Fractional order modeling of large three-dimensional RC networks

An incidence matrix analysis is used to model a three-dimensional network consisting of resistive and capacitive elements distributed across several interconnected layers. A systematic methodology for deriving a descriptor representation of the network with random allocation of the resistors and capacitors is proposed. Using a transformation of the descriptor representation into standard state-space form, amplitude and phase admittance responses of three-dimensional random RC networks are obtained. Such networks display an emergent behavior with a characteristic Jonscher-like response over a wide range of frequencies. A model approximation study of these networks is performed to infer the admittance response using integral and fractional order models. It was found that a fractional order model with only seven parameters can accurately describe the responses of networks composed of more than 70 nodes and 200 branches with 100 resistors and 100 capacitors. The proposed analysis can be used to model charge migration in amorphous materials, which may be associated to specific macroscopic or microscopic scale fractal geometrical structures in composites displaying a viscoelastic electromechanical response, as well as to model the collective responses of processes governed by random events described using statistical mechanics.

On Hamiltonian balanced dynamics and the slowest invariant manifold

The concept of a slowest invariant manifold is investigated for the five-component model of Lorenz under conservative dynamics. It is shown that Lorenz's model is a two-degree-of-freedom canonical Hamiltonian system, consisting of a nonlinear vorticity-triad oscillator coupled to a linear gravity wave oscillator, whose solutions consist of regular and chaotic orbits. When either the Rossby number or the rotational Froude number is small, there is a formal separation of timescales, and one can speak of fast and slow motion. In the same regime, the coupling is weak, and the Kolmogorov–Arnold-Moser theorem is shown to apply. The chaotic orbits are inherently unbalanced and are confined to regions sandwiched between invariant tori consisting of quasi-periodic regular orbits. The regular orbits generally contain free fast motion, but a slowest invariant manifold may be geometrically defined as the set of all slow cores of invariant tori (defined by zero fast action) that are smoothly related to such cores in the uncoupled system. This slowest invariant manifold is not global; in fact, its structure is fractal; but it is of nearly full measure in the limit of weak coupling. It is also nonlinearly stable. As the coupling increases, the slowest invariant manifold shrinks until it disappears altogether. The results clarify previous definitions of a slowest invariant manifold and highlight the ambiguity in the definition of “slowness.” An asymptotic procedure, analogous to standard initialization techniques, is found to yield nonzero free fast motion even when the core solutions contain none. A hierarchy of Hamiltonian balanced models preserving the symmetries in the original low-order model is formulated; these models are compared with classic balanced models, asymptotically initialized solutions of the full system and the slowest invariant manifold defined by the core solutions. The analysis suggests that for sufficiently small Rossby or rotational Froude numbers, a stable slowest invariant manifold can be defined for this system, which has zero free gravity wave activity, but it cannot be defined everywhere. The implications of the results for more complex systems are discussed.

PedVis: A Structured, Space-Efficient Technique for Pedigree Visualization

Public genealogical databases are becoming increasingly populated with historical data and records of the current population`s ancestors. As this increasing amount of available information is used to link individuals to their ancestors, the resulting trees become deeper and more dense, which justifies the need for using organized, space-efficient layouts to display the data. Existing layouts are often only able to show a small subset of the data at a time. As a result, it is easy to become lost when navigating through the data or to lose sight of the overall tree structure. On the contrary, leaving space for unknown ancestors allows one to better understand the tree`s structure, but leaving this space becomes expensive and allows fewer generations to be displayed at a time. In this work, we propose that the H-tree based layout be used in genealogical software to display ancestral trees. We will show that this layout presents an increase in the number of displayable generations, provides a nicely arranged, symmetrical, intuitive and organized fractal structure, increases the user`s ability to understand and navigate through the data, and accounts for the visualization requirements necessary for displaying such trees. Finally, user-study results indicate potential for user acceptance of the new layout.

