Advanced Adhesion Strength Testing Methods of Thin Film Multilayers in Electronic Packaging Systems

With the continued miniaturization and increasing performance of electronic devices, new technical challenges have arisen. One such issue is delamination occurring at critical interfaces inside the device. This major reliability issue can occur during the manufacturing process or during normal use of the device. Proper evaluation of the adhesion strength of critical interfaces early in the product development cycle can help reduce reliability issues and time-to-market of the product. However, conventional adhesion strength testing is inherently limited in the face of package miniaturization, which brings about further technical challenges to quantify design integrity and reliability. Although there are many different interfaces in today's advanced electronic packages, they can be generalized into two main categories: 1) rigid to rigid connections with a thin flexible polymeric layer in between, or 2) a thin film membrane on a rigid structure. Knowing that every technique has its own advantages and disadvantages, multiple testing methods must be enhanced and developed to be able to accommodate all the interfaces encountered for emerging electronic packaging technologies. For evaluating the adhesion strength of high adhesion strength interfaces in thin multilayer structures a novel adhesion test configuration called “single cantilever adhesion test (SCAT)” is proposed and implemented for an epoxy molding compound (EMC) and photo solder resist (PSR) interface. The test method is then shown to be capable of comparing and selecting the stronger of two potential EMC/PSR material sets. Additionally, a theoretical approach for establishing the applicable testing domain for a four-point bending test method was presented. For evaluating polymeric films on rigid substrates, major testing challenges are encountered for reducing testing scatter and for factoring in the potentially degrading effect of environmental conditioning on the material properties of the film. An advanced blister test with predefined area test method was developed that considers an elasto-plastic analytical solution and implemented for a conformal coating used to prevent tin whisker growth. The advanced blister testing with predefined area test method was then extended by employing a numerical method for evaluating the adhesion strength when the polymer’s film properties are unknown.

Fish handling, processing and storage in Uganda: the role of the extension worker

The handling and processing of fish in Uganda has until recently been carried out exclusively by the artisanal fishermen and fish processors. Their operations have left much to be desired as the product is often of low quality 'and its keeping time is limited. The handling of fresh fish has been without refrigeration but with the recent establishment of commercial fish processing plants a cold chain of fish distribution is being set up for domestic and export markets. Some of the fishermen are beginning to ice their catch immediately after reaching the shore. It is hoped that fishmongers will increasingly find it more profitable to market their products iced. This will make fish available to a large sector of the population and in the process there will be reduced post-harvest losses.

Material paradidático em educação ambiental para o 6º ano do ensino fundamental

Acompanha: Material paradidático em educação ambiental para o 6º ano do ensino fundamental

Principais fatores motivacionais na compra de livros de ficção

O presente projeto de Mestrado assenta no estudo dos principais fatores motivacionais na compra de livros de ficção, aprofundando a dicotomia uso próprio versus oferta, englobando duas perspetivas complementares: a sustentação bibliográfica e uma pesquisa quantitativa que foi concretizada através da distribuição de um inquérito por questionário, em formato digital, que permitiu obter 487 respostas válidas e completas. Os dados obtidos foram tratados no SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), utilizando análises descritivas, que foram complementadas com técnicas de inferência estatística. Os resultados permitiram concluir que, apesar de homens e mulheres oferecerem um número idêntico de livros, as mulheres compram e leem mais. Além disso, cerca de um terço dos livros comprados destina-se a oferta. Ficou ainda provado que a interação com os autores nas redes sociais apresenta uma associação positiva com a importância atribuida a esse fator na hora de comprar o(s) livro(s). As mulheres são mais sensíveis às “Políticas de Marketing” (Atendimento Personalizado; Facilidade de Pagamento; Local com Cartão de Fidelização; Preços e Descontos; Elevada quantidade de livros), enquanto critérios de seleção do local de compra. Importa referir que a compra é concretizada de forma menos impulsiva quando o livro é para oferta. Os atributos da capa mais relevantes no processo de decisão de compra são o “Título” e a “Sinopse”. Contudo, os diferentes fatores da capa estudados não apresentam diferenças significativas na compra para uso próprio comparativamente à oferta, no que respeita à sua importância. “Autores com prémios literários” e “Nobel” e “Ser uma novidade” (livro) são outros fatores (não da capa) que apresentam diferenças significativas favoráveis à compra para oferta. Por outro lado, “Recomendação de Amigos e Familiares” e “Presença/Ligação/Interação com o Autor nas redes sociais” são mais favoráveis à compra para uso próprio. As conclusões são relevantes para enquadrar as preferências dos consumidores, possibilitando aos profissionais do marketing algumas referências para definir estratégias que respondam às suas necessidades e ambições. Além disso, ao explorar a dimensão dos submercados (Uso próprio versus Oferta), será possível ir ao encontro das exigências dos compradores, tornando a subjetividade da aquisição/utilização numa ferramenta eficaz da própria idealização e personalização dos livros, permitindo conceber e implementar ideias empreendedoras que visem estimular a compra e, consequentemente, melhorar os hábitos de leitura de todos os portugueses.

