Integrating on-line process control and imperfect corrective maintenance: An economical design

Existing studies of on-line process control are concerned with economic aspects, and the parameters of the processes are optimized with respect to the average cost per item produced. However, an equally important dimension is the adoption of an efficient maintenance policy. In most cases, only the frequency of the corrective adjustment is evaluated because it is assumed that the equipment becomes "as good as new" after corrective maintenance. For this condition to be met, a sophisticated and detailed corrective adjustment system needs to be employed. The aim of this paper is to propose an integrated economic model incorporating the following two dimensions: on-line process control and a corrective maintenance program. Both performances are objects of an average cost per item minimization. Adjustments are based on the location of the measurement of a quality characteristic of interest in a three decision zone. Numerical examples are illustrated in the proposal. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An experimental and theoretical approach to correct for the scattered radiation in an X-ray computer tomography system for industrial applications

The main problem connected to cone beam computed tomography (CT) systems for industrial applications employing 450 kV X-ray tubes is the high amount of scattered radiation which is added to the primary radiation (signal). This stray radiation leads to a significant degradation of the image quality. A better understanding of the scattering and methods to reduce its effects are therefore necessary to improve the image quality. Several studies have been carried out in the medical field at lower energies, whereas studies in industrial CT, especially for energies up to 450 kV, are lacking. Moreover, the studies reported in literature do not consider the scattered radiation generated by the CT system structure and the walls of the X-ray room (environmental scatter). In order to investigate the scattering on CT projections a GEANT4-based Monte Carlo (MC) model was developed. The model, which has been validated against experimental data, has enabled the calculation of the scattering including the environmental scatter, the optimization of an anti-scatter grid suitable for the CT system, and the optimization of the hardware components of the CT system. The investigation of multiple scattering in the CT projections showed that its contribution is 2.3 times the one of primary radiation for certain objects. The results of the environmental scatter showed that it is the major component of the scattering for aluminum box objects of front size 70 x 70 mm2 and that it strongly depends on the thickness of the object and therefore on the projection. For that reason, its correction is one of the key factors for achieving high quality images. The anti-scatter grid optimized by means of the developed MC model was found to reduce the scatter-toprimary ratio in the reconstructed images by 20 %. The object and environmental scatter calculated by means of the simulation were used to improve the scatter correction algorithm which could be patented by Empa. The results showed that the cupping effect in the corrected image is strongly reduced. The developed CT simulation is a powerful tool to optimize the design of the CT system and to evaluate the contribution of the scattered radiation to the image. Besides, it has offered a basis for a new scatter correction approach by which it has been possible to achieve images with the same spatial resolution as state-of-the-art well collimated fan-beam CT with a gain in the reconstruction time of a factor 10. This result has a high economic impact in non-destructive testing and evaluation, and reverse engineering.

Conoscenza e consapevolezza sugli effetti biologici degli ultrasuoni nella pratica clinica in Italia: risultati di una inchiesta con questionario tra ecografisti della socetà italiana di ultrasonologia in medicina e biologia (S.I.U.M.B.)

Background New potential hazards in the use of ultrasound (US) are implied in new diagnostic applications of US, such as contrast enhanced US. Aim To assess the level of awareness and knowledge on safety issues of clinical use of US among physicians who are members of the Italian National Society for Ultrasound (SIUMB) Materials and methods A questionnaire including 11 multiple choice quiz was sent by e-mail to members of SIUMB, who preliminarly agreed to participate in this initiative. The answers were received anonimously and statistically analyzed. Results The number of returned valid questionnaires was 97 (8 were considered not valid for less than 10 answers filled). Mean age of the responders was 44 years old, and the average time the physician has been performing ultrasound examinations was 13 years. The principal workplace (70%) was a public Hospital. Physicians seemed to know the general definitions of principal safety-parameters, but few of them knew the definition of specific indexes. There was a general knowledge about the safe use of ultrasound in obstetrics, but there was a poor knowledge of biological effects of US: only about 37% answered correctly to questions about damage of vasculature of lung by high Mechanical Index US investigation and about the increase of temperature under the probe, according to the thermal indexes. Conclusion In conclusion the present findings indicate that greater efforts of National Ultrasound Societies are warranted in disseminating knowledge about the bio-effects of diagnostic ultrasound modalities among their members to prevent possible hazards.

