O trabalho atrapalha os estudos?

Nas últimas décadas a frequência à escola entre os jovens brasileiros aumentou consideravelmente. A porcentagem de crianças, entre 10 e 14 anos de idade que estão matriculados na escola está acima de 95% e na faixa de 15 a 18 anos de idade, cerca de 70%. Vinte anos atrás estes números eram 80% e 50%, respectivamente. Por outro lado, quando se analisa os dados de participação na força de trabalho o quadro é menos otimista: para ambos os grupos, a participação é bastante elevada e tem apresentado comportamento estável ao longo dos anos. Este estuda analisa o efeito da participação no mercado de trabalho sobre o atraso escolar de crianças de nestes dois grupos de faixa etária utilizando a metodologia de emparelhamento por nota de propensão (propensity score matching) de participação no mercado de trabalho. Como seria de se esperar quanto maior a probabilidade de participar maior o atraso escolar. Mas, nosso principal resultado é que em ambos os grupos e mais acentuadamente para os mais jovens, a diferença de atraso entre os que participam e não participam do mercado de trabalho é mais elevado para valores intermediários de probabilidade de trabalhar. Nos valores extremos da distribuição as diferenças não são tão elevadas e muitas vezes não significantes estatisticamente. Isto significa que para os jovens com elevada probabilidade de participar no mercado de trabalho, e que são os que têm o mais elevado grau de atraso escolar, o trabalho em si não é a maior razão para este mal desempenho. Estes resultados sugerem que as políticas públicas para combate ao atraso escolar entre os grupos mais pobres deveriam ser mais abrangentes envolvendo uma ação mais ampla sobre a família e não apenas na erradicação do trabalho infantil e juvenil.

Sistemas locais de informação: subsídios à formulação, gestão e avaliação de políticas públicas relativas à qualidade de vida nas cidades

Este trabalho busca estudar e sistematizar aspectos metodológicos relacionados a sistemas locais de informação e indicadores de qualidade de vida, bem como diferentes arranjos político-institucionais de órgãos destinados a produção, armazenamento, coleta, análise e disseminação de informações relacionadas à qualidade de vida em nível local. São analisadas experiências diferenciadas realizadas no Brasil e no exterior, atentando especialmente para o seu impacto no processo de formulação, gestão e avaliação de políticas públicas.

A problematização do lixo e dos catadores: estudos de caso múltiplo sobre políticas públicas sob uma perspectiva foucaultiana

Municipal government policies supporting recycling cooperatives at the start of the 1990s and in the first years of the current century have contributed to resemanticizing trash rather than improving the living conditions of the street scavengers in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This idea was based on multiple case studies conducted in three post-consumption recycling cooperatives which have resulted from such policies. Interviews were held with three municipal government managers and 66 scavengers between 2002 and 2004, during a period of field observation that varied from two to six months in each case. Following a Foucaultian analysis approach, in this thesis post-consumption trash is considered as a discursive production. For this reason, the discourses have been analyzed (through an archaeology and a genealogy) that animated this object as a target condition of public policies. Thus, problematization of the trash has been proposed ¿ characterized by the concomitance of discourses related to an environmental and economic issue surrounding it, which would have impacted the scavengers' work. This proposal made it possible to consider the conditions that enable the scavengers to participate in this discursive production concerning trash. Problematization means the social enhancement of trash (its resemantization as recyclable) and the government policies were an attempt to make the scavengers adapt to this conjuncture. The conditions have been investigated that enable the scavengers to participate in the construction process of the discourse concerning trash (preparation of the strategies), in consonance with public policies. According to the three organizations observed, the public managers assumed that it would be possible for the scavengers to participate in the rules of discourse on trash, when they achieved economy of scale and when they sold to middlemen. Through the findings of the studies, however, it has been concluded that the ways in which these three organizations were managed enabled the scavengers to accede to the rules of discourse regarding problematized trash only when they could control the strategies that allow them to attend what is set by such rules.