Processo de internacionalização das empresas : uma análise comparativa de casos de empresas dos Açores

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 15 de Julho de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Grito vagabundo : el exilio como alegoría de un trauma histórico en tres novelas latino-canadienses

Cette thèse étudie la façon dont trois romans latino-canadiens utilisent le trope de l’exil comme allégorie d’un trauma historique qui comprend plus que l’expérience individuelle de ses protagonistes : la transition forcée de l’État vers le Marché en Amérique latine effectuée par les dictatures. Cobro revertido (1992) de José Leandro Urbina; Le pavillon des miroirs (1994) Sergio Kokis; et Rojo, amarillo y verde (2003) de Alejandro Saravia, explorent divers aspects de ce processus à travers les exercices de mémoire de leurs personnages. L’exil oblige les protagonistes de ces oeuvres à se confronter aux limites des structures sémiotiques par lesquelles ils essaient de donner un fondement idéologique à leur existence sociale. Ils découvrent ainsi qu’il n’est pas possible de reproduire des hiérarchies, des valeurs, ni des relations de pouvoir de leur pays d’origine dans leur pays d’accueil, non seulement à cause des différences culturelles, mais aussi à cause d’un changement historique qui concerne la relation du sujet avec la collectivité et le territoire. Ces œuvres abordent l’expérience de ce changement par un dialogue avec différents genres littéraires comme le roman de fondation, la méta-fiction historique du Boom, le roman de formation et le testimonio, mis en relation avec divers moments historiques, de la période nationale-populaire aux transitions, en passant par les dictatures. Cela permet aux auteurs de réfléchir aux mécanismes narratifs que plusieurs œuvres latino-américaines du XXème siècle ont utilisé pour construire et naturaliser des subjectivités favorables aux projets hégémoniques des États nationaux. Ces exercices méta-narratifs comprennent le rôle de l’écriture comme support privilégié pour l’articulation d’une identité avec le type de communauté imaginaire qu’est la nation. Ils servent aussi à signaler les limites de l’écriture dans le moment actuel du développement technologique des médias et de l’expansion du capitalisme transnational. Ainsi, les auteurs de ces œuvres cherchent d’autres formes de représentation pour rendre visibles les traces d’autres histoires qui n’ont pas pu être incorporées dans le discours historique officiel.

Troilus and Cressida - A Scenic Design

The purpose of this thesis is to provide research, supporting paperwork, production photographs, and other materials that document the scenic design process for the production of William Shakespeare’s Troilus & Cressida by the University of Maryland – College Park, School of Theater, Dance, and Performance Studies. This thesis contains the following: scenic research images collected to express period, location, and emotional/intellectual landscapes to the production team; preliminary sketches; photographs of the ¼” scale model; a full set of drafting plates and paint elevations used to communicate the design to the technical director and paint charge; a unit list naming each scenic element; a props list and research book to detail each hand prop, furniture piece and consumable to the prop master; and, lastly, archival production photographs to document the completed design.

