Tapping the innovation potential of corporate engagement with stakeholders

Summary This dissertation explores how stakeholder dialogue influences corporate processes, and speculates about the potential of this phenomenon - particularly with actors, like non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other representatives of civil society, which have received growing attention against a backdrop of increasing globalisation and which have often been cast in an adversarial light by firms - as a source of teaming and a spark for innovation in the firm. The study is set within the context of the introduction of genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) in Europe. Its significance lies in the fact that scientific developments and new technologies are being generated at an unprecedented rate in an era where civil society is becoming more informed, more reflexive, and more active in facilitating or blocking such new developments, which could have the potential to trigger widespread changes in economies, attitudes, and lifestyles, and address global problems like poverty, hunger, climate change, and environmental degradation. In the 1990s, companies using biotechnology to develop and offer novel products began to experience increasing pressure from civil society to disclose information about the risks associated with the use of biotechnology and GMOs, in particular. Although no harmful effects for humans or the environment have been factually demonstrated even to date (2008), this technology remains highly-contested and its introduction in Europe catalysed major companies to invest significant financial and human resources in stakeholder dialogue. A relatively new phenomenon at the time, with little theoretical backing, dialogue was seen to reflect a move towards greater engagement with stakeholders, commonly defined as those "individuals or groups with which. business interacts who have a 'stake', or vested interest in the firm" (Carroll, 1993:22) with whom firms are seen to be inextricably embedded (Andriof & Waddock, 2002). Regarding the organisation of this dissertation, Chapter 1 (Introduction) describes the context of the study, elaborates its significance for academics and business practitioners as an empirical work embedded in a sector at the heart of the debate on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Chapter 2 (Literature Review) traces the roots and evolution of CSR, drawing on Stakeholder Theory, Institutional Theory, Resource Dependence Theory, and Organisational Learning to establish what has already been developed in the literature regarding the stakeholder concept, motivations for engagement with stakeholders, the corporate response to external constituencies, and outcomes for the firm in terms of organisational learning and change. I used this review of the literature to guide my inquiry and to develop the key constructs through which I viewed the empirical data that was gathered. In this respect, concepts related to how the firm views itself (as a victim, follower, leader), how stakeholders are viewed (as a source of pressure and/or threat; as an asset: current and future), corporate responses (in the form of buffering, bridging, boundary redefinition), and types of organisational teaming (single-loop, double-loop, triple-loop) and change (first order, second order, third order) were particularly important in building the key constructs of the conceptual model that emerged from the analysis of the data. Chapter 3 (Methodology) describes the methodology that was used to conduct the study, affirms the appropriateness of the case study method in addressing the research question, and describes the procedures for collecting and analysing the data. Data collection took place in two phases -extending from August 1999 to October 2000, and from May to December 2001, which functioned as `snapshots' in time of the three companies under study. The data was systematically analysed and coded using ATLAS/ti, a qualitative data analysis tool, which enabled me to sort, organise, and reduce the data into a manageable form. Chapter 4 (Data Analysis) contains the three cases that were developed (anonymised as Pioneer, Helvetica, and Viking). Each case is presented in its entirety (constituting a `within case' analysis), followed by a 'cross-case' analysis, backed up by extensive verbatim evidence. Chapter 5 presents the research findings, outlines the study's limitations, describes managerial implications, and offers suggestions for where more research could elaborate the conceptual model developed through this study, as well as suggestions for additional research in areas where managerial implications were outlined. References and Appendices are included at the end. This dissertation results in the construction and description of a conceptual model, grounded in the empirical data and tied to existing literature, which portrays a set of elements and relationships deemed important for understanding the impact of stakeholder engagement for firms in terms of organisational learning and change. This model suggests that corporate perceptions about the nature of stakeholder influence the perceived value of stakeholder contributions. When stakeholders are primarily viewed as a source of pressure or threat, firms tend to adopt a reactive/defensive posture in an effort to manage stakeholders and protect the firm from sources of outside pressure -behaviour consistent with Resource Dependence Theory, which suggests that firms try to get control over extemal threats by focussing on the relevant stakeholders on whom they depend for critical resources, and try to reverse the control potentially exerted by extemal constituencies by trying to influence and manipulate these valuable stakeholders. In situations where stakeholders are viewed as a current strategic asset, firms