Desenvolvimento local, cidadania e arranjos produtivos locais: um estudo no estado do Rio de Janeiro

The aim of the present study was to verify how the participation and interaction of the local government public and private instittutions and civil society, might promote sustainable development, taking as a reference the Local Productive Arrangements (LPA) of Nova Friburgo and its Region. This work was conducted after a theoretical discussion concerning local development, citizenship, local development with citizenship and local productive arrangements. Afterwards, semi-structured interviews were realized with 32 citizens from five cities that were part of the Fashion Development Council, using the discourse analysis to data treatment. It was verified that the productive arrangement in the Centro-Norte Fluminense region of the Rio de Janeiro State has one of its main competitive advantages the pool of institutions, that articulate and support the underwear fashion sector. However, the APL presents many other characteristics making impossible to classify it as a cluster or an industrial district since there is still a need for cooperation among institutions and undertakers. In addition, there is no integration between the government instances and civil society in relation to the LPA development. So, it is concluded that there is a need for more union and dialogue among all of these involved actors, to overcome ¿bottle-necks¿ in the sector of underwear fashion in the region, such as informality of a huge number of companies and the low qualification of employees and undertakers.

As ênfases estratégicas de empresas agroalimentares : estudo de casos na região de Pelotas-RS

Com a crescente integração dos mercados mundiais, novos agentes econômicos têm afetado o cenário das organizações, exigindo das mesmas o desenvolvimento de novas competências estratégicas. O ritmo da competição global e a mudança tecnológica estão forçando as organizações a lutar pela busca do diferencial competitivo. No setor agroalimentar as ameaças e desafios apontam para a concentração e ampliação das exigências das redes de distribuição, aumentando o seu poder de barganha em relação aos fornecedores. Este estudo trata da gestão estratégica de organizações agroindustriais locais e suas relações com o setor supermercadista, seu principal cliente. Tem um caráter exploratório, tendo em vista os poucos trabalhos com este enfoque junto à agroindústrias locais ou regionais de médio e pequeno porte. Ao buscar as informações junto a empresas da rede supermercadista, sobre os critérios mais importantes para a definição do perfil dos seus fornecedores agroalimentares, procura-se compreender como organizações agroindustriais administram esses critérios e estabelecem a(s) ênfase(s) estratégica(s), para a sua sustentação nesse mercado. Seguindo a evolução histórica e conceitual da produção acadêmica nos campos da organização industrial e administração estratégica e, mais importante, buscando sempre pontos de interface, nas diversas abordagens quanto à organização das empresas, seja na obtenção e utilização dos seus recursos e capacitações internas, seja na articulação com outras organizações no seu ambiente de negócios, buscou-se elementos comuns, não excludentes, que transitam nas diversas correntes teóricas, e que permitam uma compreensão consistente acerca das estratégias competitivas dessas empresas. A relevância teórica desse estudo está na construção de um modelo conceitual (framework) para a análise da gestão estratégica de empresas agroindustriais locais. Quanto à relevância prática, ressalta-se a contribuição para o entendimento da dinâmica das transformações do setor agroalimentar, especialmente as novas exigências que o setor varejista “impõe” às empresas agroindustriais e as possíveis estratégias de sobrevivência para organizações locais afetadas por este processo. A ação de pesquisa junto aos empresários, proporcionou um exercício de reflexão que permitiu explicitar o pensamento estratégico, não muito usual em empresas desse porte. Ao organizar as questões e as discussões à luz das cinco dimensões competitivas – negociação, flexibilidade, dependability, inovatividade e imagem – que se constituíram na base conceitual das ênfases estratégicas, foi possível estabelecer o caminho percorrido por cada organização.

Estudos de uma iniciativa de desenvolvimento do turismo local a partir das interfaces institucionais: o caso das Terras Altas da Mantiqueira (MG)

