Solar radiation over and under sea ice during the POLARSTERN cruise ARK-XXVI/3 (TransArc) in summer 2011

Arctic sea ice has declined and become thinner and younger (more seasonal) during the last decade. One consequence of this is that the surface energy budget of the Arctic Ocean is changing. While the role of surface albedo has been studied intensively, it is still widely unknown how much light penetrates through sea ice into the upper ocean, affecting sea-ice mass balance, ecosystems, and geochemical processes. Here we present the first large-scale under-ice light measurements, operating spectral radiometers on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) under Arctic sea ice in summer. This data set is used to produce an Arctic-wide map of light distribution under summer sea ice. Our results show that transmittance through first-year ice (FYI, 0.11) was almost three times larger than through multi-year ice (MYI, 0.04), and that this is mostly caused by the larger melt-pond coverage of FYI (42 vs. 23%). Also energy absorption was 50% larger in FYI than in MYI. Thus, a continuation of the observed sea-ice changes will increase the amount of light penetrating into the Arctic Ocean, enhancing sea-ice melt and affecting sea-ice and upper-ocean ecosystems.

The late Pliocene pollen record of ODP Site 108-658 off Cape Blanc, Atlantic Ocean

A 200 m long marine pollen record from ODP Site 658 (21°N, 19°W) reveals cyclic fluctuations in vegetation and continental climate in northwestern Africa from 3.7 to 1.7 Ma. These cycles parallel oxygen isotope stages. Prior to 3.5 Ma, the distribution of tropical forests and mangrove swamps reached Cape Blanc, 5°N of the present distribution. Between 3.5 and 2.6 Ma, forests occurred at this latitude during irregular intervals and nearly disappeared afterwards. Likewise, a Saharan paleoriver flowed continuously until isotope Stage 134 (3.35 Ma). When river discharge ceased, wind transport of pollen grains prevailed over fluvial transport. Pollen indicators of trade winds gradually increased between 3.3 and 2.5 Ma. A strong aridification of the climate of northwestern Africa occurred during isotope Stage 130 (3.26 Ma). Afterwards, humid conditions reestablised followed by another aridification around 2.7 Ma. Repetitive latitudinal shifts of vegetation zones ranging from wooded savanna to desert flora dominated for the first time between between 2.6 and 2.4 Ma as a response to the glacial stages 104, 100 and 98. Although climatic conditions, recorded in the Pliocene, were not as dry as those of the middle and Late Pleistocene, latitudinal vegetation shifts near the end of the Pliocene resembled those of the interglacial-glacial cycles of the Brunhes chron.

Department of Defense appropriations for 1982 : hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session : military personnel entitlement bill referred under section 401(b), Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 : H.R. 3380 Armed Forces Pay Act of 1981 /

Item 1011, 1011-A (microfiche)

Kyros le Jeune en Asie Mineure (Printemps 408-Juillet 401 avant Jésus-Christ)

Bibliographical footnotes.

Former Toastmaster property : soil sampling results, 401 Washington Street, McHenry County, Algonquin, Illinois /

"August 2010."

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency responsiveness summary for : Sugar Creek Impoundment : Section 401 water quality certification for the construction of a water supply reservoir for the city of Marion.

The city of Marion has applied to the Illinois EPA for Section 401 water quality certification to construct a 1,172 surface acre, raw water impoundment reservoir on Sugar Creek, southeast of Creal Springs, Williamson County, Illinois. This proposal and the impacts are described in the Final EIS, DSI, and DSII. The proposed project will involve the construction of a reservoir on Sugar Creek and the mitigation for affected wetlands and jurisdictional waters of the United States.

Responsiveness summary : United States Army Corps of Engineers : Waukegan Harbor, Lake County, Illinois : Section 401 water quality certification for dredging of the Waukegan Harbor approach channel and advanced maintenance area.

The approved project allows the Corps to dredge the Waukegan Harbor approach channel and advanced maintenance area. The area to be dredged lies immediately east of the north breakwater. It is approximately a rectangle 650 feet north and south and 1,400 feet east and west. The advanced maintenance area is a band along the north side of the channel. The approved project is for a 10-year certification, under which the Corps may remove 22,000 to 75,000 cubic yards of sediment per dredging event. The dredging depth is 22 feet and the amount to be dredged is about one foot of sediment. As a condition of the certification, disposal of the dredged sediment in Lake Michigan or the waters of the state cannot occur until the conditions of the certification are met. These conditions, which have been placed on the certification by Illinois EPA, ensure that the project meets state water quality standards and is consistent with the determinations of the Illinois Attorney General's Task Force on asbestos contamination at Illinois Beach State Park.

Operator, organizational, direct and general support : pumping assembly, flammable liquid, bulk transfer, 50 GPM, (Barnes model 9117CA) Army model SPE 16 FSN 4320-728-0265, (Barnes model 15671CA)[ Army model SPE 16A FSN 4320-658-2888, (Barnes model 4074CA) FSN 4320-271-1858.

"May 1968."

Direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists (including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools) for radio teletypewriter sets, AN/GRC-122 (NSN 5815-00-401-9719) ... AN/GRC-142B (NSN 5815-00-443-5511).

Includes index.

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : radio teletypewriter sets AN/GRC-122 (NSN 5815-00-401-9719), AN/GRC-122A (NSN 5815-00-401-9719) ... and AN/GRC-142B (NSN 5815-00-443-5511).

"23 June 1981"--Change no. 1.

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools lists for radio sets AN/VRC-24 (NSN 5820-00-401-2264), AN/VRC-24A (NSN 5820-00-892-3722), AN/TRC-68 (NSN 5820-00-682-2718), and AN/TRC-68A (NSN 5820-00-892-3723).

"25 January 1980."