“Estudio de los mecanismos moleculares involucrados en la inmunosupresión observada durante la infección con Trypanosoma cruzi: Rol de la vía PD-1/PD1-L y E3 ubiquitina ligasas”.

Trypanosoma cruzi es el agente causal de la enfermedad de Chagas, un problema de salud importante en América Latina, así como también en América Central, ya que causa infección crónica afectando a millones de personas [1]. Durante esta enfermedad se han descripto varias alteraciones de la respuesta inmune, entre ellas una severa inmunosupresión durante la etapa aguda de la infección, tanto en humanos como en ratones. Células T provenientes de ratones infectados activadas in vitro, muestran reducción en la respuesta proliferativa a mitógenos, característica de un estado de inmunosupresión [2-4]. La falla del sistema inmune durante estadios tempranos de la infección probablemente colabore con la diseminación y el establecimiento del parásito. Un gran número de estudios se han focalizado en la identificación de mecanismos moleculares responsables del fenómeno de inmunosupresión, entre los mecanismos citados se ha demostrado presencia de células supresoras [5-9], factores inmunosupresores presentes en el parásito [2, 3, 10-13], producción excesiva de óxido nítrico [14], disminuida producción de IL-2 y reducida expresión del receptor de IL2 en células de bazo de animales infectados [9, 15-17]. Muchos de estos mecanismos han sido exhaustivamente investigados, sin embargo no está del todo claro si existen mecanismos adicionales involucrados en la inmunosupresión de la célula T. Adicionalmente, en los últimos años nuevas moléculas que median la regulación negativa de la célula T, entre las cuales están PD-1/PD1-L [18], arginasa [19] y E3 ubiquitina ligasas [20-22], han sido reportadas durante inmunosupresión en diversas infecciones.

Evaluación de los mecanismos farmacológicos relacionados a la actividad antitumoral y antibacteriana de compuestos aislados a partir de plantas del centro de Argentina

El uso de plantas para tratar diferentes patologías es tan ancestral como la humanidad misma, constituyendo estas una destacada fuente de drogas terapéuticas. Actualmente, se estima que un 25 % del total de las drogas utilizadas en la clínica corresponden a principios activos aislados de plantas superiores y a drogas semi-sintéticas obtenidas a partir de estos precursores naturales. Sin embargo, a pesar de contar con este importante número de estas entidades farmacológicas, al cual se le suma una abundante cantidad de moléculas sintéticas, aún no se dispone de suficientes fármacos que satisfagan simultáneamente las actuales demandas de la terapéutica relacionadas a efectividad, selectividad y mínimo impacto en el desarrollo de resistencia. Esta ausencia se torna crítica en patologías tales como el cáncer o las infecciones bacterianas en donde el fenómeno de resistencia a la acción del medicamento es frecuente, constituyendo la principal causa de fallas en los tratamientos. Esto ha llevado a los investigadores a recurrir nuevamente al estudio de la extensa cantidad de metabolitos presentes en las plantas que aún restan evaluar, muchos de los cuales exhibirían estructuras desconocidas o novedosos mecanismos de acción. En este contexto, el objetivo general del proyecto es estudiar los mecanismos farmacológicos relacionados a la actividad antitumoral o antibacteriana de metabolitos obtenidos en nuestro laboratorio a partir de plantas pertenecientes a la flora nativa, adventicia y naturalizada de la región central de Argentina con el fin de contar con la información necesaria para su posicionamiento como fármacos. En particular, los trabajos apuntarán a determinar el efecto regulador sobre moléculas constitutivas de las células tumorales a través del cual, dos compuestos previamente identificados en nuestro laboratorio como citotóxico o como inhibidor de la expulsión de quimioterápicos mediado por la bomba de resistencia a multidrogas (MDR) P-glicoproteína (P-gp), ejercen su acción. Por otro lado se propone la obtención de nuevas sustancias con propiedades antibacterianas con especial atención a las moléculas y procesos involucrados en dicha acción. Es importante subrayar, que las sustancias encontradas podrán surgir en el futuro como drogas alternativas per se o como líderes para la síntesis o semi-síntesis de análogos a los fines de ser utilizadas en los tratamientos clínicos o veterinarios. Estos tópicos son de alta prioridad en el campo de la investigación, dada la urgente necesidad de nuevos fármacos selectivos dirigidos contra la célula cancerosa o bacteria patógena.