Kernel Methods for Tree Structured Data

Machine learning comprises a series of techniques for automatic extraction of meaningful information from large collections of noisy data. In many real world applications, data is naturally represented in structured form. Since traditional methods in machine learning deal with vectorial information, they require an a priori form of preprocessing. Among all the learning techniques for dealing with structured data, kernel methods are recognized to have a strong theoretical background and to be effective approaches. They do not require an explicit vectorial representation of the data in terms of features, but rely on a measure of similarity between any pair of objects of a domain, the kernel function. Designing fast and good kernel functions is a challenging problem. In the case of tree structured data two issues become relevant: kernel for trees should not be sparse and should be fast to compute. The sparsity problem arises when, given a dataset and a kernel function, most structures of the dataset are completely dissimilar to one another. In those cases the classifier has too few information for making correct predictions on unseen data. In fact, it tends to produce a discriminating function behaving as the nearest neighbour rule. Sparsity is likely to arise for some standard tree kernel functions, such as the subtree and subset tree kernel, when they are applied to datasets with node labels belonging to a large domain. A second drawback of using tree kernels is the time complexity required both in learning and classification phases. Such a complexity can sometimes prevents the kernel application in scenarios involving large amount of data. This thesis proposes three contributions for resolving the above issues of kernel for trees. A first contribution aims at creating kernel functions which adapt to the statistical properties of the dataset, thus reducing its sparsity with respect to traditional tree kernel functions. Specifically, we propose to encode the input trees by an algorithm able to project the data onto a lower dimensional space with the property that similar structures are mapped similarly. By building kernel functions on the lower dimensional representation, we are able to perform inexact matchings between different inputs in the original space. A second contribution is the proposal of a novel kernel function based on the convolution kernel framework. Convolution kernel measures the similarity of two objects in terms of the similarities of their subparts. Most convolution kernels are based on counting the number of shared substructures, partially discarding information about their position in the original structure. The kernel function we propose is, instead, especially focused on this aspect. A third contribution is devoted at reducing the computational burden related to the calculation of a kernel function between a tree and a forest of trees, which is a typical operation in the classification phase and, for some algorithms, also in the learning phase. We propose a general methodology applicable to convolution kernels. Moreover, we show an instantiation of our technique when kernels such as the subtree and subset tree kernels are employed. In those cases, Direct Acyclic Graphs can be used to compactly represent shared substructures in different trees, thus reducing the computational burden and storage requirements.

Celti e Reti tra V e I sec. a.C. Oggetti tipo LaTène all'interno della cerchia culturale Fritzens-Sanzeno (arco alpino centro-orientale)

The study of the objects LaTène type found in middle-eastern alpine region (Trentino Alto Adige-Südtirol, Engadina, North Tirol, Voralberg and Villach basin) is aimed to a better comprehension of the complex net of relationships established among the Celts, settled both in the central Europe territories and, since the IV century b.C., in the Po Plain, and the local populations. The ancient authors, who called the inhabitants of this area Raeti, propose for this territory the usual pattern according to which, the population of a region was formed consequently to a migration or was caused by the hunting of pre-existing peoples. The archaeologists, in the last thirty years, recognized a cultural facies typical of the middle-eastern alpine territory during the second Iron Age, and defined that as Fritzens-Sanzeno culture (from the sites of Fritzens, Inn valley, and Sanzeno, Non Valley). The so-called Fritzens-Sanzeno culture spread out without breaks from the material culture of the final Bronze Age and the first Iron Age. This local substratum, characterized by a ceramic repertoire strongly standardized, by peculiar architectural solutions and by a particular typology of rural sacred places (Brandopferplätze), accepted, above all during the second Iron Age, the strong influences coming from the Etruscan world and from the Celtic one (evident in the presence of objects of ornament, of glass artefacts, of elements of the weaponry and of coins). The objects LaTène type become, with different degrees of reliability, important markers of the relationships existing between the Celts and the Raeti, although the ways of interaction (cultural influence, people's movements, commercial exchanges, gifts among élites etc.) is not still clear. The revision of published data and the study of unpublished materials allows to define a rich and articulated picture both to chronological level and to territorial one.

