'The highly nervous system of the English Lakes': aquatic ecosystem sensitivity to external changes, as demonstrated by diatoms.

The author reviews the stratigraphic diatom profile of Cumbrian lakes since the last glaciation. Knowledge of both present and previous interglacials suggests that a natural cycle of change is imposed on all lakes. The nature of inwashed material is dependant on climatic and natural soilcycles and this affects the water quality and sensitive aquatic biota. Anthropogenic effects are superimposed upon this with forest clearance and pollution. Whilst some Cumbrian diatom profiles extend over the entire post glacial, others cover only detailed sections relating to particular problems. Causes and effect of recent changes in lakes can be studied using indicator species but palaeocology contributes greatly to understanding of long term changes.

The role of specially designated wildlife sites in freshwater conservation - an English perspective

The value of specially designated sites in conserving biodiversity has been a hotly debated issue for many years. The debate has recently been given fresh impetus by the creation of Natural England, the new Government Agency responsible for the protection and enhancement of the natural environment in England, and the challenges facing the management of designated sites resulting from the increasingly tangible effects of climate change. In the freshwater environment, the role of designated sites is very much under the spotlight because of the implementation of the European 'Water Framework' Directive, which aspires to holistic, ecologically-based management of aquatic habitats.This paper explores the underlying premises of, and rationale for, special site designations for wildlife, and provides a frank account of the inevitable clash of management philosophies that designated sites create in the freshwater environment, drawing on experiences of managing designated freshwater sites in England over the past decade. A positive role is outlined for designated sites in freshwater conservation, which addresses these management conflicts in a way that not only meets Government obligations towards these sites but also paves the way for enlightened, progressive management of the wider freshwater resource. As part of this account, attempts are made to clarify the relationship between key biodiversity-related policy drivers in the freshwater environment, and to explain how the spectre of climate change can be addressed within designated site management. The importance of strategic freshwater science, collaboratively designed and funded, in maximising the value of the designated freshwater site network to the wider freshwater habitat resource, is stressed.

Major ions in 25 frequently sampled tarns in the English Lake District (1954-56, 1974-1976) [Dataset]

This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 25 frequently sampled tarns in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1954 and 1956 and between 1974-1976.

Concentrations of major ions in 182 tarns in the English Lake District (1953-1978) [Dataset]

This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 182 tarns in the English Lake District, Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1953 and 1978.

Keep an "eye" on the text: The Use of Self-mention in the Academic Writing of Experts

One of the most controversial inquiries in academic writing is whether it is admissible to use first person pronouns in a scientific paper or not. Many professors discourage their students from using them, rather favoring a more passive tone, and thus causing novices to avoid inserting themselves into their texts in an expert-like manner. Abundant research, however, has recently attested that negotiation of identity is plausible in academic prose, and there is no need for a paper to be void of an authorial identity. Because in the course of the English Studies Degree we have received opposing prompts in the use of I, the aim of this dissertation is to throw some light upon this vexed issue. To this end, I compiled a corpus of 16 Research Articles (RAs) that comprises two sub-corpora, one featuring Linguistics RAs and the other one Literature RAs, and each, in turn, consists of articles written by American and British authors. I then searched for real occurrences of I, me, my, mine, we, us, our and ours, and studied their frequency, rhetorical functions and distribution along each paper. The results obtained certainly show that academic writing is no longer the faceless prose that it used to be, for I is highly used in both disciplines and varieties of English. Concerning functions, the most typically used roles were the use of I to take credit for the writer’s research process, and also those involving plural forms. With respect to the spatial disposition, all sections welcomed first person pronouns, but the Method and the Results/Discussion sections seem to stimulate their appearance. On the basis of these findings, I suggest that an L2 writing pedagogy that is mindful not only of the language proficiency, but also of the students’ own identity may have a beneficial effect on the composition of their texts.

Front pages of No. 49, 1990, English version

Special issue entitled: A Brief History of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands 1959-1988

Caio no abismo do paraíso: o gênero romanesco e a ficção autobiográfica em Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso, de Caio Fernando Abreu

Seguindo a ideia exposta por Caio Fernando Abreu em nota introdutória presente em todas as edições de Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso de que o livro pode ser lido não apenas como um exemplar de contos, mas também como um romance-móbile (ou espatifado) e considerando que, por meio do conhecimento de dados biográficos de um escritor, é possível construir a biografia de um escritor através de sua obra, a presente dissertação busca analisar Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso sob a ótica de uma nova perspectiva de leitura, entendendo o livro como um romance de ficção autobiográfica e formação

Diagnóstico dos mecanismos disfluentes em orações relativas do português brasileiro

