Footing Response to Horizontal Vibration

For the prediction of response of footings subjected to horizontal vibration, different types of contact shear distributions and displacement conditions are to be considered. Solutions using elastic half-space theory are not available for all the cases of shear distribution and displacement conditions. In this paper, solutions are obtained for the cases in which solutions are not available and the relevant coefficients are presented in tables which could be used in the appropriate equations for the prediction of dynamic response. Spring constants are evaluated and tabulated for different displacement and shear distribution conditions.

The hard-particle model for a dense granular flow down an inclined plane

Perfectly hard particles are those which experience an infinite repulsive force when they overlap, and no force when they do not overlap. In the hard-particle model, the only static state is the isostatic state where the forces between particles are statically determinate. In the flowing state, the interactions between particles are instantaneous because the time of contact approaches zero in the limit of infinite particle stiffness. Here, we discuss the development of a hard particle model for a realistic granular flow down an inclined plane, and examine its utility for predicting the salient features both qualitatively and quantitatively. We first discuss Discrete Element simulations, that even very dense flows of sand or glass beads with volume fraction between 0.5 and 0.58 are in the rapid flow regime, due to the very high particle stiffness. An important length scale in the shear flow of inelastic particles is the `conduction length' delta = (d/(1 - e(2))(1/2)), where d is the particle diameter and e is the coefficient of restitution. When the macroscopic scale h (height of the flowing layer) is larger than the conduction length, the rates of shear production and inelastic dissipation are nearly equal in the bulk of the flow, while the rate of conduction of energy is O((delta/h)(2)) smaller than the rate of dissipation of energy. Energy conduction is important in boundary layers of thickness delta at the top and bottom. The flow in the boundary layer at the top and bottom is examined using asymptotic analysis. We derive an exact relationship showing that the a boundary layer solution exists only if the volume fraction in the bulk decreases as the angle of inclination is increased. In the opposite case, where the volume fraction increases as the angle of inclination is increased, there is no boundary layer solution. The boundary layer theory also provides us with a way of understanding the cessation of flow when at a given angle of inclination when the height of the layer is decreased below a value h(stop), which is a function of the angle of inclination. There is dissipation of energy due to particle collisions in the flow as well as due to particle collisions with the base, and the fraction of energy dissipation in the base increases as the thickness decreases. When the shear production in the flow cannot compensate for the additional energy drawn out of the flow due to the wall collisions, the temperature decreases to zero and the flow stops. Scaling relations can be derived for h(stop) as a function of angle of inclination.

A two-dimensional model for crack closure effect in plates under bending

A two-dimensional model is proposed for taking into account the establishment of contact on the compression side of crack faces in plates under bending. An approximate but simple method is developed for evaluating reduction of stress intensity factor due to such ‘crack closure’. Analysis is first carried out permitting interference of the crack faces. Contact forces are then introduced on the crack faces and their magnitudes determined from the consideration that the interference is just eliminated. The method is based partly on finite element analysis and partly on a continuum analysis using Irwin's solution for point loads on the crack line.

Gas-phase controlled mass transfer in a foam-bed reactor

Gas-phase controlled absorption of ammonia in foams made of solutions of sulphuric acid has been studied experimentally. Effects of gas-phase concentration of ammonia and type of surfactant on the performance of the foam-bed reactor are investigated. Gas-phase controlled absorption from a spherical bubble is anaylzed using the asymptotic value of Sherwood number (Sh = 6.58), for both negligible as well as significant changes in the volume of the bubble. The experimental data are shown to be in good agreement with the single-stage model of the foam-bed reactor using these asymptotic sub-models, as well as the diffusion-in-sphere analysis available in literature. Influence of effective diffusivity on the time dependence of fractional gas absorption has been found to be unimportant for foam columns with large times of contact. The asymptotic sub-models have been compared and use of the rigid-sphere asymptotic sub-model is recommended for foam columns of practical relevence.