tend to adopt a proactive/offensive posture in an effort to tap stakeholder contributions and connect the organisation to its environment - behaviour consistent with Institutional Theory, which suggests that firms try to ensure the continuing license to operate by internalising external expectations. In instances where stakeholders are viewed as a source of future value, firms tend to adopt an interactive/innovative posture in an effort to reduce or widen the embedded system and bring stakeholders into systems of innovation and feedback -behaviour consistent with the literature on Organisational Learning, which suggests that firms can learn how to optimize their performance as they develop systems and structures that are more adaptable and responsive to change The conceptual model moreover suggests that the perceived value of stakeholder contribution drives corporate aims for engagement, which can be usefully categorised as dialogue intentions spanning a continuum running from low-level to high-level to very-high level. This study suggests that activities aimed at disarming critical stakeholders (`manipulation') providing guidance and correcting misinformation (`education'), being transparent about corporate activities and policies (`information'), alleviating stakeholder concerns (`placation'), and accessing stakeholder opinion ('consultation') represent low-level dialogue intentions and are experienced by stakeholders as asymmetrical, persuasive, compliance-gaining activities that are not in line with `true' dialogue. This study also finds evidence that activities aimed at redistributing power ('partnership'), involving stakeholders in internal corporate processes (`participation'), and demonstrating corporate responsibility (`stewardship') reflect high-level dialogue intentions. This study additionally finds evidence that building and sustaining high-quality, trusted relationships which can meaningfully influence organisational policies incline a firm towards the type of interactive, proactive processes that underpin the development of sustainable corporate strategies. Dialogue intentions are related to type of corporate response: low-level intentions can lead to buffering strategies; high-level intentions can underpin bridging strategies; very high-level intentions can incline a firm towards boundary redefinition. The nature of corporate response (which encapsulates a firm's posture towards stakeholders, demonstrated by the level of dialogue intention and the firm's strategy for dealing with stakeholders) favours the type of learning and change experienced by the organisation. This study indicates that buffering strategies, where the firm attempts to protect itself against external influences and cant' out its existing strategy, typically lead to single-loop learning, whereby the firm teams how to perform better within its existing paradigm and at most, improves the performance of the established system - an outcome associated with first-order change. Bridging responses, where the firm adapts organisational activities to meet external expectations, typically leads a firm to acquire new behavioural capacities characteristic of double-loop learning, whereby insights and understanding are uncovered that are fundamentally different from existing knowledge and where stakeholders are brought into problem-solving conversations that enable them to influence corporate decision-making to address shortcomings in the system - an outcome associated with second-order change. Boundary redefinition suggests that the firm engages in triple-loop learning, where the firm changes relations with stakeholders in profound ways, considers problems from a whole-system perspective, examining the deep structures that sustain the system, producing innovation to address chronic problems and develop new opportunities - an outcome associated with third-order change. This study supports earlier theoretical and empirical studies {e.g. Weick's (1979, 1985) work on self-enactment; Maitlis & Lawrence's (2007) and Maitlis' (2005) work and Weick et al's (2005) work on sensegiving and sensemaking in organisations; Brickson's (2005, 2007) and Scott & Lane's (2000) work on organisational identity orientation}, which indicate that corporate self-perception is a key underlying factor driving the dynamics of organisational teaming and change. Such theorizing has important implications for managerial practice; namely, that a company which perceives itself as a 'victim' may be highly inclined to view stakeholders as a source of negative influence, and would therefore be potentially unable to benefit from the positive influence of engagement. Such a selfperception can blind the firm from seeing stakeholders in a more positive, contributing light, which suggests that such firms may not be inclined to embrace external sources of innovation and teaming, as they are focussed on protecting the firm against disturbing environmental influences (through buffering), and remain more likely to perform better within an existing paradigm (single-loop teaming). By contrast, a company that perceives itself as a 'leader' may be highly inclined to view stakeholders as a source of positive influence. On the downside, such a firm might have difficulty distinguishing when stakeholder contributions are less pertinent as it is deliberately more open to elements in operating environment (including stakeholders) as potential sources of learning and change, as the firm is oriented towards creating space for fundamental change (through boundary redefinition), opening issues to entirely new ways of thinking and addressing issues from whole-system perspective. A significant implication of this study is that potentially only those companies who see themselves as a leader are ultimately able to tap the innovation potential of stakeholder dialogue.

