The effects of surface tension on the elastic properties of nano structures

In the absence of external loading, surface tension will induce a residual stress field in the bulk of nano structures. However, in the prediction of mechanical properties of nano structures, the elastic response of the bulk is usually described by classical Hooke’s law, in which the aforementioned residual stress was neglected in the existing literatures. The present paper investigates the influences of surface tension and the residual stress in the bulk induced by the surface tension on the elastic properties of nano structures. We firstly present the surface elasticity in the Lagrangian and the Eulerian descriptions and point out that even in the case of infinitesimal deformations the reference and the current configurations should be discriminated; otherwise the out-plane terms of surface displacement gradient, associated with the surface tension, may sometimes be overlooked in the Eulerian descriptions, particularly for curved and rotated surfaces. Then, the residual stress in the bulk is studied through the non-classical boundary conditions and used to construct the linear elastic constitutive relations for the bulk material. Finally, these relations are adopted to analyze the size-dependent properties of pure bending of Al nanowires. The present results show that surface tension will considerably affect the effective Young’s modulus of Al nanowires, which decrease with either the decrease of nanowires thickness or the increase of the aspect ratio.

A surface energy model and application to mechanical behavior analysis of single crystals at sub-micron scale

Size effects of mechanical behaviors of materials are referred to the variation of the mechanical behavior due to the sample sizes changing from macroscale to micro-/nanoscales. At the micro-/nanoscale, since sample has a relatively high specific surface area (SSA) (ratio of surface area to volume), the surface although it is often neglected at the macroscale, becomes prominent in governing the energy effect, although it is often neglected at the macroscale, becomes prominent in governing the mechanical behavior. In the present research, a continuum model considering the surface energy effect is developed through introducing the surface energy to total potential energy. Simultaneously, a corresponding finite element method is developed. The model is used to analyze the axial equilibrium strain problem for a Cu nanowire at the external loading-free state. As another application of the model, from dimensional analysis, the size effects of uniform compression tests on the microscale cylinder specimens for Ni and Au single crystals are analyzed and compared with experiments in literatures. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On the contact width in generalized plain strain JKR model for isotropic solids

Adhesive contact model between an elastic cylinder and an elastic half space is studied in the present paper, in which an external pulling force is acted on the above cylinder with an arbitrary direction and the contact width is assumed to be asymmetric with respect to the structure. Solutions to the asymmetric model are obtained and the effect of the asymmetric contact width on the whole pulling process is mainly discussed. It is found that the smaller the absolute value of Dundurs' parameter beta or the larger the pulling angle theta, the more reasonable the symmetric model would be to approximate the asymmetric one.

Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of wettability alternation phenomena in the chemical flooding process

Wettability alternation phenomena is considered one of the most important enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms in the chemical flooding process and induced by the adsorption of surfactant on the rock surface. These phenomena are studied by a mesoscopic method named as dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). Both the alteration phenomena of water-wet to oil-wet and that of oil-wet to water-wet are simulated based on reasonable definition of interaction parameters between beads. The wetting hysteresis phenomenon and the process of oil-drops detachment from rock surfaces with different wettability are simulated by adding long-range external forces on the fluid particles. The simulation results show that, the oil drop is liable to spread on the oil-wetting surface and move in the form of liquid film flow, whereas it is likely to move as a whole on the water-wetting surface. There are the same phenomena occuring in wettability-alternated cases. The results also show that DPD method provides a feasible approach to the problems of seepage flow with physicochemical phenomena and can be used to study the mechanism of EOR of chemical flooding.

外加高压电场下空气中激光等离子体通道寿命研究

通过对飞秒激光在空气中产生的等离子体通道两端外加高压,来研究通道的寿命变化情况。实验得到,当在等离子体通道两端外加高压时(350 kV/m),等离子体通道寿命延长了近3倍。理论模拟和分析结果表明在外加电场条件下,碰撞电离得到增强,吸附作用相对减弱,解离复合系数随着电子平均能量的增加而下降的趋势更为剧烈,这进一步引起了等离子体通道寿命的延长。实验结果与理论分析共同表明了利用外加电场对空气中激光等离子体通道寿命进行延长的可行性。

Long Run Trends in Energy-Related External Costs

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Control de convertidor DC/AC trifásico por eliminación selectiva de armónicos

[ES]El objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de un sistema de control de un inversor trifásico mediante una modulación PWM, basada en la eliminación selectiva de armónicos. En este documento se describen las técnicas empleadas en los sistemas actuales, los métodos para implementar el sistema de control propuesto, las tareas a realizar durante el desarrollo del proyecto, una estimación económica y los resultados obtenidos. Con esto, se pretende demostrar que la eficiencia de la solución propuesta es mayor que la de los métodos actuales y que es posible implementarla de una manera sencilla.