Impatto ambientale dei rifiuti e degli sprechi agroalimentari in Europa e in Italia

Nonostante il fatto che una gran parte del mondo viva ancora oggi a livelli di sussistenza, i dati in nostro possesso ci indicano che le attività umane stanno esaurendo le risorse ambientali del pianeta. La causa di questo eccessivo sfruttamento delle risorse è da ricercare nei pattern non sostenibili di produzione e consumo dei paesi sviluppati. La preoccupazione per le conseguenze sull'ambiente e la lotta al cambiamento climatico hanno posto le politiche ambientali al centro dell'attenzione internazionale. Il Protocollo di Kyoto e la Commissione Europea hanno stabilito degli obiettivi di riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, rispettivamente del 12% entro il 2012 e del 20% entro il 2020. All'interno del Protocollo di Kyoto l'obiettivo per l'Italia è ridurre del 6,5% le emissioni di gas serra nazionali rispetto al 1990. Le politiche mirate alla riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra hanno in genere come obiettivo gli impianti energetici e i trasporti. Poca attenzione viene data alla filiera agroalimentare pur sapendo che l'agricoltura ha un forte impatto sull'ambiente e recenti studi stimano che circa il 50% del cibo prodotto viene perso o buttato via dalla produzione al consumo. Alla luce di questi dati, il mio lavoro di tesi ha avuto come obiettivo quello di quantificare i rifiuti e gli sprechi agroalimentari in Europa e in Italia e stimare l'impatto ambientale associato. I dati raccolti in questa tesi mettono in evidenza l'importanza di migliorare l'efficienza della filiera agroalimentare per ridurre l'impatto ambientale nazionale e rispettare gli accordi internazionali sulla lotta ai cambiamenti climatici.

„When we are disciplined, we can learn very well“: Schüler und Disziplin an einem Jungeninternat in Nordghana /// Arbeitspapiere / Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien ; 91

Diese Arbeit analysiert den Alltag in einem gymnasialen Jungeninternat in der Upper West Region in Ghana und setzt diese Analyse in eine anthropologische Perspektive zum Staat. Angeregt durch die Überlegungen von Michel Foucault zu Disziplinarmechanismen und „Technologien des Selbst“ steht die alltägliche Disziplinierung der Schüler im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit. Dabei wird Disziplin nicht als restriktiv, übergeordnet und allgegenwärtig gedacht, sondern als etwas, das die Schüler aktiv mitgestalten. Einerseits sind die Schüler der Nandom Secondary School Disziplinartechniken ausgesetzt, die sich auf die Kontrolle ihrer Körper beziehen: Sie werden vereinheitlicht, klassifiziert, hierarchisiert, überwacht, geprüft und bestraft. Andererseits sind die Schüler keine übermächtigten Objekte einer totalen Institution, sondern sie wirken kreativ mit beim Flechten des Netzes aus Kontrolle und Freiräumen in ihrer Schule: Sie spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Kontrolle der Lehrer; sie erkennen und nutzen Freiräume, deren Rahmen sie mit den Lehrern aushandeln. Auch ihr Selbst bekommen die Schüler nicht von den Lehrern einfach diktiert. Zwar wird ihnen durch das Bild des guten Schülers eine bestimmte Sicht auf sich selbst nahe gelegt, doch wie sie dieses Bild aufnehmen, ablehnen oder umdeuten liegt in ihren eigenen Händen.

„They can be responsible leaders, they can also be housewives…“: ein Mädcheninternat in Nordghana /// Arbeitspapiere / Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien ; 104

Diese Arbeit analysiert, welche Erziehungsziele ein gymnasiales Mädcheninternat in der Upper West Region in Ghana verfolgt und wie diese Erziehungsziele im Schulalltag praktisch umsetzt werden. Angeregt durch das Goffmansche Konzept der „totalen Institution“ untersucht die Arbeit den umfassenden Einfluss der katholischen Internatsschule auf die Schülerinnen, die mit dem Eintritt in die Schule ihre dörfliche Herkunftswelt verlassen und ein Übergangsstadium durchlaufen. Die Schülerinnen werden nicht nur im Unterricht erzogen, sondern der gesamte Schulalltag wird von Regeln bestimmt, die aus den Schülerinnen gute Staatsbürgerinnen machen sollen. Dabei entwickelte sich die 1959 gegründete St. Francis Girls’ Secondary School im Lauf der Zeit von einer Institution, die vor allem christliche Haus- und Ehefrauen produzieren wollte, zu einer Schule, die die Mädchen auch akademisch gut ausbilden will und ihnen vermittelt, dass sie künftig zu einer „Elite“ gehören werden. Dass der Einfluss des Internats aber weder „total“ ist, noch die Schülerinnen passiv sind, zeigt sich daran, dass die Schülerinnen zum einen die Schulregeln nicht immer befolgen und sich zum anderen auch gegenseitig, und dies nicht immer im Sinne der Regeln, disziplinieren.

