1000 resultados para proteínas extracelular
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Pele, ossos, espinhas, entre outros, separados durante o processamento de produtos cárneos podem ser uma boa fonte de proteína, especialmente de colágeno. Para obtenção de colágeno nativo a partir de ossos é necessário um tratamento prévio de desproteinização e desmineralização. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os melhores parâmetros para a desmineralização de ossos de pescado e frango utilizando soluções de HCl e EDTA um complexante de íons metálicos. O melhor efeito da desmineralização foi obtido com solução de HCl 1,0 mol/L. Após 48 h de extração, 99,4 e 95,4% das substâncias minerais foram solubilizadas para os ossos de pescado e para ossos de frango, respectivamente. Paralelamente, a menor perda de colágeno também foi observada nessas condições. O processo realizado empregando soluções de EDTA foi menos eficaz do que com solução de HCl. Após 48 h de extração com EDTA 0,1 mol/L, 37,5 e 32,4% dos compostos minerais foram removidos dos ossos de pescado e dos ossos de frango, respectivamente. Uma maior eficiência foi alcançada com solução de EDTA 0,5 mol/L. O rendimento do processo foi de cerca de 66,6% a partir dos ossos de pescado e 70,6% a partir os ossos de frango. A desmineralização com EDTA não provocou perda de colágeno.
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, 25 de Maio de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.
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Specific domains can determine protein structural functional relationships. For the Alzheimer’s Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) several domains have been described, both in its intracellular and extracellular fragments. Many functions have been attributed to APP including an important role in cell adhesion and cell to cell recognition. This places APP at key biological responses, including synaptic transmission. To fulfil these functions, extracellular domains take on added significance. The APP extracellular domain RERMS is in fact a likely candidate to be involved in the aforementioned physiological processes. A multidisciplinary approach was employed to address the role of RERMS. The peptide RERMS was crosslinked to PEG (Polyethylene glycol) and the reaction validated by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometry). FTIR proved to be the most efficient at validating this reaction because it requires only a drop of sample, and it gives information about the reactions occurred in a mixture. The data obtained consist in an infrared spectra of the sample, where peaks positions give information about the structure of the molecules, and the intensity of peaks is related to the concentration of the molecules. Subsequently substrates of PEG impregnated with RERMS were prepared and SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma cell line) cells were plated and differentiated on the latter. Several morphological alterations were clearly evident. The RERMS peptide provoked cells to take on a flatter appearance and the cytoskeletal architecture changed, with the appearance of stress fibres, a clear indicator of actin reorganization. Given that focal adhesions play a key role in determining cellular structure the latter were directly investigated. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is one of the most highly expressed proteins in the CNS (central nervous system) during development. It has been described to be crucial for radial migration of neurons. FAK can be localized in growth cones and mediated the response to attractive and repulsive cues during migration. One of the mechanisms by which FAK becomes active is by auto phosphorylation at tyrosine 397. It became clearly evident that in the presence of the RERMS peptide pFAK staining at focal adhesions intensified and more focal adhesions became apparent. Furthermore speckled structures in the nucleus, putatively corresponding to increased expression activity, also increased with RERMS. Taken together these results indicate that the RERMS domain in APP plays a critical role in determining cellular physiological responses. Here is suggested a model by which RERMS domain is recognized by integrins and mediate intracellular responses involving FAK, talin, actin filaments and vinculin. This mechanism probably is responsible for mediating cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth on neurons.
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Ink Disease is considered one of the most important causes of the decline of chestnut orchards. The break in yield of Castanea sativa Mill is caused by two species: Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora cambivora, being the first one the foremost pathogen of ink disease in Portugal. P. cinnamomi is one of the most aggressive and widespread plant pathogen with nearly 1,000 host species. This oomycete causes enormous economic losses and it is responsible for the decline of many plant species in Europe and worldwide. Up to now no efficient treatments are available to fight these pathogens. Because of the importance of chestnut at economical and ecological levels, especially in Portugal, it becomes essential to explore the molecular mechanisms that determine the interaction between Phytophthora species and host plants through the study of proteins GIP (glucanase inhibitor protein) and NPP1 (necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1) produced by P. cinnamomi during the infection. The technique of RNA interference was used to knockdown the gip gene of P. cinnamomi. Transformants obtained with the silenced gene have been used to infect C. sativa, in order to determine the effect of gene silencing on the plant phenotype. To know more about the function of GIP and NPP1 involved in the mechanism of infection, the ORF’s of gip and npp1 genes have been cloned to the pTOR-eGFP vector for a future observation of P. cinnamomi transformants with fluorescent microscopy and determination of the subcellular localization. Moreover the prediction by bioinformatics tools indicates that both GIP and NPP1 proteins are secreted. The results allow to predict the secretory destination of both GIP and NPP1 proteins and confirm RNAi as a potential alternative biological tool in the control and management of P. cinnamomi. Keywords:
