Otras reflexiones sobre reforma política en Centro-América /

Signed on p. 45: Un centro-americano.

Sismicidade e esforços tectônicos na zona sísmica Acaraú, Nordeste do Brasil

Inside the Borborema Province the Northwestern Ceará (NC) is one of the most seismic active regions. There are reports of an earthquake occurred in 1810 in the Granja town. On January, 2008 the seismic activity in NC has increased and it was deployed a seismographic network with 11 digital stations. In 2009, another earthquake sequence began and it was deployed another seismographic network in the Santana do Acaraú town with 6 stations. This thesis presents the results obtained by analyzing the data recorded in these two networks. The epicentral areas are located near the northeastern part of the Transbrasiliano Lineament, a shear zone with NE-SW-trending that cuts the study area. The hypocenters are located between 1km and 8km. The strike-slip focal mechanisms were found, which is predominant in the Borborema Province. An integration of seismological, geological and geophysical data was performed and it show that the seismogenic faults found are oriented in the same direction to the local brittle structures observed in field and magnetic lineaments. The SHmax (maximum compressional stress) direction in NC was estimated using an inversion of seven focal mechanisms. The horizontal maximum compression stress (σ1 = 300°) with orientation NW-SE and extension (σ3 = 210°) with NE-SW and σ2 vertical. These results are consistent with results of previous studies. The seismic activity recorded in NC is not related to a possible reactivation of the Transbrasiliano Lineament, by now.

O atendimento às adolescentes autoras de atos infracionais no estado do Rio Grande do Norte

The objective of this study was to investigate the assistance for the female adolescents perpetrators of offences in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Through the Thematic Oral History and Documentary Analysis methods, we sought to uncover historical aspects of the work provided in women’s units of the Fundação dos Direitos das Crianças e Adolescentes (FUNDAC) [Foundation for the Rights of Children and Adolescents], from the experiences of professionals who have worked in these units since the beginning of their activities. For this, we made visits to FUNDAC and the Centro Educacional Padre João Maria (CEDUC) [Educational Center Father João Maria], to identify professionals who could participate in the study, as well as institutional documents on routine of treatment. Eight professionals were found from three identified units: Granja Santana, Instituto Padre João Maria and CEDUC, who were interviewed according to a semi-structured script. The analysis of the collected material is supported in Marxian theory and feminist perspective on the sexual division of labor. The results are organized into five areas of analysis: (1) the creation of the service units; (2) the deviant “behavior”: reasons for institutionalization of female adolescents; (3) educational proposal: a female version; service strategies and; the rules and punishment: the domesticated teenage girl. The study indicates that the commission of the offense by the female adolescents in state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) has been associated with the conduct of their families, particularly their mothers. Moreover, in general, service strategies, educational proposals, disciplinary measures were and have been developed based on the naturalization of what is female. Therefore, the assistance to adolescent girls in RN, those thirty-five years, left intact the existing hierarchy in social relations between the sexes, it reproduced the subordination of female adolescents in the juvenile justice system.

Práticas pedagógicas e inclusão escolar: o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunas com deficiência intelectual

This research aimed to know and analyze the pedagogical practices that have been developed in the teaching and learning of students with Intellectual Disability (DI), enrolled at common class of elementary school I. The study was conducted in a public school at Natal/RN, involving two students with DI, a multipurpose teacher, a teaching assistant, a teacher of arts and educational coordinator. As for methodological choice, we chose to develop a qualitative study, undertaking a case study. As tools for the construction of the data we use: semi-structured interviews, participant observation, field diary and document analysis. Data analysis reveals that the institution in which the research was undertaken gradually implementing changes in order to develop an inclusive practice, consistent with its assumptions. Regarding the practices developed in the teaching and learning of students with intellectual disabilities, it was possible to realize the fulfillment of certain adjustments in relation to the objectives, activities and some content, involving the use of resources and varied strategies. With regard to educational activities, we found that these had different levels of complexity, covering both basic goals as more complex objectives. From the observations, we realize that the Assistant Professor of mediations during varied activities as challenging tool in intellectual processes. We note, too, a dynamic classroom in which disabled students were under the guidance of Assistant Professor, and other students with all-round teacher who had a fairly traditional teaching methodology. It created thus an isolation situation, since there was no proposition practices to be developed with all students, and interaction among classmates, generally quite restricted. Although were highlighted developments in the social and academic learning of the surveyed students, the teachers said they did not feel prepared to work freight inclusion. The study reveals the need for teachers reviewing some actions undertaken, in order to develop more democratic pedagogical practices of education, stimulating the interactions between students, by proposing challenging activities that promote the formation and concepts. In addition, it points to the need of the education system invest and encourage the qualification of teachers with regard to education in an inclusive perspective, through actions that promote lifelong learning. It needs to be developed on the teacher a reflective attitude, resulting in a view that due diligence must be entered in practice inherent in teaching in order to use to enhance their educational experience.