Medical image retrieval based on complexity analysis

Texture is one of the most important visual attributes used in image analysis. It is used in many content-based image retrieval systems, where it allows the identification of a larger number of images from distinct origins. This paper presents a novel approach for image analysis and retrieval based on complexity analysis. The approach consists of a texture segmentation step, performed by complexity analysis through BoxCounting fractal dimension, followed by the estimation of complexity of each computed region by multiscale fractal dimension. Experiments have been performed with MRI database in both pattern recognition and image retrieval contexts. Results show the accuracy of the method and also indicate how the performance changes as the texture segmentation process is altered.

Texture analysis and classification using deterministic tourist walk

In this paper, we present a study on a deterministic partially self-avoiding walk (tourist walk), which provides a novel method for texture feature extraction. The method is able to explore an image on all scales simultaneously. Experiments were conducted using different dynamics concerning the tourist walk. A new strategy, based on histograms. to extract information from its joint probability distribution is presented. The promising results are discussed and compared to the best-known methods for texture description reported in the literature. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Texture analysis using graphs generated by deterministic partially self-avoiding walks

Texture is one of the most important visual attributes for image analysis. It has been widely used in image analysis and pattern recognition. A partially self-avoiding deterministic walk has recently been proposed as an approach for texture analysis with promising results. This approach uses walkers (called tourists) to exploit the gray scale image contexts in several levels. Here, we present an approach to generate graphs out of the trajectories produced by the tourist walks. The generated graphs embody important characteristics related to tourist transitivity in the image. Computed from these graphs, the statistical position (degree mean) and dispersion (entropy of two vertices with the same degree) measures are used as texture descriptors. A comparison with traditional texture analysis methods is performed to illustrate the high performance of this novel approach. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A complex network-based approach for boundary shape analysis

This paper introduces a novel methodology to shape boundary characterization, where a shape is modeled into a small-world complex network. It uses degree and joint degree measurements in a dynamic evolution network to compose a set of shape descriptors. The proposed shape characterization method has all efficient power of shape characterization, it is robust, noise tolerant, scale invariant and rotation invariant. A leaf plant classification experiment is presented on three image databases in order to evaluate the method and compare it with other descriptors in the literature (Fourier descriptors, Curvature, Zernike moments and multiscale fractal dimension). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Plant Leaf Identification Using Gabor Wavelets

This article presents a novel method of plant classification using Gabor wavelet filters to extract texture filters in a foliar surface. The aim of this promising method is to add to the results obtained by other leaf attributes (such as shape, contour, color, among others), increasing, therefore, the percentage of classification of plant species. To corroborate the efficiency of the technique, an experiment using 20 species from Brazilian flora was done and discussed. The results are also compared with texture Fourier descriptors and cooccurrence matrices. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 236-243, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20201