I manufatti egizi ed egittizzanti in Sicilia

Il progetto di ricerca si è posto l'obiettivo di analizzare una serie di manufatti egizî e di tradizione egizia della Sicilia preromana e di evidenziare le eventuali sopravvivenze della cultura egittizzante sull’isola fino all'età tardoantica. La realizzazione di un corpus, aggiornato sulla scorta di nuovi rinvenimenti, di recenti riletture e di studi su materiali inediti custoditi nei musei siciliani, ha contribuito a tracciare una mappa distributiva delle aree di rinvenimento e di attestazione, con particolare riferimento alle diverse etnie che recepiscono tali prodotti e alla possibilità di ricostruire l’ambientazione storica della domanda diretta o indiretta. Si è scelto di privilegiare lo studio tipologico, iconografico e iconologico di alcune “categorie” di materiali maggiormente documentati sull’isola, quali amuleti, scarabei e scaraboidi, cretule, ushabti, gioielli, bronzi figurati, gemme, con l’individuazione di riscontri in ambito mediterraneo. La documentazione delle testimonianze antiquarie contenenti notizie su reperti oggi non più reperibili ha permesso, infine, non solo l’acquisizione d’informazioni spesso ritenute perse, ma anche una comprensione storicizzata delle dinamiche del collezionismo siciliano e del suo ruolo nel più vasto ambito europeo dal XVII al XIX secolo. È stato importante, infatti, chiarire anche alcuni aspetti della cultura egittologica del periodo, legata in genere alla circolazione di stereotipi e alla mancanza di una conoscenza diretta della realtà faraonica.

Pedagogia e immaginario: Fiction e giovani dell'eta' post-moderna

La ricerca prende in esame le produzioni narrative, in particolare quelle dedicate agli adolescenti e ai giovani adulti, nei cui linguaggi e nelle cui trame si insinuano modelli di vita, comportamenti, valori, stereotipie, ecc. Attraverso le fiction dell'ultimo decennio, sono offerte interpretazioni alle costanti e alle variabili che percorrono i diversi prodotti culturali e che sono metafore di caratteristiche e di dinamiche della società post-moderna. Nella ricerca si studiano le trame e i personaggi delle narrazioni e, in parallelo, si individuano le correlazioni con studi pedagogici interessati alle ultime generazioni giovanili. La comparazione ha portato ad un sistema di decifrazione per individuare il giovane dell'era post-moderna tra gli elementi di finzione. Si sono prese in esame le più importanti icone dell'immaginario che, pur attraverso innumerevoli riscritture, continuano ad imporsi come metafore per identificazione, abnegazione, catarsi. Rispetto al passato, molte icone presenti nelle ultime produzioni di fiction subiscono alterazioni leggibili come spie (i.e. Ginzburg). È in queste trasformazioni, spinte fino alla metamorfosi dell'icona, che è possibile rintracciare alcune caratteristiche proprie del mondo giovanile in rapporto con la società contemporanea. L'immaginario può dunque essere lo specchio in cui l'uomo e la società possono riconoscersi, e studiarlo apre possibilità per sviluppare prospettive di interpretazione verso nuovi orizzonti.

Verso il consumo sostenibile: i prodotti biologici nelle abitudini alimentari degli italiani

Scegliere di consumare in modo sostenibile significa passare ad un nuovo modello di consumo. Tale modello richiede una maggiore consapevolezza e responsabilità da parte dei consumatori, unite all'adozione di nuovi stili di vita e di scelte d’acquisto, che permettano il raggiungimento di elevati livelli di benessere nel rispetto dell'ambiente. Un notevole sforzo è stato compiuto recentemente dai policy maker per incoraggiare il consumo sostenibile quali implementazioni dello sviluppo sostenibile. Ancora lunga, tuttavia, è la strada da percorrere per raggiungere pienamente questo obiettivo. Tra i prodotti sostenibili, il biologico si è rivelato di gran lunga il più rappresentativo: le statistiche di questo mercato mostrano, infatti, tendenze positive, sebbene il consumo risulti ancora eterogeneo e contenuto rispetto al consumo di alimenti convenzionali. Ciò mostra che il comportamento dei consumatori non è ancora abbastanza reattivo alle suddette politiche. Il presente studio si propone di contribuire alla ricerca sul consumo sostenibile approfondendo i fattori che incoraggiano o impediscono il consumo di prodotti alimentari biologici in Italia. Adottando un nuovo approccio si cerca di capire come i diversi segmenti di diete alimentari affrontino gli alimenti biologici in termini di consumi e di atteggiamenti. Un'analisi multivariata a più fasi è stata condotta su un campione di 3.004 consumatori. Un’analisi delle componenti principali non lineare è stata applicata alle variabili ordinali che misurano il consumo di ventuno categorie di alimenti. Successivamente è stata applicata la cluster analysis che ha dato luogo a quattro segmenti di abitudini alimentari. I prodotti biologici sono diventati parte delle abitudini alimentari in Italia in quasi un terzo della popolazione. Il consumo sembra essersi affermato soprattutto nel segmento con abitudini alimentari sane. Una scarsa attenzione ad una dieta sana, gli stili di vita, il reddito, l'accessibilità, la mancanza di consapevolezza condizionano le abitudini alimentari a scapito di un consumo più sostenibile.