An Empirical Study on Faculty Perceptions and Teaching Practices of Wikipedia

Some faculty members from different universities around the world have begun to use Wikipedia as a teaching tool in recent years. These experiences show, in most cases, very satisfactory results and a substantial improvement in various basic skills, as well as a positive influence on the students' motivation. Nevertheless and despite the growing importance of e-learning methodologies based on the use of the Internet for higher education, the use of Wikipedia as a teaching resource remains scarce among university faculty.Our investigation tries to identify which are the main factors that determine acceptance or resistance to that use. We approach the decision to use Wikipedia as a teaching tool by analyzing both the individual attributes of faculty members and the characteristics of the environment where they develop their teaching activity. From a specific survey sent to all faculty of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), pioneer and leader in online education in Spain, we have tried to infer the influence of these internal and external elements. The questionnaire was designed to measure different constructs: perceived quality of Wikipedia, teaching practices involving Wikipedia, use experience, perceived usefulness and use of 2.0 tools. Control items were also included for gathering information on gender, age, teaching experience, academic rank, and area of expertise.Our results reveal that academic rank, teaching experience, age or gender, are not decisive factors in explaining the educational use of Wikipedia. Instead, the decision to use it is closely linked to the perception of Wikipedia's quality, the use of other collaborative learning tools, an active attitude towards web 2.0 applications, and connections with the professional non-academic world. Situational context is also very important, since the use is higher when faculty members have got reference models in their close environment and when they perceive it is positively valued by their colleagues. As far as these attitudes, practices and cultural norms diverge in different scientific disciplines, we have also detected clear differences in the use of Wikipedia among areas of academic expertise. As a consequence, a greater application of Wikipedia both as a teaching resource and as a driver for teaching innovation would require much more active institutional policies and some changes in the dominant academic culture among faculty members.

Performance of 'Rocha' and 'Santa Maria' pears as affected by planting density

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of 'Rocha' and 'Santa Maria' pears at two planting densities. The experiment was carried out during the 2011/2012, 2012/2013, and 2013/2014 growing seasons, in one-year-old orchards (2011/2012) of 'Rocha' and 'Santa Maria' pears, trained in a central-leader system and planted in two densities (2,000 and 4,000 trees per hectare). The assessed parameters were: production per hectare, production per tree, yield efficiency, number of fruit per tree, average fruit weight, trunk diameter increment, fruit firmness, and soluble solid contents. The cumulative yield of 'Rocha' is greater at the higher planting density, whereas the yield efficiency of 'Santa Maria' increases at the lower planting density, as the trees get more mature. Trunk diameter of 'Rocha' also increases at the lower planting density. However, fruit quality parameters in both cultivars are little affected by planting density.

Exchange of Product-related Data between a Pulp and Paper Machinery Supplier and Its Partners

Kiihtyv�� kilpailu yritysten v��lill�� on tuonut yritykset vaikeidenhaasteiden eteen. Tuotteet pit��isi saada markkinoille nopeammin, uusien tuotteiden pit��isi olla parempia kuin vanhojen ja etenkin parempia kuin kilpailijoiden vastaavat tuotteet. Lis��ksi tuotteiden suunnittelu-, valmistus- ja muut kustannukset eiv��t saisi olla suuria. N��iden haasteiden toteuttamisessa yritet����n usein k��ytt���� apuna tuotetietoja, niiden hallintaa ja vaihtamista. Andritzin, kuten muidenkin yritysten, on otettava n��m�� asiat huomioon p��rj��t��kseen kilpailussa. T��m�� ty�� on tehty Andritzille, joka on maailman johtavia paperin ja sellun valmistukseen tarkoitettujen laitteiden valmistajia ja huoltopalveluiden tarjoajia. Andritz on ottamassa k��ytt����n ERP-j��rjestelm��n kaikissa toimipisteiss����n. Sit�� halutaan hy��dynt���� mahdollisimman tehokkaasti, joten my��s tuotetiedot halutaan j��rjestelm����n koko elinkaaren ajalta. Osan tuotetiedoista luo Andritzin kumppanit ja alihankkijat, joten my��s tietojen vaihto partnereiden v��lill�� halutaan hoitaasiten, ett�� tiedot saadaan suoraan ERP-j��rjestelm����n. T��m��n ty��n tavoitteena onkin l��yt���� ratkaisu, jonka avulla Andritzin ja sen kumppaneiden v��linen tietojenvaihto voidaan hoitaa. T��m�� diplomity�� esittelee tuotetietojen, niiden hallinnan ja vaihtamisen tarkoituksen ja t��rkeyden. Ty��ss�� esitell����n erilaisia ratkaisuvaihtoehtoja tiedonvaihtoj��rjestelm��n toteuttamiseksi. Osa niist�� perustuu yleisiin ja toimialakohtaisiin standardeihin. My��s kaksi kaupallista tuotetta esitell����n. Tarkasteltavana onseuraavat standardit: PaperIXI, papiNet, X-OSCO, PSK-standardit sek�� RosettaNet. Lis��ksi ty��ss�� tarkastellaan ERP-j��rjestelm��n toimittajan, SAP:in ratkaisuja tietojenvaihtoon. N��ist�� vaihtoehdoista parhaimpia tarkastellaan viel�� yksityiskohtaisemmin ja lopuksi eri ratkaisuja vertaillaan kesken����n, jotta l��ydett��isiin Andritzin tarpeisiin paras vaihtoehto.