IMPACTO DEL ESTRÉS ABIÓTICO SOBRE EL CULTIVO DE MANÍ: MECANISMOS FISIÓLOGICOS Y MOLECULARES IMPLICADOS EN LA ESTRATEGIA DE TOLERANCIA

El maní (Arachis hypogaea L.) es un cultivo relevante en la provincia de Córdoba ya que el 80% de la producción nacional se concentra en la región centro-sur de la provincia. El desarrollo normal y la alta productividad del cultivo muchas veces se ven afectados o interrumpidos por condiciones ambientales desfavorables entre ellos, el estrés hídrico. La obtención de plantas con mayor tolerancia no sólo aseguraría la estabilidad de los rendimientos en años de déficit hídrico, sino que permitiría extender la frontera productiva a regiones marginales. Considerando que el estrés hídrico es uno de los factores que más afecta la productividad y calidad de los cultivos y por ser el maní un cultivo regional existe escaso conocimiento sobre los mecanismos fisiológicos y moleculares involucrados en la estrategia de tolerancia a las condiciones ambientales adversas. El propósito del proyecto es contribuir al conocimiento del impacto del estrés hídrico y la rehidratación sobre plantas de maní dilucidando los mecanismos fisiológicos y moleculares implicados en las estrategias de defensa de las plantas, con el fin de seleccionar aquellos cultivares mejores adaptados a las condiciones adversas. Para ello, la metodología empleada consistirá en evaluar el crecimiento, la fijación biológica del nitrógeno y las estrategias de defensa antioxidante de cultivares de maní expuestos a estrés hídrico y posterior rehidratación.

Relação entre sistema nervoso autónomo e doenças inflamatórias intestinais : mecanismos fisiopatológicos, evidências clínicas e perspetivas futuras

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Mecanismos celulares, stress oxidativo e balanço protease-antiprotease na DPOC : revisão de literatura

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Validação do compactador de Harvard no estudo da compactação de solos coesivos

Ensaios anteriormente efetuados indicam que não existe nenhum procedimento recorrente em laboratório, que permita reproduzir adequadamente a compactação de campo. Como tal, surgiu na década de cinquenta do século passado, um equipamento de compactação de utilização manual que oferecia vantagens na realização de ensaios envolvidos em qualquer investigação ou trabalhos referentes à compactação de solos. Este permite a redução em termos de material, trabalho e tempo despendido e as suas reduzidas dimensões tornam-no portátil, com a possibilidade de ser utilizado para ensaios em campo. O equipamento designa-se por Compactador Miniatura de Harvard e o método de compactação que lhe está associado permite, segundo Wilson (1950), reproduzir com uma maior precisão a ação do cilindro pés-de-carneiro, utilizado frequentemente em obra sobre solos coesivos. Porém, para tal é necessário definir uma adequada combinação de molas, número de camadas e pressões por camada de forma a reproduzir com o compactador miniatura de Harvard valores aproximados aos valores que se obtêm tradicionalmente com o compactador de Proctor. Na presente dissertação apresentam-se os estudos realizados com o objetivo de completar as investigações promovidas anteriormente, por forma a desenvolver um procedimento adequado e possível de ser utilizado por entidades, não só em trabalhos laboratoriais como de campo.