Práticas pedagógicas e inclusão escolar: o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunas com deficiência intelectual

This research aimed to know and analyze the pedagogical practices that have been developed in the teaching and learning of students with Intellectual Disability (DI), enrolled at common class of elementary school I. The study was conducted in a public school at Natal/RN, involving two students with DI, a multipurpose teacher, a teaching assistant, a teacher of arts and educational coordinator. As for methodological choice, we chose to develop a qualitative study, undertaking a case study. As tools for the construction of the data we use: semi-structured interviews, participant observation, field diary and document analysis. Data analysis reveals that the institution in which the research was undertaken gradually implementing changes in order to develop an inclusive practice, consistent with its assumptions. Regarding the practices developed in the teaching and learning of students with intellectual disabilities, it was possible to realize the fulfillment of certain adjustments in relation to the objectives, activities and some content, involving the use of resources and varied strategies. With regard to educational activities, we found that these had different levels of complexity, covering both basic goals as more complex objectives. From the observations, we realize that the Assistant Professor of mediations during varied activities as challenging tool in intellectual processes. We note, too, a dynamic classroom in which disabled students were under the guidance of Assistant Professor, and other students with all-round teacher who had a fairly traditional teaching methodology. It created thus an isolation situation, since there was no proposition practices to be developed with all students, and interaction among classmates, generally quite restricted. Although were highlighted developments in the social and academic learning of the surveyed students, the teachers said they did not feel prepared to work freight inclusion. The study reveals the need for teachers reviewing some actions undertaken, in order to develop more democratic pedagogical practices of education, stimulating the interactions between students, by proposing challenging activities that promote the formation and concepts. In addition, it points to the need of the education system invest and encourage the qualification of teachers with regard to education in an inclusive perspective, through actions that promote lifelong learning. It needs to be developed on the teacher a reflective attitude, resulting in a view that due diligence must be entered in practice inherent in teaching in order to use to enhance their educational experience.

Aplicación de técnicas de PCR en tiempo real a la trazabilidad y autenticidad de los piensos

La trazabilidad y el correcto etiquetado de los piensos y sus ingredientes son factores esenciales para prevenir fraudes y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria. En el ámbito de la lucha contra las Encefalopatías Espongiformes Transmisibles (EETs), la prohibición de la Unión Europea (UE) de alimentar a rumiantes y otros animales de granja con harinas de carne y huesos derivadas de animales, hace necesaria la disponibilidad de metodologías que permitan identificar el origen de las materias primas e ingredientes presentes en los piensos. El método oficial de análisis microscópico tradicionalmente empleado para este fin presenta limitaciones a la hora de diferenciar entre los huesos de mamíferos y de aves, así como para determinar el origen animal específico de las partículas detectadas. Por ello, una de las prioridades de la UE en los últimos años ha sido potenciar la búsqueda y desarrollo de técnicas analíticas alternativas que permitan la detección específica de todos los componentes que integran los piensos. Teniendo en cuenta estos aspectos, en esta Tesis Doctoral se han desarrollado técnicas de PCR en tiempo real con sondas TaqMan® para el control de autenticidad y trazabilidad de ingredientes de origen animal utilizados en la fabricación de los piensos. Las especies objeto de este trabajo han sido: vaca (Bos taurus), oveja (Ovis aries), cabra (Capra hircos), grupo rumiante, cerdo (Sus scrofa), pollo (Gallus gallos), pavo (Meleagris g-allopavo), pato (Anal platyrhynchos x Cairina moschata), oca (Anser anser), grupo aviar, caballo (Equus caballus), conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus), liebre (Lepus capensis), grupo lepórido (conejo y liebre) y pescados...

Distinct Differentiation Programs Triggered by IL-6 And LPS in Teleost IgM+ B Cells in the Absence of Germinal Centers

We would like to thank Lucia Gonzalez and Maria Sanz for technical assistance. Professor Øystein Evensen is also acknowledged for providing us with the inactivated IPNV. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant 2011 280469) and by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) of the European Union (Grant Agreement 311993 TARGETFISH). T. W. received funding from the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland). MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011).

