means of sharing with the help of social network analysis. The purpose of this study was to give descriptive information to case-organization about its situational network status in different units. The premise of the study is the success of organizational competences and networks, especially when it comes to the sharing of knowledge. The research was accomplished in a TEKES –projects, Developing Network-Based Services – The Role of Competences and Networks COMNET –projects case-organization. Lappeenranta School of Business and the case-organization started the project in co-operation. The baseline for the study was organizational competencies and organizational networks as success factors, especially from the knowledge sharing’s point of view. The research was based on triangulation, which included pre-interviews, network analyses accomplished by Webropol –e-mail survey and qualitative interviews. The results indicated that regular unit meetings were experienced to be the most important method of knowledge sharing along with e-mailing, intranet and weekly bulletins. The co-operation between units was also experienced to be important when evaluating knowledge sharing and communication. The intrafirm network was experienced tight. Dispersed units and partly unclear means of information sharing were the biggest obstacles for information communication. Knowledge sharing, communication with others and trainings were seen important in the case-organization.

Driver of Demand in Cargo and Passenger Traffic Between Penta Ports

Maritime transport moves around 6 billion tonnes of freight every year. The freight consists of liquid bulks (45%), dry bulks (23%) and general cargo (32%). Freight traffic and transports chains vary according to region, commodity and the origin and the destination of freight. In the European Union the ports sector handles over 90% of the trade with third countries. The share of intra-EU trade is approximately 30% of the total transportation and the number of passengers is over 200 million every year. The Baltic Sea has more than 50,000 vessels a year pass the Skaw at the northernmost tip of Denmark on their way into or out of the Baltic. Roughly 60% to 70% of these vessels are cargo vessels and 17% to 25% tankers. Ports and maritime transport play a crucial role in global commerce today. Today’s business environment is changing rapidly, and the constant changes create challenges for the transport industry and maritime traffic. Ports have to adapt to continuous changes in economic structures, logistics demands, and people’s travel and leisure patterns. In order to ensure the competitiveness of sea connections, the ports need to fully enhance multilateral cross-border understanding and cooperation. In this report the focus is on liner traffic between five ports in the Central Baltic Region: Stockholm, Tallinn, Helsinki Turku and Naantali. The report defines the drivers of the demand for cargo and passenger traffic and highlights the most important factors. The economic situation and foreign trade of each county are elaborated on with detailed information about the flows of traffic between the five ports. Based on expert interviews, the main characteristics of each port, including strengths and weaknesses, are presented. The report is based on primary and secondary data. Primary data was received through interviews and mail surveys. Secondary data was attained through a literature research, statistics, data given by the PENTA ports and webpages. The report is divided into two main parts: the drivers creating the demand for transport and the results of current cargo and passenger flows between PENTA ports.

Unintentionally retained foreign bodies after surgical procedures. Analysis of 4547 cases

Objective: this study aims to explore the experience of Brazilian surgeons on Unintentionally Retained Foreign Bodies (RFB) after surgical procedures. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to surgeons by electronic mail, between March and July 2012. The questions analyzed their experience with foreign bodies (FB), foreign bodies' types, clinical manifestations, diagnoses, risk factors and legal implications. Results: in the 2872 eligible questionnaires, 43% of the surgeons asserted that they had already left FB and 73% had removed FB in one or more occasions, totalizing 4547. Of these foreign bodies, 90% were textiles, 78% were discovered in the first year and 14% remained asymptomatic. Among doctors with less than five years after graduation, 36% had already left a FB. The most frequently surgical procedures mentioned were the elective (57%) and routine (85%) ones. Emergency (26%), lack of counting (25%) and inadequate conditions of work contributed (12.5%) to the occurrence. In 46% of the cases patients were alerted about the FB, and 26% of them sued the doctors or the institution. Conclusions: challenging medical situations, omission of security protocols and inadequate work conditions contributed to RFB. However, RFB occurs mostly in routine procedures such as cesarean or cholecystectomy, and at the beginning of the professional career, highlighting, particularly in poorest countries, the need for primary prevention. Textiles predominated causing clinical repercussions and they were diagnosed in the first postoperative months. Surgeons were sued in 11.3% of the RFB cases.