Quantum interference effects of two coherent population trapping states on the atomic spectral lines of a F-e=0 -> F-g=1 transition

We investigate the fluorescence spectrum in a nearly degenerate atomic system of a F-e = 0 -> F-g = 1 transition by analytically solving Schrodinger equations. An ultranarrow fluorescence spectral line in between the two coherent population trapping windows has been found. Our analytic solutions clearly show the origin of the ultranarrow spectral line. Due to quantum interference effects between two coherent population trapping states, the width and intensity of the central spectral line can be controlled by an external magnetic field. Such an effect may be used to detect a magnetic field.

Trapping of neutral Rb-87 atoms on an atomchip

We report an experiment of trapping of neutral Rb-87 atoms on a, self-made atomchip. The H-shaped atomchip is made by magnetron sputtering technology, which is different from the atomchip technology of other teams. We collect 3 x 10(6) Rb-87 atoms in the mirror magneto-optical trap (MOT) using the external MOT coils, and 1 X 10(5) Rb-87 atoms are transferred to U-MOT using U-shaped wire in chip and a pair of bias coils.

Abnormal phenomenon of ac Stark splitting in magneto-optical traps

We experimentally study the ac Stark splitting in D2 line of cold Rb-87 atoms. The frequency span between the Autler-Townes doublets is obviously larger than that derived from theoretical calculation. Two physical effects, which increase the effective Rabi frequency, contribute to the splitting broadening. First, atoms tend to distribute in strong lield places of a inhomogeneous red-detuned light field. Second, atoms reabsorb scattered light when they are huge in number and high in density.

Upper level and phase controlling group velocity in V-type system

With the external field coupling the two upper levels, we investigate the light pulse propagation properties with weak probe field in a V-type system. Due to the external upper level (UL) coupling field, the dispersion of the system has been influenced by the relative phase. It is shown that the UL field and the relative phase can be regarded as switches to manipulate light propagation between subluminal and superluminal. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study of dynamical behaviour and fermionization of a bosonic gas in funnel potential

This paper presents a funnel external potential model to investigate dynamic properties of ultracold Bose gas. By using variational method, we obtain the ground-state energy and density properties of ultracold Bose atoms. The results show that the ultracold Bose gas confined in a funnel potential experiences the transition from three-dimensional regime to quasi-one-dimensional regime in a small aspect ratio, and undergoes fermionization process as the aspect ratio increases.

Origin of the double-peak structure in longitudinal momentum distributions for single ionization of an He atom in strong laser field

The single ionization of an He atom by intense linearly polarized laser field in the tunneling regime is studied by S- matrix theory. When only the first term of the expansion of the S matrix is considered and time, spatial distribution, and fluctuation of the laser pulse are taken into account, the obtained momentum distribution in the polarization direction of laser field is consistent with the semiclassical calculation, which only considers tunneling and the interaction between the free electron and external field. When the second term, which includes the interaction between the core and the free electron, is considered, the momentum distribution shows a complex multipeak structure with the central minimum and the positions of some peaks are independent of the intensity in some intensity regime, which is consistent with the recent experimental result. Based on our analysis, we found that the structures observed in the momentum distribution of an He atom are attributed to the " soft" collision of the tunneled electron with the core.

体布拉格光栅外腔半导体激光器光谱特性研究

用体布拉格光栅(VBG)作为反馈元件与瓦级半导体激光器(LD)以及快轴准直柱透镜构成一个可以将半导体激光器的工作波长稳定在体布拉格光栅布拉格波长处的外腔激光器。测量了体布拉格光栅外腔激光器的波长稳定性与其工作电流、热汇温度、激光束准直装置等因素的关系。分析了波长稳定效果与半导体激光器增益谱特性、外腔结构参量等因素的关系。研究表明,在相同的工作电流、热汇温度下,当准直柱透镜直径为0.4 mm时的波长稳定效果较好;在此情况下,当热汇温度控制在30 ℃,工作电流从0.5 A增加到1.5 A的测量范围内,以及当工

连续工作的体布拉格光栅外腔半导体激光器的温度特性

对体布拉格光栅(VBG)作为波长选择元件的外腔半导体激光器的波长锁定进行了实验研究,报道了连续运转输出功率达43.5 W的半导体激光器阵列的体布拉格光栅波长锁定实验结果,给出了不同热沉温度下的稳定的波长锁定结果,说明采用体布拉格光栅外腔将减小半导体激光器的温控压力。实验中发现,随着注入电流的增大,输出激光功率逐渐增强,锁定的激射波长向长波长方向偏移。在输出功率为34.5 W时,波长红移约0.56 nm。这一移动与实验测量的体布拉格光栅的温度特性相吻合。连续和高占空比运行、高输出功率情况下,在器件的设计和使用时应该考虑这一效应。