Trabajo de campo en geografía : Experiencia en región con conflictos socioambientales

El artículo rescata la importancia del trabajo de campo geográfico en una región con conflictos socioambientales, como el del el agua en las Sierras Chicas de Córdoba. Se hace eje en una experiencia pedagógica, la Práctica Sociocomunitaria (PSC), llevada a cabo por profesores, alumnos y ayudantes de la materia Geografía Rural, de la carrera de Licenciatura en Geografía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades (FFyH), en la localidad de La Granja, departamento Colón, de la provincia de Córdoba. La PSC es una experiencia que acerca a los alumnos al campo social de los conflictos territoriales. Se trata de una modalidad que va más allá de un proyecto de extensión, ya que involucra a todos los alumnos del grado que cursan la materia. Y es también una manera de aunar, en nuestro caso desde el quehacer geográfico, las funciones de docencia, investigación y extensión propias de los universitarios. Se pretende, a través de la PSC, acercar a los alumnos de Geografía Rural al trabajo de campo, con organizaciones sociales de base local motorizadas que conocen los problemas de su localidad en profundidad y que trabajan junto con nuestro equipo de investigación. A la vez, el contacto, las reflexiones grupales e individuales, los debates con los estudiantes universitarios, aportarán al colectivo social, una ampliación de la esfera de conocimientos de la realidad sobre la que viven y luchan. El artículo comienza definiendo qué se entiende por PSC. Luego, atendiendo específicamente a nuestra práctica, desarrollamos lo que para nosotros son las dos lógicas que sustentan el trabajo en terreno. Una, referida a la construcción del conocimiento, a los modos diversos de aprender y de saber. Otra, vinculada a la comprensión del conflicto socioterritorial, en relación con el escenario donde se realiza la práctica: la Mesa del Agua y Ambiente de La Granja. Incluimos un apartado sobre la descripción de la experiencia y los resultados, para finalizar con algunas reflexiones pensadas en función de la continuidad de la práctica.

Trabajo de campo en geografía : Experiencia en región con conflictos socioambientales

El artículo rescata la importancia del trabajo de campo geográfico en una región con conflictos socioambientales, como el del el agua en las Sierras Chicas de Córdoba. Se hace eje en una experiencia pedagógica, la Práctica Sociocomunitaria (PSC), llevada a cabo por profesores, alumnos y ayudantes de la materia Geografía Rural, de la carrera de Licenciatura en Geografía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades (FFyH), en la localidad de La Granja, departamento Colón, de la provincia de Córdoba. La PSC es una experiencia que acerca a los alumnos al campo social de los conflictos territoriales. Se trata de una modalidad que va más allá de un proyecto de extensión, ya que involucra a todos los alumnos del grado que cursan la materia. Y es también una manera de aunar, en nuestro caso desde el quehacer geográfico, las funciones de docencia, investigación y extensión propias de los universitarios. Se pretende, a través de la PSC, acercar a los alumnos de Geografía Rural al trabajo de campo, con organizaciones sociales de base local motorizadas que conocen los problemas de su localidad en profundidad y que trabajan junto con nuestro equipo de investigación. A la vez, el contacto, las reflexiones grupales e individuales, los debates con los estudiantes universitarios, aportarán al colectivo social, una ampliación de la esfera de conocimientos de la realidad sobre la que viven y luchan. El artículo comienza definiendo qué se entiende por PSC. Luego, atendiendo específicamente a nuestra práctica, desarrollamos lo que para nosotros son las dos lógicas que sustentan el trabajo en terreno. Una, referida a la construcción del conocimiento, a los modos diversos de aprender y de saber. Otra, vinculada a la comprensión del conflicto socioterritorial, en relación con el escenario donde se realiza la práctica: la Mesa del Agua y Ambiente de La Granja. Incluimos un apartado sobre la descripción de la experiencia y los resultados, para finalizar con algunas reflexiones pensadas en función de la continuidad de la práctica.

Argaric Sociology: Sex and Death

The detailed, rich and diverse Argaric funerary record offers an opportunity to explore social dimensions that usually remain elusive for prehistoric research, such us social rules on kinship rights and obligations, sexual tolerance and the role of funerary practices in preserving the economic and political organization. This paper addresses these topics through an analysis of the social meaning of Argaric double tombs by looking at body treatment and composition of grave goods assemblages according to gender and class affiliation. The Argaric seems to have been a conservative society, scarcely tolerant regarding homosexuality, and willing to celebrate ancestry associated to certain places as a means of asserting residence and property rights.

"Unha espía no Reino de Galicia" de Manuel Rivas: O humor e a construción da identidade nacional galega

Este estudo analiza como Manuel Rivas aproveita a ambigüidade do concepto de estereotipo para crear una identidade cultural galega. En Unha espía no Reino de Galicia (2004), Rivas propón que a imaxe paródica do galego e o conxunto de trazos estereotipados que se lle asignan non son un elemento alleo a cultura galega, senón que é un trazo integral da dialéctica da súa identidade nacional. Desta maneira, ó feito diferencial galego, ademais da lingua, a unidade territorial, o celtismo, ou a emigración, habería que engadir a capacidade do galego de parodiar o seu propio discurso nacional.