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studies using UV as a source of DNA damage. However, even though unrepaired UV-induced DNA damages are related to mutagenesis, cell death and tumorigenesis, they do not explain phenotypes such as neurodegeneration and internal tumors observed in patients with syndromes like Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne Syndrome (CS) that are associated with NER deficiency. Recent evidences point to a role of NER in the repair of 8-oxodG, a typical substrate of Base Excision Repair (BER). Since deficiencies in BER result in genomic instability, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, it was investigated in this research the impact of XPC deficiency on BER functions in human cells. It was analyzed both the expression and the cellular localization of APE1, OGG1 e PARP-1, the mainly BER enzymes, in different NER-deficient human fibroblasts. The endogenous levels of these enzymes are reduced in XPC deficient cells. Surprisingly, XP-C fibroblasts were more resistant to oxidative agents than the other NER deficient fibroblasts, despite presenting the highest of 8-oxodG. Furthermore, subtle changes in the nuclear and mitochondrial localization of APE1 were detected in XP-C fibroblasts. To confirm the impact of XPC deficiency in the regulation of APE1 and OGG1 expression and activity, we constructed a XPC-complemented cell line. Although the XPC complementation was only partial, we found that XPC-complemented cells presented increased levels of OGG1 than XPC-deficient cells. The extracts from XPC-complemented cells also presented an elevated OGG1 enzimatic activity. However, it was not observed changes in APE1 expression and activity in the XPCcomplemented cells. In addition, we found that full-length APE1 (37 kDa) and OGG1- α are in the mitochondria of XPC-deficient fibroblasts and XPC-complemented fibroblasts before and after induction of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the expression of APE1 and PARP-1 are not altered in brain and liver of XPC knockout mice. However, XPC deficiency changed the APE1 localization in hypoccampus and hypothalamus. We also observed a physical interaction between XPC and APE1 proteins in human cells. In conclusion, the data suggest that XPC protein has a role in the regulation of OGG1 expression and activity in human cells and is involved mainly in the regulation of APE1 localization in mice. Aditionally, the response of NER deficient cells under oxidative stress may not be only associated to the NER deficiency per se, but it may include the new functions of NER enzymes in regulation of expression and cell localization of BER proteins
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The mobilization of food reserves in storage tissues and allocation of their hydrolysis products in the growing axis are critical processes for the establishment of seedlings after germination. Therefore, it is crucial for mobilization of reserves to be synchronized with the growing axis, so that photosynthetic activity can be started before depletion of reserves. For this, integrative approaches involving different reserves, different hydrolysis products and interaction between storage and growing axis tissues, either through hormones or metabolites with signaling role, can contribute greatly to the elucidation of the regulation mechanisms for reserve mobilization. In this study, was hypothesized that hormones and metabolites have different actions on reserve mobilization, and there must be a crossed effect of sugars on the mobilization of proteins and amino acids on lipids and starch mobilization in sunflower seedlings. This study was conducted with seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid Helio 253 using in vitro culture system. Seeds were germinated on Germitest® paper and grown on agar-water 4 g/L without addition of nutrients during 9 days after imbibition (DAI) for growth curve. To verify the effect of metabolites and hormones, seedlings were transferred in the 2nd DAI to agar-water 4 g/L supplemented with increasing concentrations of sucrose or L-glutamine, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid or indolebutyric acid. The results of this study confirm that the mobilization of lipids and storage proteins occurs in a coordinated manner during post-germination growth in sunflower, corroborating the hypothesis that the application of external carbon (sucrose) and nitrogen (L-glutamine) sources can delay the mobilization of these reserves in a crossed way. Moreover, considering the changes in the patterns of reserve mobilization and partition of their products in seedlings treated with different growth regulators, it is evident that the effects of metabolites and hormones must involve, at least in part, distinct mechanisms of action
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El ácido lisofosfatídico (LPA) es un fosfolípido sencillo con propiedades de señalización extracelular mediadas por receptores de membrana específicos acoplados a proteínas G. Actualmente se conocen hasta 6 tipos de receptores diferentes para el LPA. El receptor LPA1 se expresa en la zona neurogénica del cerebro en desarrollo, en la zona ventricular (VZ), lo que sugiere su implicación en la neurogénesis. A pesar de los numerosos estudios farmacológicos que han aportado datos de los efectos del LPA en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) utilizando modelos in vitro, no es sino hasta que se dispuso de animales carentes del receptor, cuando se avanzó en el estudio de la función específica del receptor. Los primeros ratones obtenidos que permitían el estudio de pérdida de función del receptor LPA1 mostraron una alta mortalidad perinatal pero abrían una puerta excelente a nuevos estudios de caracterización del SNC en ausencia de vías específicas de señalización por LPA. En el presente trabajo se muestran resultados que demuestran una función destacada del receptor LPA1 en los precursores neuronales corticales durante el desarrollo cerebral, resultantes del análisis de la neurogénesis en una variante, que hemos venido a denominar Málaga, de un ratón nulo para-LPA1. Esta variante surge de forma espontánea durante la expansión de la colonia original y porta un fenotipo con defectos observables en el SNC, a la vez que muestra una viabilidad perinatal casi completa, lo que ha permitido su caracterización. Nuestros resultados muestran alteraciones significativas en la neurogénesis cortical embrionaria, en el patrón proliferativo de la zona ventricular, afectando al tipo de división y la posterior diferenciación, con expresión de marcadores neuronales de forma prematura en la capa cortical y alteración de la expresión de factores de transcripción. Estos defectos de la neurogénesis en ausencia de la vía de señalización por LPA1 se asocian con defectos en el patrón migratorio neuronal, indicativos de alteraciones de tipo estructural y funcional, y que generan, en última instancia, una reducción del grosor de la pared cortical y del número de neuronas en diferentes capas corticales, especialmente las profundas donde se detecta, además, un nivel inusualmente mayor de apoptosis. Los resultados que mostramos en esta memoria reflejan, con ello, la necesidad del receptor LPA1 para el desarrollo normal cerebral y acentúan el importante papel que el modelo de animal nulo para LPA1 de la variedad Málaga ha representado para el estudio de la señalización mediada por este receptor. A la fecha actual, el uso de este ratón ha permitido un avance muy significativo en el campo y sigue siendo objeto de estudio por nuestro grupo de investigación y por diferentes colaboradores a nivel nacional e internacional.
