Debate internacional en torno al uso de la biotecnología: ¿Reflejo de un esquema de desarrollo desigual Norte-Sur?

En esta monografía se analiza información bibliográfica-hemerográfica, audiovisual y primaria, para identificar las razones por las cuales el uso de la biotecnología es relacionado con el desigual desarrollo entre Norte-Sur, esclareciendo la naturaleza y los intereses de los actores nacionales e internacionales involucrados, mostrando así cómo los intereses de los actores identificados inciden en su posición dentro del debate biotecnológico. Para ilustrar esto, se toma como estudio de caso a la agrobiotecnología –entendida como la aplicación de biotecnología en el sector agrícola para desarrollar productos por medio de ingeniería genética-, mostrando los intereses y las posiciones de actores centrales, que además de generar la tensión Norte-Sur, también generan tensiones Norte-Norte y Sur-Sur, que hacen más complejo el debate biotecnológico.

La política exterior turca en el marco del Complejo de Seguridad Regional de Medio Oriente. Del soft power al smart power. (2002 - 2013)

Dada la confluencia de Turquía en Asia, Medio Oriente, los Balcanes y Europa, el gobierno está en la necesidad de responder a los desafíos de ser un Estado pivote. Es en este punto donde su política exterior se convierte en la mayor herramienta para sobresalir y sobrevivir en un ambiente heterogéneo. El objetivo de esta monografía de grado es analizar la política exterior turca en el marco del Complejo de Seguridad Regional de Medio Oriente a partir de los aportes de la Escuela de Copenhague y su Teoría de los Complejos de Seguridad Regional, para comprender sus estrategias de soft y hard power en su política exterior a fin de analizar si se consolidó un smart power que permita posicionar a Turquía en una potencia regional.

Análisis de la ayuda oficial al desarrollo. estudio de caso: programa conjunto de UNICEF y UNFPA sobre la mutilación genital femenina en Kenia (2008-2012)

El interés de este estudio de caso es analizar el Programa Conjunto de UNFPA y UNICEF sobre MGF/E en Kenia bajo la luz de los postulados poscolonialistas. Partiendo de la idea de que la MGF es una manifestación de las desigualdades de género, se argumenta que el PC reproduce la imagen de la mujer keniana como una víctima del poder masculino. A partir de esta imagen se deslegitima el orden cultural de los grupos que siguen esta tradición, afectando las lógicas de unidad y cohesión de la sociedad. El análisis de este tipo de dinámicas permite comprender mejor los procesos de intervención de las organizaciones internacionales sobre las estructuras sociales de actores frágiles del sistema internacional.

Relación entre la planificación urbana y fenómeno de variabilidad climática en la costa caribe colombiana: estudio de caso: fenómeno de la niña en Cartagena 2001-2011

El presente trabajo de grado tiene como fin evidenciar las relaciones entre los instrumentos de planificación y los impactos de fenómenos de variabilidad climática en territorios vulnerables. Se analizan los factores de vulnerabilidad, amenaza y riesgo en la Ciénaga de la Virgen en Cartagena así como algunas de las decisiones de planificación tomadas durante el periodo estudiado (2001-2011) para finalmente identificar aquellos retos que deben ser tenidos en cuenta por futuros ejercicios de planificación con el fin de mitigar los factores de vulnerabilidad y hacer más resiliente el territorio estudiado.

Os museus como instituições prestadoras de serviços

Este artigo procura esclarecer o papel dos museus como entidades prestadoras de serviços. Para isso analisa diferentes conceitos de “serviços” e a forma como as grandes áreas de acção dos museus ignoram no seu quotidiano formas de organização potencialmente mais qualificadas. Refere-se à abordagem das SSME, Science Service Management and Engineering, como recurso para os museus melhorarem o seu desempenho.

A intervenção cubana em Angola revisitada

Documentos entretanto desclassificados nos arquivos cubanos e russos permitem um novo olhar sobre a intervenção cubana em Angola. Esta não só foi decidida autonomamente pelos cubanos, como teve, evidentemente o beneplácito sociético. Porém, essa mesma operação político-militar não foi produto das circunstâncias, antes se enquadrando nas tradicionais linhas orientadoras da política externa do regime castrista.