Mecanismos jurídicos en el tratamiento de los delitos de violación : Primeras aproximaciones al problema

Fil: Riva, Betina Clara. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Mecanismos jurídicos en el tratamiento de los delitos de violación : Primeras aproximaciones al problema

Fil: Riva, Betina Clara. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

AS PRÁTICAS DE TREINAMENTO COMO MECANISMOS DISCIPLINARES E DE REGULAÇÃO EM ORGANIZAÇÃO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO E COMÉRCIO DE SOFTWARE DE RECURSOS HUMANOS

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar na prática organizacional as articulações e desarticulações entre as práticas de treinamento, vistas como mecanismo que disciplina o indivíduo (normas e padronização de procedimentos de trabalho), e as diretrizes de práticas de treinamento, vistas como mecanismo de regulação (normas, padrões de conduta), das relações entre a organização e os funcionários. A pesquisa permite trazer para o ambiente acadêmico científico um aprofundamento quanto aos mecanismos de poder disciplinar exercidos pela organização estudada sobre os funcionários e os mecanismos de regulação sobre o mesmo fenômeno práticas de treinamento , além de explorar a questão da distinção e complementaridade entre ambos. Foi utilizada pesquisa qualitativa e uma proposta teóricometodológica de análise de conteúdo e análise de discurso, a partir de uma amostra indicativa e intencional, sendo a empresa do ramo de desenvolvimento e comércio de software de recursos humanos. Utilizou-se de três instrumentos para a coleta de dados: a entrevista em profundidade, observações do pesquisador e pesquisa documental. As análises feitas entre a teoria e os dados empíricos comprovaram a existência de articulações e desarticulações entre os mecanismos, além de outros achados, confirmados através da norma de treinamento e dos depoimentos dos entrevistados.

Mecanismos de transmissão de preços e parcelas de mercado: uma análise sobre as exportações brasileiras de manga

Climate and environmental conditions allowed Brazil to become one of the largest producers of tropical fruits in the world. The São Francisco Valley, over the years, has emerged as the main fruit-producing region of the country, especially mangos and grapes. The mango, which is produced in this region, has reached a good international position, especially in European and American markets. However, the domestic price has absorbed more and more the impact of fluctuations in the international market expectations affecting the production and marketing of producers. The objective of the study is to analyze the transmission ratio of export prices of the mango, with the American market prices and the European Union in the period from 2003 to 2013. It is intended also to analyze the factors affecting the fluctuations of exports Brazilian mango for the main import markets. To achieve the proposed objectives, we used, in the methodology, the autoregressive vector model, in order to find the price transmission mechanism and the mechanisms of impacts through the impulse response function. We also used, the Constant Market Share model, in order to observe the importance of the effects competitiveness, destination, and growth in world trade on the changes of Brazilian mango exports in the period. The data used were obtained from the database of the Ministry of Development and Foreign Trade - MIDIC and FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Among the results, it was found that the Brazilian domestic prices are influenced by the US market price, and that price shocks promoted this market can impact on the growth of the internal prices for several months. It was noted also that the competitiveness effect accounted for the largest portion of the effective growth of Brazilian exports, in other word, the country has improved its competitiveness among the other exporting countries.

Direitos fundamentais sociais no Brasil: desafios e mecanismos para sua concretização

The work referred to above, in order to contribute to the legal issues, economic, political and social of the violation of social rights, performs even firmer approach to various implementation mechanisms of social rights in Brazil. Therefore, it begins the study dealing with aspects and important characters of the rights under discussion, as its normative forecast, concept, classifications; respect of social rights with the existential minimum; the principle of reservation of the possible and the need to use this principle as optimization commandment of state resources and the deficit of the realization of social rights in the country. This, in later chapters, in an interdisciplinary approach, challenges and proposals for the realization of social rights by bringing in each chapter, mechanisms for such implementation. That way, as a general objective, it has been to contribute to the discussed problems, when present proposals for the realization of social rights in the Brazilian context. As specific objectives, as well as record the key aspects of the rights in allusion, the one has to promote the perspective of economic development and taxation as posts instruments that the State must be focused on the promotion of social rights by registering in this context that nonexistent economic development without reducing poverty, misery and social inequality and adding that there should be a directly proportional relationship between the tax burden in the country and the human and social development index; analyze the achievement of budget control as essential and healthy measure for the realization of social rights; highlight the importance of society to the achievement of unavailable social interests, affirming the need for the implementation of participatory democracy and, in this line, brings knowledge of the Constitution and the constitutional sense as elements that provide the constitutional progress. Finally, it presents a study on public policies, considering that these are equivalent to the primary means of the promotion of social rights. That way it analyzes the stages that integrate public policies, ranging from the perception of social problems for evaluation and control of the policies implemented; debate about the administrative discretion in when it comes to public policies; brings the classification of essential public policies, the relationship of these with the existential minimum, control parameters and, finally, the legalization of public policy, regarded as legitimate to remedy the unconstitutional state failure and give normative effectiveness and strength to the defining constitutional rules for fundamental social rights. It uses to achieve the objectives outlined, the bibliographic and normative approach method and performs an analysis of jurisprudence related understandings to matter. In the conclusions, it rescues the most important aspects elucidated at work, with the aim of giving emphasis to the proposals and mechanisms that contribute to the solution of the discussed problems.