Reator Gerador de Flocos - RGF : concepção e desenvolvimento básico

O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi a concepção e o desenvolvimento de um sistema compacto de floculação em linha, em escala semipiloto, com o aproveitamento da energia cinética do fluxo hidráulico para promover a agitação necessária à dispersão de um polímero floculante e a geração dos flocos ao longo de um reator tubular helicoidal. O sistema denominado de Reator Gerador de Flocos (RGF), foi desenvolvido para a geração de flocos aerados ou não (com o uso de um colóide de Fe(OH)3, como modelo) e uma poliacrilamida catiônica de alto peso molecular (Mafloc 490C). Foram testados 5 modelos diferentes de RGFs (variação no comprimento/volume) para a geração dos flocos em diferentes vazões de alimentação e foi selecionado o reator mais eficiente em termos de separação sólido/líquido. Os estudos de avaliação da eficiência de floculação do RGF foram realizados comparativamente através da caracterização dos flocos formados e do comportamento dos flocos numa etapa posterior de separação sólido/líquido. Nos ensaios de geração de flocos não aerados foram medidos o tempo de sedimentação, a turbidez do sobrenadante e o volume sedimentado em cone Imhoff. Ainda, análise fotográfica possibilitou a medição do tamanho dos flocos não aerados e através da correlação logarítmica com a massa dos mesmos, foi possível determinar a dimensão fractal (dF) destes flocos de Fe(OH)3. A eficiência na geração de flocos aerados no RGF com o emprego de microbolhas (diâmetros inferiores a 70 mm) foi avaliada através da velocidade de ascensão dos flocos em uma célula cilíndrica fixa à uma coluna de flotação posterior ao RGF. Estudos de caracterização do regime hidráulico do reator com o emprego de traçadores (azul de metileno) e a determinação do gradiente de velocidade (G) e do número de Reynolds (Re) foram realizados. A curva de resposta do traçador apresentou um pico intenso e estreito, no perfil de velocidade investigado (3L.min-1), caracterizando um fluxo do tipo pistão para o RGF. Ainda, um regime turbulento (Re > 5000) e um G de 1420 s-1 foram determinados. O RGF 3 (modelo 3, com 12m/1,2 L) apresentou a melhor eficiência na geração dos flocos, com e sem o emprego de microbolhas. Nos ensaios de sedimentação, os melhores resultados em termos de velocidade de separação foram obtidos nas seguintes condições experimentais: 4 L.min-1 de vazão de alimentação, 5 mg.L-1 de Mafloc 490C, atingindo velocidade da ordem de 19 m.h-1, turbidez residual de 1 NTU, e volume de sólidos sedimentáveis de 7 mL.L-1. As análises fotográficas permitiram estimar flocos com diâmetros num intervalo entre 400 e 2000 mm. A partir do emprego da equação de sedimentação para fluxo laminar de Stokes, foi constatado o decréscimo da densidade flocos de Fe(OH)3 com o aumento do tamanho dos mesmos, atingindo um valor médio de 1019 kg.m-3. Um dF de 2,98 foi obtido, caracterizando um floco esférico, de baixa porosidade e com estrutura densa. Os melhores resultados na velocidade de ascensão dos flocos aerados foram obtidos com os seguintes parâmetros: vazão de alimentação de 2 L.min-1, concentração de 5 mg.L-1 de Mafloc 490C, sendo obtidas velocidades na ordem de 112 m.h-1. Esses flocos aerados ascendem com velocidades equivalentes à bolhas com diâmetros entre 185 e 240 mm (D50 entre 30-70 mm para as microbolhas individuais e isoladas). A alta velocidade de separação sólido/líquido obtida nos estudos com flocos aerados comparativamente com os flocos não aerados mostram claramente a viabilidade de emprego das microbolhas na separação por floculação- flotação (flutuação). Os resultados obtidos permitem prever um elevado potencial de aplicação em nível industrial do RGF, principalmente por apresentar um baixo tempo de residência, ausência de partes móveis (agitadores), pequena área ocupada, uma mistura do tipo pistão (ideal para floculação), ausência de curto-circuitos ou zonas mortas e um crescimento uniforme com elevada cinética na geração dos flocos.

O desdobramento de uma atitude teórica em relação à linguagem - contriuições empíricas e teóricas para a educação lingüística fundamentadas na Teoria Dialética da Atividade

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a existência de uma atitude teórica com relação à língua em estudantes das Ciências da Linguagem, com o propósito de dar-lhes orientação para que desdobrem sua relação empírica em uma relação teórica com as línguas e com as Ciências da Linguagem. O referencial teórico utilizado tem como base: a Teoria Histórico-Cultural da Atividade (VYGOTSKY, LEONTJEV, LURIA, DAVYDOV, COLE, ERGESTRÖM), a Teoria Bildung – Teoria do Auto-Desenvolvimento Humano (HUMBOLDT, PESTALOZZI, FRÖBEL, KLAFKI) – e a Teoria de Sistemas Evolucionários (mais conhecida através de subteorias como a Teoria do Caos, Geometria Fractal ou Sistema Dinâmico Não-linear – JANTSCH, JUDIN, PRIGOGINE, HAREN, MANDELBOT, FEIGENBAUM, entre outros). O primeiro resultado desta pesquisa é a construção de instrumentos de investigação fundamentados em: (1) uma metodologia baseada na Lógica Dialética para operações heurísticas com conceitos pares; (2) uma Heurística Intradisciplinar para formação de sistemas em Ciências da Linguagem; (3) um projeto de um Experimento Educacional com participantes “ideais”. O segundo resultado expõe as conseqüências da concretização do Experimento Educacional com sete estudantes de Letras da Fundação Universidade Federal de Rio Grande (FURG), num período intermitente de dois anos. Os principais resultados verificados foram que: (1) esses estudantes de Letras possuem um conhecimento tácito sobre teorias lingüísticas; (2) a Heurística Intradisciplinar é um meio produtivo para aprimorar o conhecimento e a habilidade para formação de sistemas auto-refletidos nas Ciências da Linguagem; (3) o uso de Multimídia é uma ferramenta produtiva para criar sistemas complexos interativos; (4) a utilização do Experimento Educacional proporcionou o desencadeamento da iniciação científica dos estudantes do projeto.