Una reflexión prospectiva sobre técnicas sostenibles para controlar la reproducción en mamíferos domésticos

El control de la reproducción de los animales de granja fue una de las herramientas esenciales en la domesticación. Esto es aún de gran interés para la mejora genética, el ajuste de la producción a la disponibilidad de alimentos y del mercado y finalmente, para la reducción de los períodos improductivos. La detección del comportamiento del estro, la sincronización de las concepciones y el incremento de la potencialidad de difusión de los padres de alta genética son tres objetivos comunes a la producción de todas las especies. Los variados sistemas reproductivos entre los diversos sistemas de producción difieren a causa de las propiedades intrínsecas de las especies y de los diferentes grados de intensificación de estos sistemas. Tres tendencias claras son el continuo incremento de la productividad por medio de las mejoras de la eficiencia reproductiva, el desarrollo de técnicas nuevas y sostenibles sin el uso de hormonas y el continuo desarrollo de la inseminación artificial y de las biotécnicas reproductivas. Las futuras áreas de inversión en investigación podrían ser: las bases fisiológicas y etológicas de las interrelaciones socio-sexuales entre animales, el control genético de parámetros reproductivos, el incremento en la eficiencia de biotecnologías clásicas y nuevas y la ingeniería de técnicas reproductivas nuevas e innovativas para ser utilizadas a nivel de granja. Estas técnicas reproductivas deberían ser desarrolladas respetando los tres pilares de la sostenibilidad: el ambiente, la economía y la sociedad. Por ello deberían estar incluidas dentro de los sistemas de producción en los cuales se supone que serán aplicadas y donde deberían ser evaluadas en su sostenibilidad.

Parsing, Generation and Grammar

Humans use their grammatical knowledge in more than one way. On one hand, they use it to understand what others say. On the other hand, they use it to say what they want to convey to others (or to themselves). In either case, they need to assemble the structure of sentences in a systematic fashion, in accordance with the grammar of their language. Despite the fact that the structures that comprehenders and speakers assemble are systematic in an identical fashion (i.e., obey the same grammatical constraints), the two ‘modes’ of assembling sentence structures might or might not be performed by the same cognitive mechanisms. Currently, the field of psycholinguistics implicitly adopts the position that they are supported by different cognitive mechanisms, as evident from the fact that most psycholinguistic models seek to explain either comprehension or production phenomena. The potential existence of two independent cognitive systems underlying linguistic performance doubles the problem of linking the theory of linguistic knowledge and the theory of linguistic performance, making the integration of linguistics and psycholinguistic harder. This thesis thus aims to unify the structure building system in comprehension, i.e., parser, and the structure building system in production, i.e., generator, into one, so that the linking theory between knowledge and performance can also be unified into one. I will discuss and unify both existing and new data pertaining to how structures are assembled in understanding and speaking, and attempt to show that the unification between parsing and generation is at least a plausible research enterprise. In Chapter 1, I will discuss the previous and current views on how parsing and generation are related to each other. I will outline the challenges for the current view that the parser and the generator are the same cognitive mechanism. This single system view is discussed and evaluated in the rest of the chapters. In Chapter 2, I will present new experimental evidence suggesting that the grain size of the pre-compiled structural units (henceforth simply structural units) is rather small, contrary to some models of sentence production. In particular, I will show that the internal structure of the verb phrase in a ditransitive sentence (e.g., The chef is donating the book to the monk) is not specified at the onset of speech, but is specified before the first internal argument (the book) needs to be uttered. I will also show that this timing of structural processes with respect to the verb phrase structure is earlier than the lexical processes of verb internal arguments. These two results in concert show that the size of structure building units in sentence production is rather small, contrary to some models of sentence production, yet structural processes still precede lexical processes. I argue that this view of generation resembles the widely accepted model of parsing that utilizes both top-down and bottom-up structure building procedures. In Chapter 3, I will present new experimental evidence suggesting that the structural representation strongly constrains the subsequent lexical processes. In particular, I will show that conceptually similar lexical items interfere with each other only when they share the same syntactic category in sentence production. The mechanism that I call syntactic gating, will be proposed, and this mechanism characterizes how the structural and lexical processes interact in generation. I will present two Event Related Potential (ERP) experiments that show that the lexical retrieval in (predictive) comprehension is also constrained by syntactic categories. I will argue that the syntactic gating mechanism is operative both in parsing and generation, and that the interaction between structural and lexical processes in both parsing and generation can be characterized in the same fashion. In Chapter 4, I will present a series of experiments examining the timing at which verbs’ lexical representations are planned in sentence production. It will be shown that verbs are planned before the articulation of their internal arguments, regardless of the target language (Japanese or English) and regardless of the sentence type (active object-initial sentence in Japanese, passive sentences in English, and unaccusative sentences in English). I will discuss how this result sheds light on the notion of incrementality in generation. In Chapter 5, I will synthesize the experimental findings presented in this thesis and in previous research to address the challenges to the single system view I outlined in Chapter 1. I will then conclude by presenting a preliminary single system model that can potentially capture both the key sentence comprehension and sentence production data without assuming distinct mechanisms for each.