O Circuito Turístico Terras Altas da Mantiqueira (CTTAM) foi o primeiro a se consolidar no país de forma organizada. Compreende nove municípios: Alagoa, Delfim Moreira, Itamonte, Itanhandu, Marmelópolis, Passa Quatro, Pouso Alto, São Sebastião do Rio Verde e Virgínia, que estão localizados no sul do estado de Minas Gerais, na divisa com o estado de São Paulo e próximo aos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. A partir de 1998, tiveram início as atividades da associação que seria responsável por coordenar as atividades deste circuito, assim como fomentar e promover o turismo na região. A experiência deste circuito é um exemplo significativo de uma experiência que demonstra um certo grau de empreendedorismo dos seus idealizadores e também permite identificar as dificuldades e impedimentos encontrados, de forma a oferecer subsídios para avaliar a validade deste tipo de projeto. O contexto em que esteve inserida, torna a experiência das Terras Altas da Mantiqueira (TAM) mais interessante. Trata-se do final dos anos 1990, quando o PNMT já estava sendo amplamente implementado no país, buscando fomentar iniciativas semelhantes à da própria TAM. Embora existisse um cenário para a formação e organização de associação com objetivo de desenvolver o turismo, o CTTAM não conseguiu ir de encontro ao fomento oferecido pelo governo federal e foi desativado dois anos depois. O objetivo desta pesquisa é, portanto, analisar o contexto institucional em que se desenvolveu esta iniciativa, assim como analisar a sua interface com os programas de governo estadual e federal. Como objetivo final, buscou-se extrair contribuições que fossem válidas para a implementação de outras experiências válidas no país. A primeira etapa da pesquisa consistiu na revisão da literatura pertinente à questões de regionalização e formação de clusters. Para a caracterização do contexto brasileiro, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico da legislação específica de turismo, assim como dos programas de governo já realizados e em andamento. Em seguida, foi realizada pesquisa de campo na região, com a aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os principais atores do processo. Atualmente, em virtude de novos incentivos governamentais, existem esforços para a reativação do CTTAM, que têm obtido avanços, que são também abordados pela pesquisa.

A influência da exportação no desenvolvimento de arranjos produtivos locais de moda no estado do Rio de Janeiro

In recent years, clusters have become a central part in discussions about local and regional economic development, as well as in the elaboration of public policies for generating jobs and income. Concurrent with the discussions about clusters, the subject globalization has also received growing attention from the media in the academic and government fields. Different aspects are considered in the discussions regarding globalization and one of the subjects is the insertion of local economies into international commerce. One of these ways of insertion is by global value chains. This term began to be used at the end of 90s, and refers to the productive value chains dispersed throughout the world, but with integrated production and commercialization. The aim of this thesis is to understand how the exportation process influences the development of fashion clusters, this being done by the insertion of these clusters into the global value chains. Each year, the Brazilian fashion sector seeks to broaden their participation in the global economy by means of insertion into the global value chains. This insertion, however, has caused impacts in specialized clusters of garment manufacturers, such as beach fashion, jeans and women¿s clothing. As a way of identifying these impacts, three cluster manufacturers were studied in the state of Rio de Janeiro, namely Cabo Frio, São Gonçalo and Niterói. The impacts of internationalization on the companies integrated into these three clusters were explored by means of a six-month field study, including semistructured interviews. This internationalization occurs either by direct exportation or by means of inserting these companies into the global value chains. The results of the study points out the opportunities and threats to these companies, as well as shows the importance of more adequate public policies for the development of Brazilian fashion clusters. Among these threats, the possibility of inserting these cluster companies into the global value chains in a captive manner (Gereffi, Humphrey, Sturgeon, 2005) was singled out, placing them ¿under control¿ of the exporting companies. As for opportunities, the participation of government support agencies and improvements in fashion show good alternatives for inserting these companies into the global value chains, making possible autonomous and competitive performance.

Instrumentos de apoio financeiro específicos a empresas localizadas em arranjos produtivos locais: um estudo de caso do APL de Nova Friburgo

In the last decade, the debate concerning more adequate means of promoting social and economic development, through policies of firm supporting, has been gaining strength. Among several means of support, there is one that addresses issues related to credit and funding. At the same time, interest on the phenomenon of firm agglomeration, known by clustering, is increasing, as well as one of its advantages - facilitating the development and strengthening of its firms. Additionally, there can be spotted advantages on clustering that allow tailoring financial instruments, specifically to firms in it, based on collective solutions, with better conditions. This dissertation focuses on how the capture of these opportunities is being done, in the presence of specific financial products to Brazilian clusters. The present analysis is conducted from the cluster located in Nova Friburgo and Region, specialized in women underwear. This study sought to capture advantages from three main collective solutions: information systems, guarantees systems, alternative funding. These solutions address to the following issues: information asymmetries, absence of guarantees from the credit taker, limited sources of funding. Semi-structured interviews were made with members of the cluster, when it was possible to identify that the capture of advantages is in its early stages, being limited by other issues, such as: adequate degree of human capital, governance framework and process inefficiencies.