Role of the canonical transient receptor potential channel 2 (TRPC2) in thyroid cell function

Kalciumjonen reglerar flera processer i celler såsom transkribering av gener, celldelning, cellernas rörlighet och celldöd. Därför har cellerna utvecklat många mekanismer för att reglera den intracellulära kalciumkoncentrationen. Kalciumkanaler spelar en viktig roll i denna regleringsprocess. TRPC-kanalerna (eng. canonical transient receptor potential) är en familj av jonkanaler med sju medlemmar (TRPC1-7) vars regleringsmekanismer och fysiologiska roller är varierande. TRPC2-kanalens fysiologiska signifikans, samt hur kanalen regleras, är dåligt karakteriserad. För första gången, rapporterar vi närvaron av TRPC2 kanalen i råttans sköldkörtelceller samt primära sköldkörtelceller från råtta. Hos gnagare har TRPC2 antagits vara exklusivt uttryckt i det vomeronasala organet. För att undersöka den fysiologiska betydelsen av kanalen, har vi utvecklat stabila celler med nedreglerat TRPC2 (shTRPC2) m.h.a. shRNA-teknik. Nedreglering av TRPC2 resulterade i stora skillnader i flera viktiga cellulära funktioner och i regleringen av sköldkörtelcellernas cellsignalering. Nedreglering av TRPC2 orsakade minskad agonist-beroende frigivning av kalcium från det endoplasmatiska nätverket, samt minskat agonist-beroende inflöde av extracellulärt kalcium, men ökade det basala kalciuminflödet. Uttrycket av PKCβ1 och PKCδ, SERCA-aktiviteten och kalciumhalten i det endoplasmatiska nätverket minskade i shTRPC2 celler. Kommunikation mellan kalcium- och cAMP-signalering påvisades vara TRPC2-beroende, vilket visades reglera uttrycket av TSH-receptorn. Vi undersökte också betydelsen av TRPC2 kanalen i reglering av sköldkörtelcellers proliferation, migration, vidhäftning och invasion; processer som alla var dämpade i shTRPC2 celler. Samamnfattningsvis påvisade dessa resultat en ny och viktig fysiologisk betydelse för TRPC2 kanalerna.

The effects of the service process on satisfaction, trust and value as creators of customer loyalty in a daily deals concept

This study aims at applying the customer behaviour studies of satisfaction, trust, perceived value and loyalty to a daily deals concept. The goal is to find out whether the relationships are the same in this specific context when compared to previous e-commerce studies. The study examines how the daily deals service process affects customer satisfaction, trust and value, and how these in turn impact customer loyalty and each other. The data was collected via e-mail survey from case company customers, and research was conducted on a quantitative basis by using multivariate methods as tools. The results suggest that daily deals service process and service quality do have a direct and positive effect on customer satisfac-tion, trust and value. Additionally, positive correlations between the latter variables and customer loyalty were found. The results imply that the daily deals concept does not differ from other e-services when considering the studied factors. The results also emphasize the importance of recognizing what determinants have the greatest impact on customer loyalty in this specific context.

Elever syns på nätet : multimodala texter och autentiska mottagare

This study is based on the notion that all students are likely to have a computer of some kind as their primary tool at school within a few years. The overall aim is to contribute to the knowledge of what this development of computer-assisted multimodal text production and communication on and over the net may entail in a school context. The study has an abductive approach drawing on theory from Media and Communication studies and from Pedagogy - particularly on media peda-gogy, multimodality, storytelling, conversation research and deliberative democracy – and is based on a DBR project in three schools. The empirical data are retrieved from four school classes, school years 4 and 5, with good access to computers and digital cameras. The classes have used the class blogs to tell the blog visitors about their school work and Skype to communicate with other classes in Sweden and Tanzania. A variety of research methods was employed: content analysis of texts, observations with field notes and camera documentation, interviews with individual students, group interviews with teachers and students, and a small survey. The study is essentially qualitative, focusing on students’ different perceptions. A small quantitative study was conducted to determine if any factors and variables could be linked to each other and to enable comparisons of the surveyed group with other research results. The results suggest that more computers at school offer more opportunities for real-life assignments and the chance to secure an authentic audience to the students’ production; primarily the students’ parents and relatives, students in the same class and at other schools. A theoretical analysis model to determine the degree of reality and authenticity in various school assignments was developed. The results also indicate that having access to cameras for documenting various events in the classes and to an authentic audience can create new opportunities for storytelling that have not been practiced previously at school. The documentary photo invites a viewer into the present tense of the image and the location where the picture was taken, whoever took the picture. It is used by the students and here too, a model has been developed to describe this relationship. The study also focuses on the freedom of expression and democracy. One of the more unexpected findings is that the students in the study did not see that they can influence other people’s perceptions or change various power structures through communication on the web, neither in nor outside of school.