Optische Experimente zur Untersuchung der Nichtgleichgewichtsdynamik kolloidaler Suspensionen

In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit wird die Konkurrenz von Kristallisation und Verglasung in metastabilen kolloidalen Hart-Kugel(HK)-Modellsystemen mit dynamischer und zeitaufgelöster statischer Lichtstreuung untersucht. Durch gleichzeitige Messungen mit beiden Methoden an derselben Probe gelang es, mit hoher Genauigkeit und aussagekräftiger Statistik nachzuweisen, dass in beiden Systemklassen eine starke Korrelation der strukturellen und dynamischen Eigenschaften vorliegt und diese Korrelation zu quantifizieren. Ein zentraler Teil der Arbeit bestand in dem Aufbau einer geeigneten Lichtstreuanlage mit der erstmalig Messungen der Dynamik und der Struktur simultan an derselben nicht-ergodischen Probe durchgeführt werden konnten. Für die dynamische Lichtstreuung wurde ein Flächendetektor (CCD-Kamera) verwendet. In Kombination mit einer speziellen Detektionsoptik ermöglicht dies, die gleichzeitige Detektion von Streulicht aus unterschiedlichen Probenbereichen (Subensembles). Damit kann gleichzeitig die Dynamik in unterschiedlichen Subensembles mit einer Auflösung von 15,8x15,8µm2 untersucht werden. Die Lichtstreuanlage wurde ausführlich charakterisiert und ihre korrekte Funktionsweise mithilfe von Vergleichsmessungen an etablierten Lichtstreuanlagen bestätigt. Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Dynamik und der Struktur von metastabilen Proben wurde unterhalb, am und oberhalb des Glasübergangs quantifiziert. Dabei zeigte das untersuchte kolloidale HK-Modellsystem alle typischen Eigenschaften eines HK-Systems. Die kristallisierenden Proben zeigten das etablierte zweistufige Kristallisationsszenario mit entsprechender Kristallisationskinetik und die Glasproben zeigten das erwartete Alterungsverhalten. Bei dem zweistufigen Kristallisationsszenario kommt es zuerst zur Nukleation einer metastabilen Zwischenphase von sogenannten Precursorn. In einer zweiten Stufe bilden sich Kristallite innerhalb dieser Precursor. Durch Vergleich zwischen kristallisierenden und verglasenden Proben konnte auch während der Verglasung die Bildung von Precursorn beobachtet werden. Die Korrelation zwischen der Anzahl an Precursorn und der Partikeldynamik legt die Vermutung nahe, dass das immer noch unverstandene Phänomen der Alterung von Gläsern mit der Bildung von Precursorn zusammenhängt. Verhinderte Kristallisation führt zu einer starken Verlangsamung der Partikeldynamik. Die Partikeldynamik einer Probe am Glasübergang zeigt, dass die Probe vor Einsetzen der Kristallisation eine glasartige Dynamik aufwies. Dies legt die Vermutung nahe, dass einkomponentige kolloidale HK-Gläser den Gleichgewichtszustand (Kristall) auf langen Zeitskalen erreichen können. Durch die Untersuchung der Partikeldynamik von metastabilen Proben in einzelnen Subensembles konnte eine heterogene Verteilung der Partikeldynamik nachgewiesen werden. Es existieren Bereiche, in denen die Partikeldynamik schneller oder langsamer ist als in anderen Bereichen. Gleichzeitig zeigen die Messungen der strukturellen Eigenschaften, dass metastabile Proben auch heterogen bezüglich ihrer Struktur sind. Mithilfe dieser Messungen konnte die zeitliche Entwicklung des Anteils an langsamen Partikeln und des Anteils an Partikeln innerhalb von Objekten höherer Ordnung (Precursor/Kristallite) bestimmt werden. Es zeigte sich eine direkte Korrelation zwischen dem Anteil an langsamen Partikeln und dem Anteil an Partikeln in Objekten höherer Ordnung. Die Untersuchung der Dynamik und der Struktur in einzelnen Subensembles lieferte einen weiteren Hinweis darauf, dass Subensembles, in denen eine stärker ausgeprägte strukturelle Ordnung vorliegt, auch bevorzugt eine langsamere Partikeldynamik aufweisen.