Implementation and Operation of Collaborative Manufacturing Networks

Part 6: Engineering and Implementation of Collaborative Networks

Leer juntos : la recepción del libro-álbum colombiano

Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons une étude de la réception des albums publiés en Colombie ou par des auteurs et illustrateurs colombiens dans la période allant de 2000 à 2013. À partir de la définition de l'album qui va s'exposer, nous comprenons qu'il s'agit d'un objet culturel qui est conçu et fabriqué, qui soutient et est impliqué dans le récit et qui est partagé pendant la lecture. En ce sens, nous allons considérer non seulement les dynamiques qui le définissent, mais nous allons aussi le lier à une conception de l'enfant, de la lecture et du livre auxquels ce type d'expression artistique semble répondre. C'est à dire, à une vision esthétique du livre pour les enfants, à la lecture comme une fin en elle-même et à l'enfant lecteur comme un récepteur actif. Pour ce faire, nous allons nous servir de la notion de communautés interprétatives proposée par Stanley Fish pour inclure dans l'analyse le contexte de la médiation esthétique de lecture en Colombie comme le cadre définissant les stratégies interprétatives qui dirigent la construction du sens dans les expériences de lecture de notre corpus.

Leer juntos : la recepción del libro-álbum colombiano

Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons une étude de la réception des albums publiés en Colombie ou par des auteurs et illustrateurs colombiens dans la période allant de 2000 à 2013. À partir de la définition de l'album qui va s'exposer, nous comprenons qu'il s'agit d'un objet culturel qui est conçu et fabriqué, qui soutient et est impliqué dans le récit et qui est partagé pendant la lecture. En ce sens, nous allons considérer non seulement les dynamiques qui le définissent, mais nous allons aussi le lier à une conception de l'enfant, de la lecture et du livre auxquels ce type d'expression artistique semble répondre. C'est à dire, à une vision esthétique du livre pour les enfants, à la lecture comme une fin en elle-même et à l'enfant lecteur comme un récepteur actif. Pour ce faire, nous allons nous servir de la notion de communautés interprétatives proposée par Stanley Fish pour inclure dans l'analyse le contexte de la médiation esthétique de lecture en Colombie comme le cadre définissant les stratégies interprétatives qui dirigent la construction du sens dans les expériences de lecture de notre corpus.