Scenario-based traffic forecasts for the routes between the PENTA ports in 2020

Maritime transport is the foundation for trade in the Baltic Sea area. It represents over 15% of the world’s cargo traffic and it is predicted to increase by over 100% in the future. There are currently over 2,000 ships sailing on the Baltic Sea and both the number and the size of ships have been growing in recent years. Due to the importance of maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea Region, ports have to be ready to face future challenges and adapt to the changing operational environment. The companies within the transportation industry – in this context ports, shipowners and logistics companies – compete continuously and although the number of companies in the business is not particularly substantial because the products offered are very similar, other motives for managing the supply chain arise. The factors creating competitive advantage are often financial and related to cost efficiency, but geographical location, road infrastructure in the hinterland and vessel connections are among the most important factors. The PENTA project focuses on adding openness, transparency and sharing knowledge and information, so that the challenges of the future can be better addressed with regard to cooperation. This report presents three scenario-based traffic forecasts for routes between the PENTA ports in 2020. The chosen methodology is PESTE, in which the focus in on economic factors affecting future traffic flows. The report further analyses the findings and results of the first PENTA WP2 report “Drivers of demand in cargo and passenger traffic between PENTA ports” and utilises the same material, which was obtained through interviews and mail surveys.

Yhteiskuntavastuun merkitys suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun toimittajavalinnassa

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yhteiskuntavastuun merkitystä suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun toimittajavalinnassa. Tutkimuksen keskeisimpänä tavoitteena on vastata kysymykseen "Millainen merkitys yhteiskuntavastuulla on suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun toimittajavalinnassa?". Muita tavoitteita on tutkia lainsäädännnön vaikutusta elintarvikeketjujen yhteiskuntavastuukäytäntöihin, miten sidosryhmien vaatimukset vaikuttavat Keskon yhteiskuntavastuukäytäntöihin sekä kuinka Keskon yhteiskuntavastuukäytännöt vaikuttavat toimittajiensa toimintatapoihin. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osio on kerätty suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun Kesko Oyj:n vuosittaisesta yhteiskuntavastuuraportista ja kyseisen yrityksen yhteiskuntavastuun asiantuntijalle tehdystä haastattelusta.

Työhyvinvointiraportointi osana henkilöstöraportointia - Henkilöstöraportoinnin kehittäminen kohdeyrityksessä

Työntekijöitä ja heidän tietojaan ja taitojaan pidetään yhtenä yrityksen tär-keimmistä resursseista. Jatkuvasti muuttuvan toimintaympäristön vuoksi on tärkeää huolehtia työntekijöiden terveydestä ja hyvinvoinnista. Työhyvinvoinnista tarvitaan ajankohtaista tietoa, jotta voidaan seurata henkilöstön kehitystä ja luoda realistinen kuva henkilöstön pitkäaikaiseen suorituskykyyn vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia kohdeyrityksen henkilöstöraportoinnin kehitystarpeita. Tutkimus on rajattu kohdeyrityksen sisäiseen raportointiin ja työhyvinvointiraportointiin. Aineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluiden ja sähköpostihaastatteluiden avulla. Kohdeyrityksessä on tarve uusille henkilöstötunnusluvuille ja säännölliselle, tarpeeksi usein toteutettavalle henkilöstökyselylle. Lisäksi henkilöstökyselyiden tuloksista ja työhyvinvoinnin kehittämisen toimenpiteistä tarvitaan koko henkilöstölle näkyvää raportointia.