Verificação da memória longa persistente no mercado de bitcoins : uma análise do expoente de Hurst ao longo do tempo

Um dos principais fatores de estudo do mercado de capitais é a discussão a respeito da teoria de eficiência de mercado, que no caso diverge em relação ao comportamento do preço da maioria dos ativos. Este trabalho tem o intuito de analisar o comportamento do principal índice de preços do mercado de bitcoins (BPI) durante o período de julho de 2010 a setembro de 2014. Inicialmente será testada a hipótese do passeio aleatório para o BPI. Em seguida serão verificadas as correlações de longa data nas séries financeiras temporais utilizando como instrumento de análise o expoente de Hurst (H), que inicialmente foi usado para calcular correlações em fenômenos naturais e posteriormente sua abrangência alcançou a área financeira. O estudo avalia o expoente H através de métodos distintos destacando-se a análise R/S e a DFA. Para o cálculo do expoente ao longo do tempo, utiliza-se uma janela móvel de 90 dias deslocando-se de 10 em 10 dias. Já para o cálculo em diferentes escalas verifica-se, para cada dia, o valor do expoente H nos últimos 360, 180 e 90 dias respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciaram que o índice BPI apresenta memória longa persistente em praticamente todo o período analisado. Além disso, a análise em diferentes escalas indica a possibilidade de previsão de eventos turbulentos no índice neste mesmo período. Finalmente foi possível comprovar a hipótese de mercados fractais para a série histórica de retornos do BPI.

Simulação de fluxo de fluidos em meios porosos desordenados uma análise de efeito de escala na estimativa da permeabilidade e do coeficiente de arrasto

The present study provides a methodology that gives a predictive character the computer simulations based on detailed models of the geometry of a porous medium. We using the software FLUENT to investigate the flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid through a random fractal medium which simplifies a two-dimensional disordered porous medium representing a petroleum reservoir. This fractal model is formed by obstacles of various sizes, whose size distribution function follows a power law where exponent is defined as the fractal dimension of fractionation Dff of the model characterizing the process of fragmentation these obstacles. They are randomly disposed in a rectangular channel. The modeling process incorporates modern concepts, scaling laws, to analyze the influence of heterogeneity found in the fields of the porosity and of the permeability in such a way as to characterize the medium in terms of their fractal properties. This procedure allows numerically analyze the measurements of permeability k and the drag coefficient Cd proposed relationships, like power law, for these properties on various modeling schemes. The purpose of this research is to study the variability provided by these heterogeneities where the velocity field and other details of viscous fluid dynamics are obtained by solving numerically the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations at pore level and observe how the fractal dimension of fractionation of the model can affect their hydrodynamic properties. This study were considered two classes of models, models with constant porosity, MPC, and models with varying porosity, MPV. The results have allowed us to find numerical relationship between the permeability, drag coefficient and the fractal dimension of fractionation of the medium. Based on these numerical results we have proposed scaling relations and algebraic expressions involving the relevant parameters of the phenomenon. In this study analytical equations were determined for Dff depending on the geometrical parameters of the models. We also found a relation between the permeability and the drag coefficient which is inversely proportional to one another. As for the difference in behavior it is most striking in the classes of models MPV. That is, the fact that the porosity vary in these models is an additional factor that plays a significant role in flow analysis. Finally, the results proved satisfactory and consistent, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the referred methodology for all applications analyzed in this study.