Management of industrialization projects

Short time-to-market is a key success factor in the todays’ dynamic business environment and many companies are trying to improve their product development processes. A challenge is to develop products according to the time plan and at the same time keeping the cost low and the quality high. This study focuses on the project management within the product development process in an automotive industry. The background of this study started as a request from the research and development department at the automotive company, which led to the following questions; 1) what are the most crucial factors for project success? 2) How can these factors contribute to a more successful outcome? 3) How can project management decrease product development lead time by sharing knowledge? The research approach is a case study and the data collection consist of interviews and questioners at two companies connected to project management in product development projects. Spider charts are created from the collected data containing eleven dimensions to show similarities and differences between the project managers working within the research and development department as well as between the two companies. The main conclusions are that there is a need to allow a certain level of flexibility when managing projects, in order to more easily handle late changes. Being involved in a project from the concept phase could facilitate the product development activities later on, due to a deeper understanding regarding previous decisions. Further, knowledge sharing methods, such as databases, has to be designed to be suitable for a specific organization and user friendly which enables the users to more easily search for specific types of knowledge. Lastly, a low level on the detailed focus is shown to be another success factor, however, in some cases there is still a need of this detailed focus to solve specific problems but the details may never become a higher focus than the holistic view.

Le sol productif. Au-delà de la « zone », vers des stratégies de reterritorialisation des sites d’activité

Depuis 70 ans, les outils de planification des zones dédiées aux activités productives (Zones industrielles, Zones d’activités économiques, etc.) ont produit des espaces déconnectés des spécificités physiques et sociales du territoire, et ont participé à réduire le sol à un support de production soumis en premier lieu à des logiques de marché. Aujourd’hui, nous constatons l’inadéquation de ces outils avec leur objectif : le développement du territoire. L’ambition de la thèse est de réfléchir à une démarche alternative qui permet d’envisager des outils de planification capables d’instaurer une relation de maintien et de valorisation des ressources territoriales. Face à un aménagement des activités productives inadéquat au développement durable du territoire, la thèse propose de retracer une généalogie de la démarche « territorialiste » qui vise à établir une relation synergique entre la production et les ressources territoriales. Une démarche « Eutopique » de retour au territoire qui, en prenant en compte le lien indissociable entre défis sociaux et environnementaux, permet d’un côté de rétablir une relation aux ressources naturelles et d’en respecter les cycles et les rythmes écologiques, et de l’autre d’identifier des éléments de réponse à la crise sociale. Suite à une introduction critique du rapport que les activités productives établissent avec le territoire, le raisonnement se développe en quatre parties : Les trois premières parties suivent une approche généalogique et montrent comment les concepts de cette démarche ont évolué et se sont transformées en s’adaptant à différents contextes, et répondant à la question de pourquoi et comment ces transferts théoriques ont vu le jour. Dans la quatrième partie de la thèse est retracée l’influence et le développement original que cette démarche trouve aujourd’hui en France : l’objectif est celui d’ouvrir sur des stratégies pour envisager un système productif capable de développer le territoire dans le temps long.

Tolerance optimization with statistical approach in the CAT environment

Nowadays, product development in all its phases plays a fundamental role in the industrial chain. The need for a company to compete at high levels, the need to be quick in responding to market demands and therefore to be able to engineer the product quickly and with a high level of quality, has led to the need to get involved in new more advanced methods/ processes. In recent years, we are moving away from the concept of 2D-based design and production and approaching the concept of Model Based Definition. By using this approach, increasingly complex systems turn out to be easier to deal with but above all cheaper in obtaining them. Thanks to the Model Based Definition it is possible to share data in a lean and simple way to the entire engineering and production chain of the product. The great advantage of this approach is precisely the uniqueness of the information. In this specific thesis work, this approach has been exploited in the context of tolerances with the aid of CAD / CAT software. Tolerance analysis or dimensional variation analysis is a way to understand how sources of variation in part size and assembly constraints propagate between parts and assemblies and how that range affects the ability of a project to meet its requirements. It is critically important to note how tolerance directly affects the cost and performance of products. Worst Case Analysis (WCA) and Statistical analysis (RSS) are the two principal methods in DVA. The thesis aims to show the advantages of using statistical dimensional analysis by creating and examining various case studies, using PTC CREO software for CAD modeling and CETOL 6σ for tolerance analysis. Moreover, it will be provided a comparison between manual and 3D analysis, focusing the attention to the information lost in the 1D case. The results obtained allow us to highlight the need to use this approach from the early stages of the product design cycle.