As "Confrarias" como um Fenômeno Organizacional Brasileiro: Notas Etnográficas de um Aprendiz de Bourdieu

Over the last years we have seen a significant increase in scholarly production within the organization studies field in Brazil. However it is still not representative. The tendency to consume foreign and fashionable ideas unrestrainedly, to make use of imported, universal and non-contextualized explanations to inquiry phenomenon which are essentially local and particular, make it difficult to develop a true Brazilian tradition. This work is a result of an ambitious ethnographic adventure" of an acknowledged apprentice of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's large body of knowledge. It is about taking reflexivity to the limit. It is about learning "through the body" in an effort - both theoretical and empirical - to investigate a Brazilian organizational phenomenon which reproduces the hierarchical side of our society and, under the disguise of the legitimacy offered by organizational discourse, help keeping the very structure of our society in a silent but powerful way. I also want this work to be an alert for the importance of contextualization as a means to avoid a recurring distortion of the scholarly production in administrative science: the mobilization of theoretical references in such a safe way that make explicitness totally unnecessary, the appropriation of concepts whose essence is strange to the nature of the very phenomenon which they aim to explain, and the insistence in the impersonal style, in third-voice narratives, as if it were possible to produce knowledge in social sciences with absolute impartiality. "

Construção de consenso em negociações de acordos regionais - ARCs

The main subject of this study is the consensus analysis of negotiations of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). Generally speaking, delays and interruptions caused by controversies and impasses end up becoming strong efficiency problems which jeopardize the consensus building during any negotiation. As a justification, the target of this study is to identify processes to help obtain, efficiently, agreements in the RTAs negotiations. Its final objective was to search for theoretical tools and techniques to be applied in situations of stoppage in a sense of eliminating the difficulties or making them at least easier to deal with. Secondarily other theoretical points of view were considered with the intention of understanding how strategies and theoretical tools can contribute in each/or different scenario of the negotiation. Through the different ways of looking at it for the conduction of the negotiations, for evaluating the dimensions of the negotiations and in order to build up the consensus, the researcher was able to understand the perception and the interpretation of the subject in view. At last the conclusion was that the applicability of the chosen framework is positive in helping solve problems and controversies as well as building up the consensus during the negotiations.

O Estado organizacional dos grandes escritórios de advocacia do Brasil: dois estudos de caso

The objective of this study was to identify the real organizational status of major law firms in Brazil compared to fordism and post-fordism organizational economic paradigms. In order to fulfill the objectives, an exploratory-explanatory research was carried out through case studies. The two major Brazilian law firms, according the study developed by the newspaper Gazeta Mercantil (PANORAMA SETORIAL ¿ ESCRITÓRIOS DE ADVOCACIA, 2002), Pinheiro Neto Advogados (PN) and Tozzini, Freire, Teixeira e Silva Advogados (TFTS), were researched. The case study was based on multiple evidence analysis: semi-structured interviews, documents and records analysis, and direct observations. The report of the research was structured by presenting a detailed introduction about lawyer and the law firms, including their historics main characteristics and factors which lead up to the constitution of these firms, showing the relationship among information technologies, globalizations and the need of strategic recontextualization of law firms. The data collected showed how these aspects presented in the studied unities. It was concluded through this research that PN and TFTS present an organizational development compatible to what is frequently practised in the organizations as far as contemporary organizational techniques and tools are concerned; neither fordism nor the transitional process to post-fordism, intensified the division of work of the lawyer; the new information technologies are essential for the maintenance of the sustained competitive advantage within the post-fordism scenario.

Papéis de marketing em um sistema de capital de distribuição: estudos de casos sobre diferentes composições organizacionais

Este projeto tem o objetivo de identificar os papéis de marketing existentes nos componentes da cadeia de distribuição de Tecnologia da Informação (TI), com ênfase na observação das atividades orientadas para melhoria do relacionamento da organização com o usuário corporativo e na consolidação da marca do integrante da cadeia, independente da tecnologia ou marca do fabricante representado. Este projeto centrou a observação em casos de representações no Brasil, embora um dos casos analisados atue multinacionalmente. Para manter certa homogeneidade na avaliação, foram escolhidos casos integrantes de um único canal de um fabricante de TI internacional. Estes casos foram selecionados por estarem inseridos num ambiente freqüentemente mutável e de alta competitividade. As empresas pesquisadas, que ocupam espaços específicos na cadeia de relacionamento do canal, diferenciam-se também no tamanho e na abrangência de mercado, considerando-se o tipo, a quantidade e a dispersão geográfica dos usuários. As observações efetuadas indicam que poucas atividades e papéis de marketing são comuns aos casos pesquisados. Além disto, foi identificado que o conjunto básico de atividades necessárias para um adequado relacionamento com o usuário final, embora contido em toda a cadeia ou sistema do canal, não está estruturado como um todo, ocorrendo eventualmente ineficiência de determinadas atividades e papéis de marketing ou superposição de outros.