Mecanismos de sincronia social no ritmo circadiano de atividade durante a coabitação em casais de saguis (Callithrix jacchus)

In marmosets, it was observed that the synchrony among circadian activity profiles of animals that cohabite in family groups is stronger than those of the same sex and age of different families. Inside the group, it is stronger between the younger ones than between them and their parents. However, the mechanisms involved in the social synchrony are unknown. With the aim to investigate the synchronization mechanisms involved in the synchrony between the circadian activity profiles during cohabitation in pairs of marmosets, the motor activity was continuously registered by the use of actmeters on three dyads. The pairs were maintained in two different conditions of illumination: light-dark cycle LD 12:12 (LD cohabitation I – 21 days), and thereafter in LL (~350 lux). Under LL, the pairs were submitted to four experimental situations: 1. Cohabitation (LLJ I – 24 days), 2. Removal of one member of the pair to another room with similar conditions (LLS I – 20 days), 3. Reintroduction of the separated member in the cage of the first situation (LLJ II – 30 days) and 4. Removal of a member from each pair to another experimental room (LLS II – 7 days), to evaluate the mechanisms of synchronization. Ultimately, the members of each pair were reintroduced in the cage and were kept in LD cycle 12:12 (LDJ II – 11 days). The rhythms of pairs free-ran in LL, with identical periods between the members of each pair during the two stages of cohabitation. In the stages in which the animals were separated, only the rhythms of two females free-ran in the first stage and of three animals in the second one. In those conditions, the rhythms of animals of each pair showed different endogenous periods. Besides, during cohabitation in LD and LL, the members of each pair showed a stable phase relationship in the beginning of the active phase, while in the stages in which the animals were separated it was noticed a breaking in the stability in the phase relationships between the circadian activity profiles, with an increase in the difference in the phase angles between them. During cohabitation, at the transition between LD and LL, all animals showed free-running rhythms anticipating progressively the beginning and the end of the active phase in a phase similar to the previous condition, showing signs of entrainment to the previous LD. While in the posterior stages this was observed in only three animals between: LLT I and LLS I, and LLT II and LLS II, evidencing signs of entrainment to social cues between the members of each pair. On the other hand, one animal delayed progressively between LLT I and LLS I, three animals delayed between LLS I and LLT II, and three animals between LLT II and LLS II, perhaps by entrainment to the animals maintained outdoors in the colony. Similar process was observed in four animals between LLS II and LDT II, indicating entrainment to LD. In the transition between LLS I and LLT II, signs of masking was observed in the rhythm of a female in response to the male and in another pair in the rhythm of the male in regard to that of the female. The general and maximum correlations in the circadian activity profiles were stronger during cohabitation in LD and LL than in the absence of social contact in LL, evidencing the social effect. The cohabiting pairs had higher values of the maximum correlation in LD and LL than when the profiles were correlated to animals of different cages, with same or different sexes. Similar results were observed in the general correlation. Therefore, it is suggested that cohabitation induces a strong synchrony between circadian activity profiles in marmosets, which involves entrainment and masking. Nevertheless, additional studies are necessary to evaluate the effect of social cues on the synchronization of the circadian rhythm in pairs of marmosets in the absence of external social cues in order to confirm this hypothesis.