Compositional analysis for an unbiased measure of soil aggregation

Soil aggregation is an index of soil structure measured by mean weight diameter (MWD) or scaling factors often interpreted as fragmentation fractal dimensions (D-f). However, the MWD provides a biased estimate of soil aggregation due to spurious correlations among aggregate-size fractions and scale-dependency. The scale-invariant D-f is based on weak assumptions to allow particle counts and sensitive to the selection of the fractal domain, and may frequently exceed a value of 3, implying that D-f is a biased estimate of aggregation. Aggregation indices based on mass may be computed without bias using compositional analysis techniques. Our objective was to elaborate compositional indices of soil aggregation and to compare them to MWD and D-f using a published dataset describing the effect of 7 cropping systems on aggregation. Six aggregate-size fractions were arranged into a sequence of D-1 balances of building blocks that portray the process of soil aggregation. Isometric log-ratios (ilrs) are scale-invariant and orthogonal log contrasts or balances that possess the Euclidean geometry necessary to compute a distance between any two aggregation states, known as the Aitchison distance (A(x,y)). Close correlations (r>0.98) were observed between MWD, D-f, and the ilr when contrasting large and small aggregate sizes. Several unbiased embedded ilrs can characterize the heterogeneous nature of soil aggregates and be related to soil properties or functions. Soil bulk density and penetrater resistance were closely related to A(x,y) with reference to bare fallow. The A(x,y) is easy to implement as unbiased index of soil aggregation using standard sieving methods and may allow comparisons between studies. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Análise e otimização de superfícies seletivas de Frequência utilizando redes neurais artificiais e algoritmos de otimização natural

The bidimensional periodic structures called frequency selective surfaces have been well investigated because of their filtering properties. Similar to the filters that work at the traditional radiofrequency band, such structures can behave as band-stop or pass-band filters, depending on the elements of the array (patch or aperture, respectively) and can be used for a variety of applications, such as: radomes, dichroic reflectors, waveguide filters, artificial magnetic conductors, microwave absorbers etc. To provide high-performance filtering properties at microwave bands, electromagnetic engineers have investigated various types of periodic structures: reconfigurable frequency selective screens, multilayered selective filters, as well as periodic arrays printed on anisotropic dielectric substrates and composed by fractal elements. In general, there is no closed form solution directly from a given desired frequency response to a corresponding device; thus, the analysis of its scattering characteristics requires the application of rigorous full-wave techniques. Besides that, due to the computational complexity of using a full-wave simulator to evaluate the frequency selective surface scattering variables, many electromagnetic engineers still use trial-and-error process until to achieve a given design criterion. As this procedure is very laborious and human dependent, optimization techniques are required to design practical periodic structures with desired filter specifications. Some authors have been employed neural networks and natural optimization algorithms, such as the genetic algorithms and the particle swarm optimization for the frequency selective surface design and optimization. This work has as objective the accomplishment of a rigorous study about the electromagnetic behavior of the periodic structures, enabling the design of efficient devices applied to microwave band. For this, artificial neural networks are used together with natural optimization techniques, allowing the accurate and efficient investigation of various types of frequency selective surfaces, in a simple and fast manner, becoming a powerful tool for the design and optimization of such structures

Estudo do acoplamento entre superfícies seletivas de frequência assimétricas em estruturas de multicamadas

This work presents the development of new microwaves structures, filters and high gain antenna, through the cascading of frequency selective surfaces, which uses fractals Dürer and Minkowski patches as elements, addition of an element obtained from the combination of the other two simple the cross dipole and the square spiral. Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) includes a large area of Telecommunications and have been widely used due to its low cost, low weight and ability to integrate with others microwaves circuits. They re especially important in several applications, such as airplane, antennas systems, radomes, rockets, missiles, etc. FSS applications in high frequency ranges have been investigated, as well as applications of cascading structures or multi-layer, and active FSS. In this work, we present results for simulated and measured transmission characteristics of cascaded structures (multilayer), aiming to investigate the behavior of the operation in terms of bandwidth, one of the major problems presented by frequency selective surfaces. Comparisons are made with simulated results, obtained using commercial software such as Ansoft DesignerTM v3 and measured results in the laboratory. Finally, some suggestions are presented for future works on this subject