Como se faz um tijucano? Reflexões sobre consumo, identidade e masculinidade em um bairro carioca

The love of cariocas for the city of Rio de Janeiro is widely known. As well as the cariocas, there is another social group, called tijucanos, which the love for the neighborhood is peculiar. The Tijuca zone, known by its tradition and development during the 60¿s, due to his local identity ¿ tijucana, definitely deserves prominence in the ¿wonderful city¿. The people of Tijuca can be known as a ¿personality¿ in Rio, and their habits of consumption seldom exceed the area¿s limits. Enclosure of histories and special characteristics, how to be a tijucano, an adjective that people of Tijuca are proud of, is one of the focus of this present study. To be an unconditional tijucano, who loves to walk around in the neighborhood, in the square, enjoy their lives in famous bars, ended up as a peculiarity in the carioca scenario, together with the people of Ipanema, Barra and many others, that together make Rio de Janeiro a unique city. In spite of the increasing visibility, there are few studies trying to understand the way heterosexual men interact with the world of consumer goods. In view of the great interest and in the contemporary world, the meaning of consumption has increased. The object of the present study is to try to understand how the people from Tijuca use the world of consumer goods to ¿become a man¿, i.e., to construct their male heterosexual identity. This analysis is crucial to investigate the construction of masculine gender identity of the people from Tijuca. The study was based on data gathered through deep interviews with nine men from Tijuca during the month of January 2007. The results have shown that the tijucanos interact with the neighborhood services and locals during the process of construction of gender and local identity. It was possible to notice that there are four differents stages, by means of, people use the world of consumer goods to identify themselves as men from Tijuca. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that it occurs the consumption of specific products and places in strategy to: define masculinity and local identity (when young person), move aside, assimilation, acceptation and reinforcement of that identity.

Estratégias para a superação de problemas locais à Vila do Abraão e sua relação com o desenvolvimento sustentável do turismo

This study evaluates how the interaction among organizations located in Vila do Abraão, in Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro State, has contributed to the sustainability of this locality. An analysis of the island¿s local problems showed that firms informality and solid waste management practices were bringing damaging consequences to the island, and that this local productive arrangement (APL) has been able to collectively find solutions to such issues. These solutions basically encompassed: a) choosing estrategies the lead to a self-sustained model and not traditional way dependent on tax benefits; b) recognizing that the solutions to these problems involved the common action of public and private sectors and the civil society, and that various artifices should be used to establish such cooperation; c) the presence of actors outside the APL who played an important role in overcoming the problems of the cluster; d) using transparent legal instruments that defined the rights and obligations of each party and e) tripartite social entrepreneurship actions through NGOs to help solve problems common to the whole island.

A complexidade da gestão em processos de internacionalização: como a cultura Nacional impacta o processo decisório de gestores brasileiros expatriados - o caso de uma empresa estatal do setor de energia

In a world where the companies are trying to compete on a global scale, the positioning strategies direct them to go beyond the geographical boundaries of their base countries, seeking for other markets, as a way to keep globally competitive. These conditions make crucial the roles performed by their managers, exposed to different contexts, mainly economical, political, social and cultural and to face the task to manage enterprises like a challenge, probably bigger than the one found on their base countries. This speech tries to examine how much expatriated Brazilian managers feel the influence of local cultural factors in their decisional processes, taking into consideration that they are embedded in their cultural home countries, and they can suffer an impact by the culture of other countries. With this research it is intended to gather empirical material that will supply clues and allow to advance on studies that will make a relationship between decisional process and local culture, through a case study in a Brazilian state-owned energy company and its subsidiaries in South American countries, hoping that the mentioned studies will somehow contribute to a better understanding of the problems that have been stressed in the last decades. Also considering that the vast majority of the theoretical and empirical material about this matter has its own source on the western developed countries and are, in this way, culture-bounded, we hope to increase the production of studies and researches applied to the Latin American reality, mainly the Brazilian one.