Johtajan onnistumista edesauttavat ominaisuudet ja suomalaisen johtamiskulttuurin erityispiirteet

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kertoa sek�� ominaisuuksista, jotka edesauttavat johtajaa onnistumaan ett�� suomalaisen johtamiskulttuurin erityispiirteist��. Tutkimuksessa k��ytiin l��pi tuloksellisille johtajille tyypillisi�� ominaisuuksia, jotka auttavat johtajia saavuttamaan tavoitteensa. Lis��ksi tutkimuksessa tehtiin selkoa suomalaisista erityispiirteist��, joita on johtajan huomioitava johtaessaan suomalaisia. Tutkimus oli luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen ja sen p����asiallinen aineisto koostui kahden j����kiekkovalmentajan ja kahden yritysjohtajan kirjoista. Tutkimuksen tulokset tukivat monilta osin aikaisempaa tutkimusta. Tuloksellisen johtajan ominaisuudet ja suomalaiset erityispiirteet nousivat teksteist�� vahvasti esille. Tuloksellisen johtajan ominaisuudet eiv��t takaa johtajien onnistumista, jos he eiv��t ymm��rr�� mit�� ymp��rill�� tapahtuu. T��m��n vuoksi johtajan on menesty��kseen Suomessa t��rke��t�� tiet����, miten suomalaisten kanssa tulisi menetell��.

Can Charisma Be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions

We tested whether we could teach individuals to behave more charismatically, andwhether changes in charisma affected leader outcomes. In Study 1, a mixed-design fieldexperiment, we randomly assigned 34 middle-level managers to a control or anexperimental group. Three months later, we reassessed the managers using theircoworker ratings (Time 1 raters = 343; Time 2 raters = 321). In Study 2, a within-subjectslaboratory experiment, we videotaped 41 MBA participants giving a speech. We thentaught them how to behave more charismatically, and they redelivered the speech6 weeks later. Independent assessors (n = 135) rated the speeches. Results from thestudies indicated that the training had significant effects on ratings of leader charisma(mean D = .62) and that charisma had significant effects on ratings of leaderprototypicality and emergence................................................................................................................................

Els pol��tics de Lleida al Trienni Liberal (1820-1823)

En aquest estudi es pret��n analitzar la composici�� social i ideol��gica dels quatre consistoris municipals que es van formar a la ciutat de Lleida al Trienni Liberal. A l'inici d'aquesta nova etapa hist��rica ja es va comprovar com els individus (sobretot nobles) que van controlar l'Ajuntament de Lleida al sexenni absolutista posterior a la Guerra del Franc��s van perdurar, per tant, no es produir cap revoluci��. Tot i que poc a poc aquests elements m��s absolutistes i com a m��xim m��s identificats amb el liberalisme m��s moderat i proper al tradicionalisme van anant deixant pas a una nova classe dirigent pol��tica procedent dels sectors socials m��s din��mics (professions liberals i activitats comercials), la qual va fer-se amb el consistori lleidat�� a l'any 1823, va ser el triomf dels "exaltats". Aquesta experi��ncia va finalitzar amb la invasi�� dels Cent Mil Fills de Sant Llu��s i la posterior destrucci�� del r��gim constitucional.