Interfirm Information System for Supply Chain Management from the Cloud: An Exploratory Case Study from the Telecom Industry

This study examines the practice of supply chain management problems and the perceived demand information distortion’s (the bullwhip effect) reduction with the interfirm information system, which is delivered as a cloud service to a company operating in the telecommunications industry. The purpose is to shed light in practice that do the interfirm information system have impact on the performance of the supply chain and in particularly the reduction of bullwhip effect. In addition, a holistic case study of the global telecommunications company's supply chain is presented and also the challenges it’s facing, and this study also proposes some measures to improve the situation. The theoretical part consists of the supply chain and its management, as well as increasing the efficiency and introducing the theories and related previous research. In addition, study presents performance metrics for the bullwhip effect detection and tracking. The theoretical part ends in presenting cloud -based business intelligence theoretical framework used in the background of this study. The research strategy is a qualitative case study, supported by quantitative data, which is collected from a telecommunication sector company's databases. Qualitative data were gathered mainly with two open interviews and the e-mail exchange during the development project. In addition, other materials from the company were collected during the project and the company's web site information was also used as the source. The data was collected to a specific case study database in order to increase reliability. The results show that the bullwhip effect can be reduced with the interfirm information system and with the use of CPFR and S&OP models and in particularly combining them to an integrated business planning. According to this study the interfirm information system does not, however, solve all of the supply chain and their effectiveness -related problems, because also the company’s processes and human activities have a major impact.

Let Go and Remember. How Finnish Communities Experienced and Memorialized School Shootings

This study examines the aftermath of mass violence in local communities. Two rampage school shootings that occurred in Finland are analyzed and compared to examine the ways in which communities experience, make sense of, and recover from sudden acts of mass violence. The studied cases took place at Jokela High School, in southern Finland, and at a polytechnic university in Kauhajoki, in western Finland, in 2007 and 2008 respectively. Including the perpetrators, 20 people lost their lives in these shootings. These incidents are part of the global school shooting phenomenon with increasing numbers of incidents occurring in the last two decades, mostly in North America and Europe. The dynamic of solidarity and conflict is one of the main themes of this study. It builds upon previous research on mass violence and disasters which suggests that solidarity increases after a crisis, and that this increase is often followed by conflict in the affected communities. This dissertation also draws from theoretical discussions on remembering, narrating, and commemorating traumatic incidents, as well as the idea of a cultural trauma process in which the origins and consequences of traumas are negotiated alongside collective identities. Memorialization practices and narratives about what happened are vital parts of the social memory of crises and disasters, and their inclusive and exclusive characteristics are discussed in this study. The data include two types of qualitative interviews; focused interviews with 11 crisis workers, and focused, narrative interviews with 21 residents of Jokela and 22 residents of Kauhajoki. A quantitative mail survey of the Jokela population (N=330) provided data used in one of the research articles. The results indicate that both communities experienced a process of simultaneous solidarity and conflict after the shootings. In Jokela, the community was constructed as a victim, and public expressions of solidarity and memorialization were promoted as part of the recovery process. In Kauhajoki, the community was portrayed as an incidental site of mass violence, and public expressions of solidarity by distant witnesses were labeled as unnecessary and often criticized. However, after the shooting, the community was somewhat united in its desire to avoid victimization and a prolonged liminal period. This can be understood as a more modest and invisible process of “silent solidarity”. The processes of enforced solidarity were partly made possible by exclusion. In some accounts, the family of the perpetrator in Jokela was excluded from the community. In Kauhajoki, the whole incident was externalized. In both communities, this exclusion included associating the shooting events, certain places, and certain individuals with the concept of evil, which helped to understand and explain the inconceivable incidents. Differences concerning appropriate emotional orientations, memorialization practices and the pace of the recovery created conflict in both communities. In Jokela, attitudes towards the perpetrator and his family were also a source of friction. Traditional gender roles regarding the expression of emotions remained fairly stable after the school shootings, but in an exceptional situation, conflicting interpretations arose concerning how men and women should express emotion. The results from the Jokela community also suggest that while increased solidarity was seen as important part of the recovery process, some negative effects such as collective guilt, group divisions, and stigmatization also emerged. Based on the results, two simultaneous strategies that took place after mass violence were identified; one was a process of fast-paced normalization, and the other was that of memorialization. Both strategies are ways to restore the feeling of security shattered by violent incidents. The Jokela community emphasized remembering while the Kauhajoki community turned more to the normalization strategy. Both strategies have positive and negative consequences. It is important to note that the tendency to memorialize is not the only way of expressing solidarity, as fast normalization includes its own kind of solidarity and helps prevent the negative consequences of intense solidarity.

