986 resultados para <1.75 phi
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本文从新鲜大熊猫粪便和实验室保存的沼气发酵富集物中筛选得到 4 株厌氧纤维素分解菌B5、C3、D3-2、D4-1,利用这4 株菌预处理秸秆,然后将预处理后的秸秆用本实验室保存的厌氧产氢菌来发酵进行生物产氢。同时还比较研究了:○1 用1% H2SO4、25% NH3 · H2O和12% NaOH对秸秆进行化学预处理;○2 用厌氧纤维素分解菌对秸秆进行生物预处理;○3 化学与生物组合预处理对秸秆发酵生物产氢的影响。实验结果表明:12% NaOH和生物组合预处理后的秸秆发酵产氢效果最好,其产氢量为21.04 mL g-1,是未经预处理秸秆的75 倍;最高氢气浓度为57.3%,是未经预处理秸秆的96 倍;其产氢的最适pH 为4.5 ~ 6.0,最佳底物浓度为45 ~ 55 g L-1;其发酵过程中的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)以乙酸和丁酸为主。 本实验筛选到的 4 株厌氧纤维素分解菌株中,B5 和D4-1 在降解纤维素的同时还具有直接以纤维素为底物产氢的功能,因此本文分别对菌株B5 和D4-1 以及二者的组合菌株B5+D4-1 直接利用秸秆为基质发酵生物产氢做了初步探索研究。结果发现:组合菌株发酵产氢的效果以及对秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的降解率要比单菌株好。菌株B5+D4-1 发酵,秸秆的产氢量为11.4 mL g-1,分别是B5 和D4-1 单菌株的1.6 倍和3.1 倍;组合菌株B5+D4-1 发酵的最大氢气浓度为31.6%,分别是B5 和D4-1 单菌株的1.3 倍和2.4 倍。在发酵过程中,组合菌株B5+D4-1 对秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的最高降解率分别为35.0%和11.8%,分别是菌株B5 的1.2 倍和1.1 倍,是菌株D4-1的1.5 倍和1.3 倍。菌株B5,D4-1 以及组合菌株B5+D4-1 发酵过程产生的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)均以乙酸为主。菌株B5 单独发酵过程中只检测到乙酸和丁酸,菌株D4-1 单独发酵以及组合菌株B5+D4-1 发酵过程检测到有乙醇、乙酸和丁酸。 The fermentative bio-hydrogen production by anaerobic hydrogen bacteria preserved in our laboratory from the straw which had been pretreated by four anaerobic cellulolytic decomposition strains of B5, C3, D3-2, D4-1 which were isolated and screened from giant panda’s excrement and biogas fermentation enrichments conserved in our laboratory was studied. Besides, the impact of chemical(1% H2SO4、25% NH3·H2O and 12% NaOH), biological (cellulolytic strains of B5, C3, D3-2, D4-1) and chemical-biological combination pretreatment on bio-hydrogen production from straw by fermentation was also comparatively studied. The experiments showed that the best results of bio-hydrogen production were obtained from the straw with 12% NaOH-biological combination pretreatment method, its capability of bio-hydrogen production was 21.04 mL g-1, which was 75 times higher than the straw without pretreatment; the maximum concentration of H2 was 57.3%, which was 96 times higher than the straw without pretreatment; its optimum pH range was 4.5 ~ 6.0, and its optimum range of substrate concentration was 45 ~ 55 g L-1; In the process of fermentation, the main composition of VFAs were acetate and butyrate. Among the four strains of B5, C3, D3-2, D4-1, B5 and D4-1 have the function of hydrogen-producing by cellulose used as substrate when it decompose cellulose, so the preliminary exploration and research on fermentative bio-hydrogen production by B5, D4-1 and B5+D4-1 which directly used straw as substrate was carried out. The results showed that the combination strains of B5+D4-1 was strikingly better than either B5 or D4-1 strain in the fermentative hydrogen production. The hydrogen-production capability of B5+D4-1 was 11.4 mL g-1 which was respectively 1.6 times and 3.1times higher than B5 and D4-1; the maximum hydrogen concentration of B5+D4-1 was 31.6% which was respectively 1.3 times and 2.4 times higher than B5 and D4-1. In the process of fermentation, the maximum degradation rate of cellulose and hemicellulose in straw was respectively 35.0% and 11.8% by B5+D4-1, which was 1.2 times and 1.1 times higher than B5, and was 1.5 times and 1.3 times higher than D4-1 respectively. The Volatile Fattty Acids(VFAs) generated in the process of fermentation with strains of B5, D4-1 and B5+D4-1 were all mainly acetate. Acetate and butyrate were detected in the process of fermentation with B5, ethonal, acetate and butyrate were detected in the process of fermentation with D4-1 and B5+D4-1.