Los juegos y deportes tradicionales en Europa: entre la tradici��n y la modernidad

El juego es un elemento b��sico de socializaci��n: es una creaci��n cultural en el marco de una sociedad determinada. La visi��n contextualizada de todo juego tradicional debe considerar las propiedades que caracterizan su l��gica interna, as�� como las condiciones socioculturales y los significados simb��licos que le atribuyen sus protagonistas (l��gica externa). En esta investigaci��n se realiza un inventario y an��lisis de la l��gica interna y la l��gica externa de los juegos tradicionales de adultos que se practican actualmente en 11 regiones europeas. Entre las conclusiones m��s relevantes destacar que existe un gran repertorio de juegos psicomotores y sociomotores. Se trata de juegos con un alto componente competitivo, en los que se distinguen vencedores y perdedores. Los grupos son b��sicamente masculinos y mixtos y sin la presencia de un l��der o capit��n, excepto en las regiones m��s deportivizadas en las que si aparece esta figura. Se observa que muchas de estas pr��cticas se est��n transformando en deportes (regionales), sobre todo aquellas que son protagonizadas por el g��nero masculino. En definitiva, esta investigaci��n aporta datos muy relevantes para comprender la naturaleza de la cultura l��dica tradicional europea.

Els jocs i esports tradicionals a Europa: entre la tradici�� i la modernitat

El joc ��s un element b��sic de socialitzaci��: ��s una creaci�� cultural en el marc d���una societat determinada. La visi�� contextualitzada de qualsevol joc tradicional ha de considerar les propietats que caracteritzen la seva l��gica interna, i tamb�� les condicions socioculturals i els significats simb��lics que -li atribueixen els seus protagonistes (l��gica externa). En aquesta investigaci�� es fa un inventari i una an��lisi de la l��gica interna i la l��gica externa dels jocs tradicionals d���adults que es practiquen actualment a 11 regions europees. Entre les conclusions m��s rellevants cal destacar que hi ha un gran repertori de jocs psicomotors i sociomotors. Es tracta de jocs amb un alt component competitiu, en els quals es distingeixen vencedors i perdedors. Els grups s��n b��sicament masculins i mixtos i sense la pres��ncia d���un l��der o capit��, excepte a les regions m��s esportivitzades, on s�� que apareix aquesta figura. Observem que moltes d���aquestes pr��ctiques s���estan transformant en esports (regionals), sobretot les que s��n protagonitzades pel g��nere mascul��. En resum, aquesta investigaci�� aporta dades molt rellevants per a comprendre la naturalesa de la cultura l��dica tradicional europea.

Partneriverkostoon perustuvan liiketoimintakonseptin kehitt��minen ja kuvaaminen

Diplomity��n tavoitteena on selvitt���� yritysten v��list�� verkostoitumista ja kehitt���� menetelm��, jolla voidaan kuvata yritysverkostoon perustuvaa liiketoimintaa. Menetelm���� sovelletaan tutkimuskohteena olevaan ��lykotiliiketoimintaan, siten ett�� muodostetaan liiketoimintaa kuvaava toimintotason arvoverkko. Tutkimus on laadullinen tapaustutkimus. Yritysten v��lisen verkostoitumisen voidaan todeta yleistyneen nopeasti kaikilla aloilla. Verkosto voi muodostua esimerkiksi jonkin vahvan toimijan ymp��rille, jolloin verkosto toimii keskusyrityksen intressien mukaisesti. Verkostoyritykset voivat olla my��s kilpailijoita kesken����n. Yritys voi toimia samanaikaisesti useassa eri verkostossa. Yritysverkoston suunnitteluun tarkoitettu arvoverkon muodostusprosessi perustuu arvoverkkotutkimukseen. Muodostusprosessissa m����ritet����n asiakasryhm��t, joille tuotteita/palveluja halutaan tarjota. Jos yrityksen omat resurssit eiv��t riit�� toimintojen toteuttamiseen, ne hankitaan ulkopuolelta. T��m��n j��lkeen kartoitetaan ulkoiset toimijat, jotka toteuttavat kyseist�� toimintoa. Kartoitusten perusteella muodostetaan toimintotason arvoverkko liiketoimintakonseptin hahmottamiseksi. Tutkituista toimijoista valitaan omaa osaamista parhaiten t��ydent��v��t partnereiksi. Vastaavalla tavalla voidaan my��s etsi�� kokonaan uusia liiketoimintakokonaisuuksia.