The local polynomial hull near a degenerate CR singularity: Bishop discs revisited

Let be a smooth real surface in and let be a point at which the tangent plane is a complex line. How does one determine whether or not is locally polynomially convex at such a p-i.e. at a CR singularity? Even when the order of contact of with at p equals 2, no clean characterisation exists; difficulties are posed by parabolic points. Hence, we study non-parabolic CR singularities. We show that the presence or absence of Bishop discs around certain non-parabolic CR singularities is completely determined by a Maslov-type index. This result subsumes all known facts about Bishop discs around order-two, non-parabolic CR singularities. Sufficient conditions for Bishop discs have earlier been investigated at CR singularities having high order of contact with . These results relied upon a subharmonicity condition, which fails in many simple cases. Hence, we look beyond potential theory and refine certain ideas going back to Bishop.

Model Pseudoconvex Domains and Bumping

The Levi geometry at weakly pseudoconvex boundary points of domains in C-n, n >= 3, is sufficiently complicated that there are no universal model domains with which to compare a general domain. Good models may be constructed by bumping outward a pseudoconvex, finite- type Omega subset of C-3 in such a way that: (i) pseudoconvexity is preserved, (ii) the (locally) larger domain has a simpler defining function, and (iii) the lowest possible orders of contact of the bumped domain with partial derivative Omega, at the site of the bumping, are realized. When Omega subset of C-n, n >= 3, it is, in general, hard to meet the last two requirements. Such well-controlled bumping is possible when Omega is h-extendible/semiregular. We examine a family of domains in C-3 that is strictly larger than the family of h-extendible/semiregular domains and construct explicit models for these domains by bumping.

七氟丁酸酐有序超薄膜的制备与结构

在涂敷有聚合物PEI涂层的单晶硅表面上制备了HFBA单层分子膜,接触角测量及XPS结果表明,HFBA在PEI表面产生了化学吸附发生了化学键合(酰胺键),形成了低表面能的HFBA单分子层膜.这一吸附反应的动力学行为可能表现为Langmuir单分子层化学吸附.

Micro- and macro-tribological study on a self-assembled dual-layer film

A novel self-assembled dual-layer film as apotential excellent lubricant for micromachines was successfully prepared on single-crystal silicon substrate by chemical adsorption of stearic acid (STA) molecules on self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltri

Actitudes de los adolescentes hacia personas con discapacidad : un estudio con alumnos de polimodal en la zona norte del conurbano bonaerense

Resumen: Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento acerca de las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia las personas con discapacidad, y cómo el contacto con éstas influye en la visión que se posee de la discapacidad, se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo en base a una muestra no probabilística intencional compuesta por 265 adolescentes, estudiantes de la zona norte del Conurbano Bonaerense. Los datos muestran que los estudiantes presentan una actitud favorable hacia las personas con discapacidad y que la presencia del contacto genera diferencias en la percepción e interacción hacia ellas. Asimismo, se demuestra la relevancia que tiene a la hora de la expresión de las actitudes las variables: razón y frecuencia del contacto, sexo, especialización del curso y tipo del colegio al que asisten.

El cuento de la doncella sin manos : versiones hispánicas medievales y la tradición oral en América

Resumen: A partir de la primera versión literaria en lengua vernácula del “Cuento de la doncella sin manos”, escrita por Philippe de Remi en el siglo XIII, la literatura medieval no dejó de reelaborar el relato a lo largo y a lo ancho del Occidente europeo. Del periodo que abarca desde el siglo XIII hasta el XVII nos llegan, por lo menos, unas treinta y cuatro versiones escritas solo en los ámbitos románico y germánico. Existe asimismo una tradición arábiga del cuento, probablemente de origen semítico, que constituiría, según algunos autores, una rama narrativa independiente. En la tradición oral el relato ha pervivido hasta nuestros días, en diversos países del mundo, incluida América del Sur, particularmente Brasil, Chile y la Argentina. El legado folclórico en Europa, inicialmente recopilado y puesto por escrito por los hermanos Grimm en 1812, presenta, ciertamente, numerosos puntos de contacto con las versiones americanas. Sin embargo, se ha establecido un vínculo aún más estrecho entre estas y los Cuentos populares españoles recogidos por Aurelio Espinosa en 1923, por un lado, así como también con una de las tres versiones provenientes del ámbito árabe. Luego de trazar un panorama histórico del corpus y estudiar los puntos de contacto entre la tradición europea y la americana, nos centraremos en el análisis de las versiones sudamericanas, particularmente las recogidas en la Argentina