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为了描述快重离子在聚合物中的潜径迹行为 ,用不同能量的快重离子 (1 15 8GeVFe56 ,1 75 5GeVXe1 36 及 2 6 36GeVU2 38)辐照叠层半结晶聚碳酸酯膜 (MakrofolKG型 ) ,结合x射线衍射测量技术 ,在较宽的电子能损 (1 9— 17 1keV nm)和离子注量 (5× 10 1 0 — 3× 10 1 2 cm- 2 )范围研究了离子在半结晶聚碳酸酯中引起的非晶化过程 .应用径迹饱和模型假设 (损伤过程只发生在面积为σ的柱形径迹内 ) ,分别给出了Fe,Xe和U离子在不同电子能损下辐照聚碳酸酯时的平均非晶化径迹半径 .用热峰模型对实验结果进行了检验 ,结果表明Szenes的热峰模型较好地描述了离子在聚合物中的潜径迹行为 .
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目的: 应用我国自主研发的重离子加速器产生的12C6+重离子束治疗复发性软组织肉瘤,评价其高线性能量传递 (LET)及低 LET在临床应用中的优劣. 方法: 3例经病理证实为软组织肉瘤自愿接受重离子束照射的患者,其中 2例病变位于腹部,1例在背部. 所有患者均为手术复发 2次以上,最多达 6次,并经手术行常规放疗失败. 应用 80~100mev/u重离子束对 3例患者分别给予总剂量 72~120 GyE/6212 f照射,生物效应剂量 (RBE) =3. 结果:2例患者 3mo后病变完全消失,达临床治愈;1例缩小 75%,达临床部分缓解,总有效率为100%.治疗中及治疗后照射野皮肤无破溃等放射性损伤.结论:12C6+重离子束具有治疗精度高,疗程短,对肿瘤周围正常组织损伤小等特点. 特别在射线抗拒的难治性肿瘤中可达到常规放疗难以实现的疗效,具有很好的临床应用前景.
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调查了沈阳张士灌区长期污水灌溉造成的原位农田土壤重金属污染状况,从土壤微生物生物量、微生物活性和微生物种群数量的角度评价了长期重金属污染对农田土壤生态系统的影响.结果表明,张士灌区土壤存在严重的Cd污染,土壤Cd含量达1.75~3.89mg.kg-1,部分区域还伴有Cu、Zn复合污染.在目前污染程度下,土壤微生物生物量碳(Cmic)、微生物商(qM)、土壤脱氢酶活性以及自生固氮菌数量随土壤重金属含量增加呈下降趋势,代谢商(qCO2)随土壤重金属含量增加显著升高,而底物诱导呼吸强度(SIR)、纤维素酶活性以及细菌、放线菌和真菌数量无明显变化.相关性分析表明,土壤Cd含量变化是影响微生物参数变化的主要因素,在微生物参数中微生物商和代谢商对重金属污染最敏感.
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Net organic metabolism (that is, the difference between primary production and respiration of organic matter) in the coastal ocean may be a significant term in the oceanic carbon budget. Historical change in the rate of this net metabolism determines the importance of the coastal ocean relative to anthropogenic perturbations of the global carbon cycle. Consideration of long-term rates of river loading of organic carbon, organic burial, chemical reactivity of land-derived organic matter, and rates of community metabolism in the coastal zone leads us to estimate that the coastal zone oxidizes about 7 × 1012 moles C/yr. The open ocean is apparently also a site of net organic oxidation (∼16 × 1012 moles C/yr). Thus organic metabolism in the ocean appears to be a source of CO2 release to the atmosphere rather than being a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The small area of the coastal ocean accounts for about 30% of the net oceanic oxidation. Oxidation in the coastal zone (especially in bays and estuaries) takes on particular importance, because the input rate is likely to have been altered substantially by human activities on land.