A avaliação do desempenho na Administração Pública

O SIADAP, Sistema de Avaliação do Desempenho na Administração Pública, surge como um novo paradigma de avaliação do desempenho, estratégico para a gestão das organizações do sector público, porque tem sido um enorme desafio para os serviços que o têm implementado, ou para os que ainda não o conseguiram fazer. Este trabalho pretende avaliar as opiniões de avaliadores e avaliados, relativamente ao sistema e à sua implementação numa autarquia. A abordagem metodológica seguida para a sua realização, foi uma análise qualitativa. O processo seguido foi o de realização de entrevistas gravadas com a finalidade de recolher a informação necessária ao desenvolvimento da dissertação. Foram estabelecidos os seguintes objetivos de trabalho: Apresentar e caracterizar o SIADAP, conhecer e analisar as opiniões dos avaliados e dos avaliadores em relação ao processo SIADAP, no que respeita ao seu conhecimento e experiência dos sistemas de avaliação, à importância atribuída e dificuldades na aplicação do atual processo de Avaliação do Desempenho dos Trabalhadores da Administração Pública, o papel da avaliação do desempenho enquanto ferramenta de gestão de recursos humanos, e instrumento de apoio na promoção de uma cultura de mérito. Para avaliadores e avaliados, o sistema apresenta uma avaliação globalmente positiva e com oportunidades de melhoria, embora existam pontos fracos e constrangimentos que não podem ser ignorados.

Strategic use of private standards to enhance international competitiveness: Vegetable exports from Kenya and elsewhere

The paper examines how European retailers are using private standards for food safety and,quality as risk management and competitive tools and the strategic responses of leading Kenyan and other developing country supplier/exporters to such standards. Despite measures to harmonize a 'single market', the European fresh produce market is very diverse in terms of consumer preferences, structural dynamics and attention to and enforcement of food safety and other standards. Leading Kenyan fresh produce suppliers have re-positioned themselves at the high end, including 'high care', segments of the market - precisely those that are most demanding in terms of quality assurance and food safety systems. An array of factors have influenced this strategic positioning, including relatively high international freight costs, the emergence of more effective competition in mainstream product lines, relatively low labor costs for produce preparation, and strong market relationships with selected retail chains. To succeed in this demanding market segment, the industry has had to invest substantially in improved production and procurement systems, upgraded pack house facilities, and quality assurance/food safety management systems. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of UV-blocking films on the dispersal behavior of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae)

The parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) has been used successfully for the control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The development of UV-blocking plastic films has added a new component to future integrated pest management systems by disrupting insect pest infestation when UV light is excluded. Because both T. vaporariorum and E. formosa are reported to have similar spectral efficiency, there was a need to identify the impact of UV-blocking films on the dispersal behavior of both the pest and the natural enemy. In field studies, using choice-chamber experiments, E. formosa showed some preference to disperse into compartments where less UV light was blocked. However, further studies indicated that the effect was primarily attributable to the different light diffusion properties of the films tested. Thus, unlike its whitefly host, when the UV-absorbing properties of the films were similar, but the light diffusion properties differed, E.formosa adults preferred to disperse into compartments clad with films that had high light diffusion properties. When the plastic films differed most in their UV-absorbing capacity and had no light-diffusion capability, the initial dispersal of E. formosa between treatments was similar, although a small preference toward the environment with UV light was observed over time. When parasitoid dispersal was measured 3 h after release, more parasitoids were found on plants, suggesting that the parasitoids would search plants for whitefly hosts, even in a UV-blocked light environment. The potential for the integration of UV-blocking films with E. formosa in an advanced whitefly management system is discussed.

Past, present and future mathematical models for buildings (i)

This is the first of two articles presenting a detailed review of the historical evolution of mathematical models applied in the development of building technology, including conventional buildings and intelligent buildings. After presenting the technical differences between conventional and intelligent buildings, this article reviews the existing mathematical models, the abstract levels of these models, and their links to the literature for intelligent buildings. The advantages and limitations of the applied mathematical models are identified and the models are classified in terms of their application range and goal. We then describe how the early mathematical models, mainly physical models applied to conventional buildings, have faced new challenges for the design and management of intelligent buildings and led to the use of models which offer more flexibility to better cope with various uncertainties. In contrast with the early modelling techniques, model approaches adopted in neural networks, expert systems, fuzzy logic and genetic models provide a promising method to accommodate these complications as intelligent buildings now need integrated technologies which involve solving complex, multi-objective and integrated decision problems.

Prebiotics and resistance to gastrointestinal infections

Acute gut disorder is a cause for significant medicinal and economic concern. Certain individual pathogens of the gut, often transmitted in food or water, have the ability to cause severe discomfort. There is a need to manage such conditions more effectively. The route of reducing the risk of intestinal infections through diet remains largely unexplored. Antibiotics are effective at inhibiting pathogens; however, these should not be prescribed in the absence of disease and therefore cannot be used prophylactically. Moreover, their indiscriminate use has reduced effectiveness. Evidence has accumulated to suggest that some of the health-promoting bacteria in the gut (probiotics) can elicit a multiplicity of inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence, an increase in their numbers should prove effective at repressing pathogen colonisation if/when infectious agents enter the gut. As such, fortification of indigenous bifidobacteria/lactobacilli by using prebiotics should improve protection. There are a number of potential mechanisms for lactic acid bacteria to reduce intestinal infections. Firstly, metabolic endproducts such as acids excreted by these micro-organisms may lower the gut pH to levels below those at which pathogens are able to effectively compete. Also, many lactobacilli and bifidobacteria species are able to excrete natural antibiotics, which can have a broad spectrum of activity. Other mechanisms include an improved immune stimulation, competition for nutrients and blocking of pathogen adhesion sites in the gut. Many intestinal pathogens like type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli, salmonellae and campylobacters utilise oligosaccharide receptor sites in the gut. Once established, they can then cause gastroenteritis through invasive and/or toxin forming properties. One extrapolation of the prebiotic concept is to simulate such receptor sites in the gut lumen. Hence, the pathogen is 'decoyed' into not binding at the host mucosal interface. The combined effects of prebiotics upon the lactic acid flora and anti-adhesive strategies may lead towards new dietary interventions against food safety agents.