An Electrowetting Model For Rough Surfaces Under Low Voltage

Electrowetting is one of the most effective methods to enhance wettability. A significant change of contact angle for the liquid droplet can result from the surface microstructures and the external electric field, without altering the chemical composition of the system. During the electrowetting process on a rough surface, the droplet exhibits a sharp transition from the Cassie-Baxter to the Wenzel regime at a low critical voltage. In this paper, a theoretical model for electrowetting is put forth to describe the dynamic electrical control of the wetting behavior at the low voltage, considering the surface topography. The theoretical results are found to be in good agreement with the existing experimental results. (c) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2008.

A cátedra e a tribuna : sociologia, política e língua em Gilberto Freyre

Rastreia os pontos de contato e de afastamento entre duas atividades fundamentais na trajetória de Gilberto Freyre. Destas, uma é trabalho de praticamente toda a vida - a sociologia e a antropologia. A outra é atividade bissexta - a atuação parlamentar no período 1946/1950. Por um lado, tem-se que o trabalho do cientista é moroso e altamente reflexivo. A atividade parlamentar, ao contrário, é nervosa e na maioria das vezes perpassada dos sentimentos da hora. A linguagem empregada e os fins a que se destinam, aparentemente, são igualmente diversos. Verifica a pertinência ou não desses estereótipos, ou, ao contrário, se os pronunciamentos do deputado e a obra do acadêmico confluem em um ou mais aspectos.

Reforma Administrativa do Poder Executivo e ações de modernização da Câmara dos Deputados

Traça um breve panorama histórico das principais reformas administrativas conduzidas pelo Poder Executivo, com ênfase na reforma de 1995, que difundiu o modelo de administração gerencial. Por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória, recorre-se à metodologia histórico-descritiva para analisar duas das ações de modernização implementadas pela Câmara dos Deputados, apontando-se possíveis pontos de contato com as diretrizes do movimento que pretendeu reformar o aparelho do Estado. A conclusão é que essas ações revelam vários pontos de contato com as reformas administrativas promovidas pelo Poder Executivo.

How resources control aggression in Drosophila

How animals use sensory information to weigh the risks vs. benefits of behavioral decisions remains poorly understood. Inter-male aggression is triggered when animals perceive both the presence of an appetitive resource, such as food or females, and of competing conspecific males. How such signals are detected and integrated to control the decision to fight is not clear. Here we use the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate the manner in which food and females promotes aggression.

In the first chapter, we explore how food controls aggression. As in many other species, food promotes aggression in flies, but it is not clear whether food increases aggression per se, or whether aggression is a secondary consequence of increased social interactions caused by aggregation of flies on food. Furthermore, nothing is known about how animals evaluate the quality and quantity of food in the context of competition. We show that food promotes aggression independently of any effect to increase the frequency of contact between males. Food increases aggression but not courtship between males, suggesting that the effect of food on aggression is specific. Next, we show that flies tune the level of aggression according to absolute amount of food rather than other parameters, such as area or concentration of food. Sucrose, a sugar molecule present in many fruits, is sufficient to promote aggression, and detection of sugar via gustatory receptor neurons is necessary for food-promoted aggression. Furthermore, we show that while food is necessary for aggression, too much food decreases aggression. Finally, we show that flies exhibit strategies consistent with a territorial strategy. These data suggest that flies use sweet-sensing gustatory information to guide their decision to fight over a limited quantity of a food resource.