Estudo numérico do escoamento em descarregadores por orifício

Atualmente, no estudo do comportamento de descarregadores de cheias por orifício, é necessário conhecer as pressões ao longo do descarregador, para várias alturas de água na albufeira. Este tipo de estudos tem sido usualmente realizado recorrendo a ensaios experimentais. No entanto, a utilização de modelos numéricos para a simulação do escoamento em estruturas hidráulicas encontra-se numa fase emergente. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação pretende apresentar um estudo numérico relativo ao escoamento em descarregadores de cheias por orifício. Por forma a efetuar o estudo numérico, foi utlizado o programa comercial de CFD FLOW-3D®, reproduzindo um modelo reduzido construído no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) correspondente a um descarregador por orifício. Para a realização das simulações numéricas foi necessário definir o objeto de estudo, a malha de cálculo, as condições de fronteira e as propriedades do fluido e objeto de modo a reproduzir as situações ensaiadas experimentalmente no LNEC. A proximidade dos resultados experimentais e numéricos para vários níveis de água na albufeira permitiu validar o modelo numérico para este tipo de escoamentos no interior do orifício.

Identificación, fluctuación poblacional de insectos y descripción de enfermedades asociadas al plátano en Rivas, Nicaragua

El plátano es un cultivo de alta rentabilidad con aceptables índices de producción y calidad, representa un rubro alternativo de exportación en la región, principalmente para el mercado Centroamericano. Desde algún tiempo atrás, la seguridad que el cultivo proporciona a los pequeños, medianos y grandes productores se ha visto amenazada por un conjunto de plagas y enfermedades que afectan a la planta y sus frutos. Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento científico de insectos plagas y enfermedades asociadas al cultivo del plátano (Musa paradisiaca. L), se realizó este estudio en el periodo comprendido de Enero a Septiembre del 2014 en Rivas. Se hicieron muestreos de insectos y colectas de material enfermo en seis fincas plataneras de Rivas. Los insectos y patógenos fueron identificados en los laboratorios del Instituto de Protección y Sanidad Agropecuaria en Rivas y confirmados en los laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. Las variables evaluadas en este estudio fueron, Número de picudos por trampa, fluctuación poblacional de picudos por finca, número de cochinillas arinosas por planta, fluctuación poblacional de cochinilla arinosa por finca, porcentaje de incidencia y severidad de daño de Sigatoka amarilla por planta, área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad de Sigatoka amarilla, porcentaje de incidencia de daño de las enfermedades pudrición acuosa de las musáceas y de punta de cigarro. Como resultados del estudio se identificaron los insectos asociados al plátano tales como Cosmopolites sordidus, Methamacius hemipterus, Rhinchosporum palmarum y Dysmicoccus grassi. Los principales patógenos asociados al platan identificados en este estudio fueron Micosphaerella fijiensis, Erwinia sp y Verticillium sp., de manera general se observó que la incidencia y severidad de todos los agentes causales de enfermedades reflejaron un comportamiento similar en las seis fincas, estos agentes se presentaron en todos los meses de muestreo, sin embargo, los mayores porcentajes de severidad se manifestaron en los meses de Agosto y Septiembre del 2014 con porcentajes que oscilaron entre el 60 y 67 %, la mayor área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad se presentó en la finca La Zopilota, seguido de San Alberto y La Granja, la menor área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad se presentó en la finca El Espíritu, El Trapiche y Valentina.

Nada de hacernos los locos

Fondo Margaritainés Restrepo

A utilização dos recursos educativos digitais- RED : na prática de ensino supervisionada no 1.º CEB

O presente artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre o impacto das TIC em contexto educativo, focando os potenciais contributos da utilização dos Recursos Educativos Digitais (RED) no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem. Para o efeito, são apresentados os resultados da utilização do RED: Aula Digital - O Mundo da Carochinha 1.º Ano. O estudo foi concretizado numa turma do 1.° ano de escolaridade do 1.º CEB, constituída por 27 alunos, com idades e compreendidas entre os 6-7 anos, num Agrupamento de Escolas da Cidade de Castelo Branco, no âmbito da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada. Os resultados obtidos, após a análise e tratamento dos dados, permitiram concluir que ao utilizar este RED os alunos demonstraram terem adquirido os conteúdos abordados, pelo facto de se terem potenciado níveis de maior interesse, empenho, motivação, envolvimento e espírito de iniciativa no decorrer das atividades propostas. Porém, talvez pelo facto de serem alunos de 1º ano do 1º CEB, não descuram a presença e o acompanhamento da professora e a utilização de recursos em suporte papel. Quer isto dizer que deve haver uma complementaridade que concilie o fator humano (professora), com a utilização de recursos em suporte digital (RED) e recursos em suporte papel (Manual). Traduzindo, desta forma, uma rentabilização dos recursos pedagógicos conducentes a uma melhoria do processo de ensino e de aprendizagem.