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为了探讨我国北方土石山区小流域雨水资源潜力及其水资源供需态势,为高效开发利用流域雨水资源和大规模开展生态环境建设工程提供理论依据。以代表该地区典型区域的鲁中南山区小流域为研究区域,在确定了小流域雨水资源理论潜力和现实潜力计算方法的基础上,对典型小流域雨水资源潜力及水资源供需平衡进行了定量分析。结果表明:该地区小流域总需水量中生态需水的比重最大,占总需水量的68.11%,农业生产需水量其次,占31.37%,人畜生活需水量最少,仅为0.52%。以小流域降水资源作为水资源的评估基础,当降雨设计频率分别为50%,75%和95%时,典型小流域的需水量占可供水量比重分别达到63.1%,75.2%和101.7%,研究区域典型小流域基本上都处于用水高度紧张状态,同时,提出了该地区未来小流域水资源开发利用的方向。
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黄土高原是国家生态环境建设的重点区域。我们在对黄土高原自然资源和经济现状等问题综合分析基础上 ,认为黄土高原生态环境整治必须解决 3大问题 :( 1 )绿化黄土高原 ,解决水土流失和生态问题 ;( 2 )改革农业耕作栽培 ,解决粮食问题 ;( 3)调整产业结构 ,发展经济 ,解决贫困问题。这 3大问题不是孤立的 ,而是相互关联又相互矛盾的 ,这也就是黄土高原生态环境问题的复杂性和症结所在。通过调查研究和试验示范 ,认为重塑黄土高原的战略方针应是 :退耕还林还草 ,改善生态环境 ;建设基本农田 ,实现粮食自给 ;发展特色产业 ,逐步脱贫致富。在具体实施过程中 ,要注意如下几个问题 :1 依靠基本农田、解决粮食生产问题是生态环境建设的突破口在服从和服务于生态环境建设的原则下 ,粮食生产的基本模式应该是相对集中和高效。坡耕地是黄土高原农业用地的主体 ,占总耕地面积的 75% ,坡耕地上浅沟侵蚀是侵蚀量剧增的主要因素 ,而发生浅沟侵蚀的临界坡度为 1 5° ,大于 1 5°的 2 32× 1 0 4 hm2 坡耕地在退耕后 ,黄土高原将因此而减少粮食生产能力 2 0× 1 0 8kg左右。基本农田建设应根据土壤、地形...
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利用田间小区试验研究了不同灌水对冬小麦旗叶光合功能衰退的影响。研究表明 :小麦旗叶光合衰退初期引起光合下降的原因主要是气孔限制 ,后期则为非气孔限制。灌水可提高旗叶光合速率 ,并使由气孔限制向非气孔转变的时间推后 ,同时 ,还可增加叶绿素含量 ,增强根活力 ,使小麦旗叶光合功能持续期延长。过量灌水改善旗叶光合衰退的效果主要表现在后期 ,对产量提高的意义并不大。
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以沈阳张士灌区长期污灌的农田土壤为对象,研究了土壤重金属、土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和种群分布特征,分析了土壤微生物参数与土壤重金属和土壤性质的相关关系。结果表明,虽然已停止污灌十余年,张士灌区农田土壤仍存在Cd、Zn、Cu等多种重金属污染。土壤Cd污染最严重,含量达1.75~3.89 mg.kg-1。土壤耕作层(0~30cm)Zn、Cu、Pb总含量随土层深度增加逐渐减少,而Cd元素的垂直分布呈向下迁移的趋势。Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb等4种重金属含量水平分布特征相似,均为1号样地>2号样地>3号样地>4号样地。相关性分析表明,张士灌区土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和种群分布受重金属污染和土壤养分的影响,土壤养分含量(有机碳、N、P、K)对微生物的正面效应大于重金属对微生物的负面效应。土壤全量Cd和速效K对微生物参数的影响最为明显,Cd含量与多酚氧化酶活性和微生物生物量(Cmic)呈极显著负相关,与纤维素酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),速效K含量与多酚氧化酶活性、微生物生物量以及可培养微生物种群数量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。