Quince 'CPP': new dwarf rootstock for pear trees on organic and high density planting

In Brazil, pear production presents the same incipient situation over the last 15 years, due mostly to low production technology. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the development, growth and production of the pear tree cultivars Cascatense, Tenra and Hosui grafted on 'CPP' quince rootstock, using 'FT' pear as interstem. This trial was carried out in Guarapuava, State of Paran��, Southern region of Brazil, by five productive cycles. The pear trees were planted in September of 2004, spaced at 1.0 x 4.0 m (2,500 trees ha-1), trained to the modified central leader, on a Four-wire trellis, with drip irrigation and cultivated under organic production system. The following variables were evaluated: sprouting, anthesis, yield, fruit weight, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pulp firmness, canopy area per plant and per hectare and trunk diameter. The pear tree cv. Tenra was outstanding most of the years for fruit yield, and, consequently, showed the highest accumulated yield over the period (51.6 t ha-1), followed by the cultivars Cascatense (39.7 t ha-1) and Hosui (18.7 t ha-1). All pear cultivars presented suitable physical-chemical characteristics for commercial purposes, with minimal average soluble solids content of 11% at harvest. The maximum canopy area per hectare was attained for cv. Cascatense (3063.2 m��), that was considered insufficient for a high yield. These results suggest the needs for studies with higher density planting and other training systems, searching optimize canopy volume. One of the most limiting factors in the organic pear orchard was the incidence of pear dieback caused by Botriosphaeria dothidea, severe more often in pear trees cv. Hosui.

Tapahtumapohjainen simulointi kuljetusketjun automatisoinnin kehitt��misess��

Ty��n tavoitteena oli tutkia kuljetusketjun automatisoinnin kehitt��mist�� tapahtumapohjaisen simuloinnin avulla. Ty��n teoria osassa k��sitell����n yleisell�� tasolla simuloinnin teoriaa, siihen liittyvi�� k��sitteit�� ja erityisesti simulointiprojektin l��piviennin vaiheita. T��ss�� osassa saadaan vastaukset seuraaviin kysymyksiin: - Mit�� tapahtumapohjaisella simuloinnilla tarkoitetaan? - Mitk�� ovat simuloinnin hy��dyt ja rajoitteet? - Mit�� k��ytt��kohteita simuloinnilla on? - Mink��laisia ohjelmia simulointiin k��ytet����n? - Mit�� vaiheita simulointiprojekti sis��lt����? Soveltavassa osassa tutkitaan kuinka tapahtumapohjaista simulointia hy��dynnettiin Veto-Ketju -projektissa ja millaisia tuloksia rakennetulla simulointimallilla saavutettiin. Veto-Ketju -projekti k��sittelee kuljetusketjun sek�� varasto- ja satamak��sittelyn tehostamista automatisoinnin avulla. Projektin vet��j��n�� ja automaattisen tavarank��sittelyj��rjestelm��n toimittajana on Pesmel Oy ja satamatoimintojen ja logistiikan asiantuntijana SysOpen-konserniin kuuluva suunnittelu- ja konsulttitoimisto EP-Logistics Oy. Paperiteollisuudesta mukana ovat UPM-Kymmene ja M-real, satamaoperaattorina toimii Rauma Stevedoring ja kuljetusoperaattorina VR Cargo. Veto-Ketju ���projektin simulointitutkimuksessa varmistettiin suunnitellun automaattisen junavaunujen purkausj��rjestelm��n toiminta ennen sen k��ytt����nottoa ja tutkittiin erilaisten toimintatapojen vaikutuksia satamatoimintoihin, satamassa tarvittavien resurssien m����r����n ja m����ritettiin tarvittavien varastojen koko. Simulointimallin avulla pystyttiin osoittamaan selke��sti erilaisten toimintavaihtoehtojen erot. T��ll�� tavoin saatiin tuotetuksi lis���� tietoa p����t��ksenteon tueksi muun muassa j��rjestelm��n sijoituspaikan ja mahdollisen uuden varaston rakentamisen suhteen.