Alguns estudos na área da Psicolinguística tratam sobre a interrupção da forma natural da fluência da fala. Essas suspensões são denominadas disfluências e podem ser de variados tipos como, por exemplo, repetições, substituições ou pausas. Entre alguns trabalhos sobre disfluências, destaca-se o realizado por Jaeger (2005), que tratou da omissão do relativizador that na língua inglesa e a possibilidade desse fator ser responsável pela criação de disfluências. Nessa mesma linha, objetivamos analisar as disfluências na camada dos relativizadores camada CP em língua portuguesa brasileira. Para isso, tomaram-se dados obtidos por Corrêa et al (2008) sobre produção de orações relativas. Nesse estudo, os autores, buscando verificar a complexidade da formulação de orações relativas, manipularam duas condições: plenamente planejada que reduziria a carga de processamento e, consequentemente, levaria à maior produção de orações relativas padrões e parcialmente planejada a qual aumentaria a carga de processamento e, consequentemente, maior produção de orações relativas cortadoras e resumptivas. Diante disso, sabendo que o planejamento de estruturas mais complexas pode ser um fator que gere mais sentenças disfluentes, resta saber em qual das condições, estipuladas por Corrêa et al (2008), haveria maior caso de disfluências. Acreditamos que a condição parcialmente planejada resultaria mais casos de disfluências em comparação à condição inteiramente planejada. Para verificação de tal hipótese, a presente pesquisa focou suas atenções no banco de dados de Corrêa et al (2008). Após determinados critérios, privilegiamos sentenças de orações relativas genitivas, orações relativas de objeto indireto funcional e orações relativas de objeto indireto lexical, pois tais seriam construções sintáticas mais complexas e passíveis de terem mais casos de disfluências. Identificadas e quantificadas todas as falas de interesse, criamos tabelas para melhor visualização das disfluências em localizações específicas na sentença como, por exemplo, antes da oração relativa (AOR), na oração relativa (NAOR) e depois da oração relativa (DPOR). Com tais dados analisados, verificamos que eles corroboravam a hipótese levantada: na condição parcialmente planejada há mais casos de disfluências do que na condição inteiramente planejada, principalmente quando se é focalizada a localização NAOR. Entre os principais resultados, percebemos que as disfluências do tipo pausas preenchidas aparecem em grande quantidade na localização NAOR, fator que revela uma característica especial da oração relativa. Essa disfluência, nesse trecho da sentença, revela que os falantes não somente fazem uma procura lexical, como também, um planejamento discursivo. Tais resultados nos motivaram a pensar em outras determinadas situações de pesquisa como, por exemplo, a análise das disfluências em sentenças de voz passiva

Dobutamine in Paediatric Population: A Systematic Review in Juvenile Animal Models

Objective: Although dobutamine is widely used in neonatal clinical practice, the evidence for its use in this specific population is not clear. We conducted a systematic review of the use of dobutamine in juvenile animals to determine whether the evidence from juvenile animal experiments with dobutamine supported the design of clinical trials in neonatal/ paediatric population. Methods: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (1946-2012) and EMBASE (1974-2012). Articles retrieved were independently reviewed by three authors and only those concerning efficacy and safety of the drug in juvenile animals were included. Only original articles published in English and Spanish were included. Results: Following our literature search, 265 articles were retrieved and 24 studies were included in the review: 17 focused on neonatal models and 7 on young animal models. Although the aims and design of these studies, as well as the doses and ages analysed, were quite heterogeneous, the majority of authors agree that dobutamine infusion improves cardiac output in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the cardiovascular effects of dobutamine are influenced by postnatal age, as well as by the dose used and the duration of the therapy. There is inadequate information about the effects of dobutamine on cerebral perfusion to draw conclusions. Conclusion: There is enough preclinical evidence to ensure that dobutamine improves cardiac output, however to better understand its effects in peripheral organs, such as the brain, more specific and well designed studies are required to provide additional data to support the design of clinical trials in a paediatric population.

Ebaluatoia: crowd evaluation of English-Basque machine translation

[EU]Lan honetan Ebaluatoia aurkezten da, eskala handiko ingelesa-euskara itzulpen automatikoko ebaluazio kanpaina, komunitate-elkarlanean oinarritua. Bost sistemaren itzulpen kalitatea konparatzea izan da kanpainaren helburua, zehazki, bi sistema estatistiko, erregeletan oinarritutako bat eta sistema hibrido bat (IXA taldean garatuak) eta Google Translate. Emaitzetan oinarrituta, sistemen sailkapen bat egin dugu, baita etorkizuneko ikerkuntza bideratuko duten zenbait analisi kualitatibo ere, hain zuzen, ebaluazio-bildumako azpi-multzoen analisia, iturburuko esaldien analisi estrukturala eta itzulpenen errore-analisia. Lanak analisi hauen hastapenak aurkezten ditu, etorkizunean zein motatako analisietan sakondu erakutsiko digutenak.

Elebitasunetik eleaniztasunera. Ikastolen “Eleanitz-English” hezkuntza berrikuntza proiektua: oinarriak, bilakaera eta ekarpenak (1991-2010)

437 p.

Defining plausible migration rates based on historical tagging data: a Bayesian mark-recapture model applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus)

A generalized Bayesian population dynamics model was developed for analysis of historical mark-recapture studies. The Bayesian approach builds upon existing maximum likelihood methods and is useful when substantial uncertainties exist in the data or little information is available about auxiliary parameters such as tag loss and reporting rates. Movement rates are obtained through Markov-chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) simulation, which are suitable for use as input in subsequent stock assessment analysis. The mark-recapture model was applied to English sole (Parophrys vetulus) off the west coast of the United States and Canada and migration rates were estimated to be 2% per month to the north and 4% per month to the south. These posterior parameter distributions and the Bayesian framework for comparing hypotheses can guide fishery scientists in structuring the spatial and temporal complexity of future analyses of this kind. This approach could be easily generalized for application to other species and more data-rich fishery analyses.

The acquisition of gender agreement in L3 English by Basque/Spanish bilinguals

211 p.