Following up on the findings of the first chapter, we asked how the presence of a conspecific female resource promotes male-male aggression. In the absence of food, group-housed male flies, who normally do not fight even in the presence of food, fight in the presence of females. Unlike food, the presence of females strongly influences proximity between flies. Nevertheless, as group-housed flies do not fight even when they are in small chambers, it is unlikely that the presence of female indirectly increases aggression by first increasing proximity. Unlike food, the presence of females also leads to large increases in locomotion and in male-female courtship behaviors, suggesting that females may influence aggression as well as general arousal. Female cuticular hydrocarbons are required for this effect, as females that do not produce CH pheromones are unable to promote male-male aggression. In particular, 7,11-HD––a female-specific cuticular hydrocarbon pheromone critical for male-female courtship––is sufficient to mediate this effect when it is perfumed onto pheromone-deficient females or males. Recent studies showed that ppk23⁺ GRNs label two population of GRNs, one of which detects male cuticular hydrocarbons and another labeled by ppk23 and ppk25, which detects female cuticular hydrocarbons. I show that in particular, both of these GRNs control aggression, presumably via detection of female or male pheromones. To further investigate the ways in which these two classes of GRNs control aggression, I developed new genetic tools to independently test the male- and female-sensing GRNs. I show that ppk25-LexA and ppk25-GAL80 faithfully recapitulate the expression pattern of ppk25-GAL4 and label a subset of ppk23⁺ GRNs. These tools can be used in future studies to dissect the respective functions of male-sensing and female-sensing GRNs in male social behaviors.

Finally, in the last chapter, I discuss quantitative approaches to describe how varying quantities of food and females could control the level of aggression. Flies show an inverse-U shaped aggressive response to varying quantities of food and a flat aggressive response to varying quantities of females. I show how two simple game theoretic models, “prisoner’s dilemma” and “coordination game” could be used to describe the level of aggression we observe. These results suggest that flies may use strategic decision-making, using simple comparisons of costs and benefits.

In conclusion, male-male aggression in Drosophila is controlled by simple gustatory cues from food and females, which are detected by gustatory receptor neurons. Different quantities of resource cues lead to different levels of aggression, and flies show putative territorial behavior, suggesting that fly aggression is a highly strategic adaptive behavior. How these resource cues are integrated with male pheromone cues and give rise to this complex behavior is an interesting subject, which should keep researchers busy in the coming years.

Análise da dissipação das tensões em dentes humanos restaurados com facetas laminadas de cerâmica, com três tipos de preparos, através do método dos elementos finitos

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar in vitro a dissipação de tensões em incisivos centrais superiores humanos restaurados com facetas de cerâmica feldspática, através da análise do método dos elementos finitos, considerando cargas funcionais de mastigação e corte dos alimentos, em função de três tipos de preparos utilizados: sem proteção incisal; com proteção incisal em ângulo e com proteção incisal em degrau palatino. Foram utilizadas modelagens bidimensionais de um incisivo central superior e suas estruturas de suporte, simulando três situações: (Primeira modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular (em forma de janela); (Segunda modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular e proteção incisal em plano inclinado; (Terceira modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular, e proteção incisal com degrau palatino. Foi considerada uma carga (P=100N) com uma inclinação de 45 concentrada, simulando a região de contato do incisivo central inferior com o superior durante a mastigação e uma na região de contato topo a topo dos incisivos superior e inferior, simulando o corte dos alimentos. Após a análise dos dados obtidos pela distribuição de tensões, pode-se concluir que quanto à dissipação das tensões em todo o sistema proposto, com a aplicação de carga em 45, não foram observadas mudanças no estado tensional nos três diferentes preparos. Quando foi aplicada carga vertical, simulando o contato de topo, houve variação no estado tensional no sistema do dente com preparo em janela. Nas facetas, com a aplicação de carga em 45, nos preparos em janela e com proteção incisal em plano inclinado o resultado foi semelhante nos valores tensionais enquanto, nas facetas em dentes preparados com proteção incisal com degrau palatino, a distribuição foi mais homogênea tendo valores superiores, mostrando que o abraçamento do dente diminuiu a flexão.