Responses to a crisis: FASA-Renault in Spain during the 1970s

[cat] Aquest treball analitza la traject��ria de l���empresa FASA-Renault durant la d��cada dels setanta del segle XX. Aquest per��ode compren els primers anys de la crisis experimentada per l���economia i la industria espanyola entre 1974 y 1985. A nivell extern, l���economia espanyola es va veure afectada per dos xocs en el preu del petroli. A nivell intern, la industria de l���autom��bil es va veure afectat per un decret governamental: es tractava de l���anomenat decret ���Ford���, aprovat l���any 1972, el qual facilitava l���establiment de Ford a Espanya. Aquest decret va tenir greus conseq����ncies per a SEAT, el principal productor espanyol. Entre 1972 y 1980 la producci�� de SEAT es va reduir en una tercera part i la seva situaci�� financera va esdevenir insostenible. Per contra, en aquest per��ode FASA-Renault va esdevenir el principal productor ubicat a Espanya (la seva producci�� es va multiplicar per 3,5 durant els anys setanta) i en l��der de ventes en el mercat espanyol (la seva penetraci�� es va incrementar del 23 al 36%). El principal objectiu del treball es analitzar els factor que expliquen l�����xit de FASARenault durant els anys setanta.

Responses to a crisis: FASA-Renault in Spain during the 1970s

[cat] Aquest treball analitza la traject��ria de l���empresa FASA-Renault durant la d��cada dels setanta del segle XX. Aquest per��ode compren els primers anys de la crisis experimentada per l���economia i la industria espanyola entre 1974 y 1985. A nivell extern, l���economia espanyola es va veure afectada per dos xocs en el preu del petroli. A nivell intern, la industria de l���autom��bil es va veure afectat per un decret governamental: es tractava de l���anomenat decret ���Ford���, aprovat l���any 1972, el qual facilitava l���establiment de Ford a Espanya. Aquest decret va tenir greus conseq����ncies per a SEAT, el principal productor espanyol. Entre 1972 y 1980 la producci�� de SEAT es va reduir en una tercera part i la seva situaci�� financera va esdevenir insostenible. Per contra, en aquest per��ode FASA-Renault va esdevenir el principal productor ubicat a Espanya (la seva producci�� es va multiplicar per 3,5 durant els anys setanta) i en l��der de ventes en el mercat espanyol (la seva penetraci�� es va incrementar del 23 al 36%). El principal objectiu del treball es analitzar els factor que expliquen l�����xit de FASARenault durant els anys setanta.

Kokonaistoimittajan operatiivisen toiminnanohjauksen tietoj��rjestelm��t imuohjatun tuotannon verkostossa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehitt���� kansainv��lisesti toimivan suuren yrityksen johtaman verkoston kokonaistoimittajatason yritysten k��ytt����n yksinkertainen viitekehys, jota yritykset voivat k��ytt���� operatiivista toimintaa ohjaavien tietoj��rjestelmien hallinnassa. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen lis��ksi suoritettiin empiirist�� tutkimusta tarkastelemalla verkostoyritysten toimintaa operatiivisten toiminnanohjausj��rjestelmien kehitysprojektien kannalta. Samalla tarkasteltiin kahden pohjoiskarjalaisen yritysverkoston kokonaistoimittajien nykytilannetta toiminnanohjauksen tietoj��rjestelmien osalta ja verkostotoiminnan vaikutusta niihin. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, ett�� kokonaistoimittajien on kasvatettava osaamistaan nykyaikaisten tietoj��rjestelmien osalta kyet��kseen vastaamaan kansainv��lisen p����hankkijan asettamiin vaatimuksiin kiristyv��ss�� kilpailutilanteessa. Imuohjatun verkoston toiminnanohjauksen kannalta on ensiarvoisen t��rke���� ett�� verkoston toiseksi ylimm��ll�� portaalla toimivien kokonaistoimittajien tietoj��rjestelm��t tukevat moderneja toimintatapoja niin sanomav��lityksen kuin tuotannon- ja materiaalin ohjauksen osalta. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, ett�� tyypillisen kokonaistoimittajayrityksen tiet��mys tietoj��rjestelm��asioista on varsin matalalla tasolla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena syntyi my��s kuusiportainen viitekehys operatiivisen toiminnanohjauksen tietoj��rjestelmien jatkuvan kehitt��misen tueksi.