Knowledge and information evaluation practice: an exploratory study in a construction firm

There are a number of challenges associated with managing knowledge and information in construction organizations delivering major capital assets. These include the ever-increasing volumes of information, losing people because of retirement or competitors, the continuously changing nature of information, lack of methods on eliciting useful knowledge, development of new information technologies and changes in management and innovation practices. Existing tools and methodologies for valuing intangible assets in fields such as engineering, project management and financial, accounting, do not address fully the issues associated with the valuation of information and knowledge. Information is rarely recorded in a way that a document can be valued, when either produced or subsequently retrieved and re-used. In addition there is a wealth of tacit personal knowledge which, if codified into documentary information, may prove to be very valuable to operators of the finished asset or future designers. This paper addresses the problem of information overload and identifies the differences between data, information and knowledge. An exploratory study was conducted with a leading construction consultant examining three perspectives (business, project management and document management) by structured interviews and specifically how to value information in practical terms. Major challenges in information management are identified. An through-life Information Evaluation methodology (IEM) is presented to reduce information overload and to make the information more valuable in the future.

The potential for bias in reporting of industry-sponsored clinical trials

Concerns about potentially misleading reporting of pharmaceutical industry research have surfaced many times. The potential for duality (and thereby conflict) of interest is only too clear when you consider the sums of money required for the discovery, development and commercialization of new medicines. As the ability of major, mid-size and small pharmaceutical companies to innovate has waned, as evidenced by the seemingly relentless decline in the numbers of new medicines approved by Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency year-on-year, not only has the cost per new approved medicine risen: so too has the public and media concern about the extent to which the pharmaceutical industry is open and honest about the efficacy, safety and quality of the drugs we manufacture and sell. In 2005 an Editorial in Journal of the American Medical Association made clear that, so great was their concern about misleading reporting of industry-sponsored studies, henceforth no article would be published that was not also guaranteed by independent statistical analysis. We examine the precursors to this Editorial, as well as its immediate and lasting effects for statisticians, for the manner in which statistical analysis is carried out, and for the industry more generally.

Pollinator conservation: the difference between managing for pollination services and preserving pollinator diversity

Our review looks at pollinator conservation and highlights the differences in approach between managing for pollination services and preserving pollinator diversity. We argue that ecosystem service management does not equal biodiversity conservation, and that maintaining species diversity is crucial in providing ecosystem resilience in the face of future environmental change. Management and policy measures therefore need to focus on species not just in human dominated landscapes but need to benefit wider diversity of species including those in specialised habitats. We argue that only by adopting a holistic ecosystem approach we can ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the long-term.

Um século de tradição: a banda de música do Colégio Salesiano de Santa Rosa (1888-1988)

A música nos colégios salesianos sempre ocupou um lugar de destaque, pois na pedagogiade Dom Bosco é considerada importante fator educativo, devido a seu grande poder deinfluência no espírito dos jovens. Para Dom Bosco, uma escola sem música é um corposem alma , afirmação que explicita o valor pedagógico da música. Ainda segundo ele, aalegria é o elemento básico da educação, e a música expressa esse estado da alma. Estetrabalho visa valorizar a Banda de Música do Colégio Salesiano Santa Rosa, de Niterói,RJ, em sua trajetória de mais de 100 anos de atividade ininterrupta, e resgatar umamemória que tende a se perder. A banda sempre esteve à frente das festas cívicas,contagiando o público com marchas e hinos patrióticos, comandando desfiles escolares,impondo sua cadência e expressando através da música o sentimento de sua comunidade.Esta pesquisa surgiu da observação de que os trabalhos sobre bandas tinham como pontoprincipal a questão do ensino musical, mas não o valor pedagógico da música. Tambémnada havia sido escrito sobre a Banda de Música do Colégio Salesiano Santa Rosa. Assim,por meio da documentação histórica e da memória como suportes de reconstrução dahistória dessa banda secular, este trabalho lança um novo olhar sobre o tema.