Sähköisen rekrytoinnin hyödyt kuntaorganisaatioissa

Rekrytoinnin tavoitteena on täyttää avoin tehtävä kustannustehokkaasti mahdollisimman pätevällä ja organisaatioon sopivalla henkilöllä. Ovathan henkilövoimavarat yksi yrityksen tärkeimmistä resursseista. Viimeisten vuosikymmenien aikana tapa, jolla rekrytoimme ihmisiä, on muuttunut voimakkaasti. Nykypäivänä harva yritys julkaisee työpaikkailmoituksia sanomalehdissä ja vastaanottaa työhakemuksia sähköpostitse tai kirjeitse. Rekrytointi on siirtynyt internettiin. Puhutaan sähköisestä rekrytoinnista. Tässä tutkimuksessa käsitellään sähköisen rekrytointijärjestelmän hyötyjä kuntaorganisaatioissa. Tarkastelun kohteena on KL-Kuntarekry osakeyhtiön hallinnoima sähköinen rekrytointijärjestelmä, Kuntarekry.fi -palvelu. Tutkimus toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsauksen ja haastatteluiden muodossa. Kuntarekryn yli 200 käyttäjäorganisaatiosta tutkimukseen osallistui 6 kunta-alan organisaatiota. Työn tulokset mukailivat hyvin aikaisempien tutkimusten kanssa. Kuntarekryn avulla saavutetut hyödyt organisaatioissa olivat kustannussäästöt, rekrytoinnin nopeutuminen ja tehostuminen, pääsy laajemmille työnhakijamarkkinoille sekä hakemusten määrän kasvaminen. Lisäksi työssä havaittiin, että rekrytoinnin tehokkuuden mittaamisessa on kehitettävää.

Quality of radiotherapy care by development of e-feedback knowledge

The aim of this three phase study was to develop quality of radiotherapy care by the e-Feedback knowledge of radiotherapy -intervention (e-Re-Know). In Phase I, the purpose was to describe the quality of radiotherapy care and its deficits experienced by cancer patients. Based on the deficits in patient education in Phase II, the purpose was to describe cancer patients’ e-knowledge expectations in radiotherapy. In Phase III, the purpose was to develop and evaluate the outcomes of the e-Re-Know among breast cancer patients. The ultimate aim was to develop radiotherapy care to support patients’ empowerment with patient e-education. In Phase I (2004-2005), the descriptive design was used, and 134 radiotherapy patients evaluated their experiences by Good Nursing Care Scale for Patients (GNCS-P) in the middle of RT period. In Phase II (2006-2008), the descriptive longitudinal design was used and 100 radiotherapy patients’ e-knowledge expectations of RT were evaluated using open-ended questionnaire developed for this study before commencing first RT, in the middle of the treatment, and concluding RT period. In Phase III, firstly (2009-2010), the e-Re-Know intervention, i.e. knowledge test and feedback, was developed in terms of empowering knowledge and implemented with e-feedback approach based on literature and expert reviews. Secondly (2011-2014), the randomized controlled study was used to evaluate the e-Re-Know. Breast cancer patients randomized to either the intervention group (n=65) receiving the e-Re-Know by e-mail before commencing first RT and standard education or the control group (n=63) receiving standard education. The data were collected before commencing first RT, concluding last RT and 3 months after last RT using RT Knowledge Test, Spielberger’s State Trait Inventory (STAI) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Breast (FACT-B) –instruments. Data were analyzed using statistical methods and content analysis. The study showed radiotherapy patients experienced quality of care high. However, there were deficits in patient education. Furthermore, radiotherapy patients’ multidimensional e-knowledge expectations through Internet covered mainly bio-physiological and functional knowledge. Thus, the e-Re-Know was developed and evaluated. The study showed when breast cancer patients’ carried out the e-Re-Know their knowledge of side effects self-care was significantly increased and quality of life (QOL) significantly improved in line with decrease in anxiety from time before radiotherapy period to three months after. In addition, the e-Re-Know has potential to have positive effects on anxiety and QOL, regardless of patient characteristics or knowledge level. The results support the theory of empowering patient education suggesting that empowerment can be supported by confirming patients’ understanding of own knowledge level. In summary, the e-Feedback knowledge of radiotherapy (e-Re-Know) intervention can be recommended in development of quality of radiotherapy care experienced by breast cancer patients. Further research is needed to assess and develop patient-centred quality of care by patient education among cancer patients.