[Archives de la Parole]. , The rājā and his subjects : in Magathi (récit) / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [Jadunandan Sahay], voix

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. Bihar]

[Archives de la Parole]. , Lankātenkā heiken rāvanā : a song in Korku from Melghat (Berar) / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [Rajotia Kōrkū], voix

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. Etat du Maharashtra. Amravati]

¶ LE DOVBLE DES LETTRES || Que le || grant Turc Escript a mõsieur le grãt mai || stre de Rodes Enuiron la sainct Iehan/ lã mil || ccccc. xxij Auec vne. epistre de la Cite de Rodes || enuoyee A la Saincte foy Catolicque. — [A la fin :] ¶ Compose par songeur dit bethune, herault darmes || de lempereur Charles daustrice pour Anthoine mẽ || bre libraire qui fait le libraire. || Cum Preuilegio. In-4 goth. de 4 f. non chiffr. dont la page la plus pleine a 31 lignes, impr. en grosses lettres de forme, sans sign., mar. r. jans., tr. dor. (Trautz-Bauzonnet.)

Ladam (Nicaise). Epistre de la cité de Rodes (1522)

¶ COPIE DER BRIEVEN || VAN DEN GROOTẽ TURCK ghescreuẽ aẽ mijn Heere dẽ || grootẽ meestere van Rodes omtrẽt sint Ians misse || laetst ledẽ anno. M. ccccc. xxij. En oec eẽ Epistel vã || d' stadt vã Rodes / aẽ dat heylich Catholicke geloue. || Rodes. — [A la fin] : ¶ Dese Copie es vandẽ walsche ghetranslateert in || onsen tale Eñ is eerst gecõponeert par songneur/ dict || Bethune. herault darmes. ons ghenadichs heerẽ dẽ || Keysere Chaerles. || ¶ Gheprent Tantwerpẽ by mi Adriaen van || Bergen int gulden Missael. || ¶ Cum Priuilegio. In-4 goth. de 4 f. de 33 lignes à la page pleine, impr. en grosses lettres de forme, sign. A, mar. r. jans., tr. dor. (Trautz-Bauzonnet.)

Ladam (Nicaise). Epistel van de stadt van Rodes (1522)

High genetic variability and low local diversity in a population of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ecologically important root symbionts of most terrestrial plants. Ecological studies of AMF have concentrated on differences between species; largely assuming little variability within AMF species. Although AMF are clonal, they have evolved to contain a surprisingly high within-species genetic variability, and genetically different nuclei can coexist within individual spores. These traits could potentially lead to within-population genetic variation, causing differences in physiology and symbiotic function in AMF populations, a consequence that has been largely neglected. We found highly significant genetic and phenotypic variation among isolates of a population of Glomus intraradices but relatively low total observed genetic diversity. Because we maintained the isolated population in a constant environment, phenotypic variation can be considered as variation in quantitative genetic traits. In view of the large genetic differences among isolates by randomly sampling two individual spores, <50% of the total observed population genetic diversity is represented. Adding an isolate from a distant population did not increase total observed genetic diversity. Genetic variation exceeded variation in quantitative genetic traits, indicating that selection acted on the population to retain similar traits, which might be because of the multigenomic nature of AMF, where considerable genetic redundancy could buffer the effects of changes in the genetic content of phenotypic traits. These results have direct implications for ecological research and for studying AMF genes, improving commercial AMF inoculum, and understanding evolutionary mechanisms in multigenomic organisms.

CONFERENCE AVEC M. CLAUDE Ministre de Charenton, Sur la Matiere de l'Eglise. Par Messire Jacques Benigne Bossuet, Evesque de Meaux, Conseiller du Roy en ses Conseils, cy-devant Précepteur de Monseigneur le Dauphin, premier Aumosnier de Madame la Dauphine. A Paris, Chez Sebastien Mabre-Cramoisy, Imprimeur du Roy, ruë Saint Jacques, aux Cicognes. M.DC.LXXXII [1682]. Avec Privilege du Roy. In-12 de 22 f., 504 p. et 1 f. pour l'Extrait du Privilége, mar. r., fil., dos orné, tr. dor. (Anc. rel.)

Bossuet (Jacques-Bénigne). Conference avec M. Claude (1682)

Ambassadör R. R. Seppälä 20.1.1962 Washington

Kirje

Plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity - are we looking at the relevant levels of diversity and are we using the right techniques?

Fungal symbionts commonly occur in plants influencing host growth, physiology, and ecology (Carlile et al., 2001). However, while whole-plant growth responses to biotrophic fungi are readily demonstrated, it has been much more difficult to identify and detect the physiological mechanisms responsible. Previous work on the clonal grass Glyceria striata has revealed that the systemic fungal endophyte Epichloë glyceriae has a positive effect on clonal growth of its host (Pan & Clay, 2002; 2003). The latest study from these authors, in this issue (pp. 467- 475), now suggests that increased carbon movement in hosts infected by E. glyceriae may function as one mechanism by which endophytic fungi could increase plant growth. Given the widespread distribution of both clonal plants and symbiotic fungi, this research will have implications for our understanding of the ecology and evolution of fungus-plant associations in natural communities.