Anomalous global effects induced by 'blind' distractors in visual hemifield defects

Previous research has revealed that a stimulus presented in the blind visual field of participants with visual hemifield defects can evoke oculomotor competition, in the absence of awareness. Here we studied three cases to determine whether a distractor in a blind hemifield would be capable of inducing a global effect, a shift of saccade endpoint when target and distractor are close to each other, in participants with lesions of the optic radiations or striate cortex. We found that blind field distractors significantly shifted saccadic endpoints in two of three participants with lesions of either the striate cortex or distal optic radiations. The direction of the effect was paradoxical, however, in that saccadic endpoints shifted away from blind field distractors, whereas endpoints shifted towards distractors in the visible hemifields, which is the normal global effect. These results provide further evidence that elements presented in the blind visual field can generate modulatory interactions in the oculomotor system, which may differ from interactions in normal vision.

The Extremely Red, Young L Dwarf PSO J318.5338-22.8603: a Free-Floating Planetary-Mass Analog to Directly Imaged Young Gas-Giant Planets

We have discovered using Pan-STARRS1 an extremely red late-L dwarf, which has (J - K)(MKO) = 2.78 and (J - K) (2MASS) = 2.84, making it the reddest known field dwarf and second only to 2MASS J1207-39b among substellar companions. Near-IR spectroscopy shows a spectral type of L7 +/- 1 and reveals a triangular H-band continuum and weak alkali (K I and Na I) lines, hallmarks of low surface gravity. Near-IR astrometry from the Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program gives a distance of 24.6 +/- 1.4 pc and indicates a much fainter J-band absolute magnitude than field L dwarfs. The position and kinematics of PSO J318.5-22 point to membership in the beta Pic moving group. Evolutionary models give a temperature of 1160(-40)(+30) K and a mass of 6.5(-1.0)(+1.3) M-Jup, making PSO J318.5-22 one of the lowest mass free-floating objects in the solar neighborhood. This object adds to the growing list of low-gravity field L dwarfs and is the first to be strongly deficient in methane relative to its estimated temperature. Comparing their spectra suggests that young L dwarfs with similar ages and temperatures can have different spectral signatures of youth. For the two objects with well constrained ages (PSO J318.5-22 and 2MASS J0355+11), we find their temperatures are approximate to 400 K cooler than field objects of similar spectral type but their luminosities are similar, i.e., these young L dwarfs are very red and unusually cool but not "underluminous." Altogether, PSO J318.5-22 is the first free-floating object with the colors, magnitudes, spectrum, luminosity, and mass that overlap the young dusty planets around HR 8799 and 2MASS J1207-39

The Man-Made Environment in Post-Stalinist Europe 1953-1968

This project looked at the various responses, both political and aesthetic, to the end of socialist realism and the return of pre-war modernism as a desirable ideal. It considered both the built environment and objects of daily use (furniture, radios, TV sets, etc.) in several countries of the region, including Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Russia and Romania, also comparing developments there with corresponding ones in the west. Among particular aspects considered were the effects of Kruschev's speech in December 1954 to workers in construction, machine-building and design industries, in which he argued against monumentalism and criticised both "classical architecture" and socialist realism. The team see the real issue in interpreting Eastern European architecture as its lack of a critical edge, since official discourses took the place of any form of criticism and architects sought to implement the "official line". Megastructures became increasingly popular from the 1960s onwards and in Romania, for instance, came to dominate the city in the late 1980s. Such structures proved an efficient way to control the environment in countries plagued by prefabrication and social housing, and the group see the exhibition of inflated concrete grids as perhaps the most important feature of Eastern European architecture in the 1960s and 1970s. They also point out the rarity of glass and steel architecture in the east, where the preferred material was concrete, a material seen as "revolutionary" as it was the product of heavy industry and was grey, i.e. the workers' colour. Tactile elements were more important here than the visual elements favoured in the west, and a solidity more in line with the dominant ideology than the ephemeral qualities of glass.