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Dopamine (DA) is known to regulate both sleep and memory formations, while sleep plays a critical role in the consolidation of different types of memories. We believe that pharmacological manipulation of dopaminergic pathways might disrupt the sleep-wake cycle, leading to mnemonic deficits, which can be observed in both behavioral and molecular levels. Therefore, here we investigated how systemic injections of haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg), immediately after training in dark and light periods, affects learning assessed in the novel object preference test (NOPT) in mice. We also investigated the hippocampal levels of the plasticity-related proteins Zif-268, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II (CaMKII-P) in non-exposed (naïve), vehicle-injected controls and haloperidol-treated mice at 3, 6 and 12 hours after training in the light period. Haloperidol administration during the light period led to a subsequent impairment in the NOPT. In contrast, preference was not observed during the dark period neither in mice injected with haloperidol, nor in vehicle-injected animals. A partial increase of CaMKII-P in the hippocampal field CA3 of vehicle-injected mice was detected at 3h. Haloperidol-treated mice showed a significant decrease in the dentate gyrus of CaMKII-P levels at 3, 6 and 12h; of Zif-268 levels at 6h, and of BDNF levels at 12h after training. Since the mnemonic effects of haloperidol were only observed in the light period when animals tend to sleep, we suggest that these effects are related to REM sleep disruption after haloperidol injection
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Propósito y Método del Estudio: Determinar los perfiles de expresión de proteínas en orina en pacientes agrupados de acuerdo a las complicaciones presentadas post trasplante (TR) y detectar su variación al modificar la terapia. Fue un estudio observacional, longitudinal, analítico y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes que fueron sometidos a trasplante y estuvieron de acuerdo en participar en el protocolo. Se recolectaron muestras de orina pretrasplante y cada tercer día desde el momento del trasplante. Las muestras fueron almacenadas a -70ºC hasta el momento de su análisis por marcaje peptídico mediante isótopos isobáricos para la cuantificación relativa (iTRAQ). Se agrupó a los pacientes con complicaciones por infección confirmado por cultivos y rechazo agudo confirmado por biopsia. Se establecieron 4 fases de estudio: pre trasplante, post TR previo a complicación, post TR con complicación en curso y post TR complicación tratada. Contribuciones y Conclusiones: De Enero de 2009 a Mayo de 2013 se incluyeron a 22 pacientes: 10 mujeres (45%) y 12 hombres (55%) con una edad promedio de 45+ 15 años. Solo 12 pacientes presentaron complicaciones en el post TR: 2 pacientes con rechazo agudo al injerto (GR) (1hombre, 1 mujer); y 10 pacientes (6 hombres, 4 mujeres) en el grupo de infecciones (GI). Para el análisis por iTRAQ se hizo la cuantificación relativa comparando la presencia de las proteínas en las diferentes fases de estudio. Para el grupo de rechazo agudo, se encontraron 345 proteínas, de las cuales solo 15 cumplieron los criterios de aceptación de la técnica (score >30, > 2 péptidos identificados con el 95% de confianza). Para el grupo de infecciones se encontraron 113 de las cuales 28 cumplieron los criterios de aceptación de la técnica. Conclusiones: La albúmina fue la única proteína encontrada en ambos grupos de estudio, el resto de las proteínas 14 en el GR y 27 en GI fueron diferentes. Las 5 proteínas con mayor scores en GR fueron alfa 1 microglobulina, 5' nucleosidasa citosólica, Proteína 4 de unión a retinol, proteína de membrana 4 palmitolada y serin carboxipeptidasa mientras que en GI: acetil coenzima A sintetasa mitocondrial, adenosil homocisteinasa 2, proteína de dedo de zinc GLIS1isoforma X1, proteína putativa de la isoforma FAM157B, proteína de dedo de zinc 615 isoforma X6. Queda por dilucidar la participación de cada una de éstas en los pacientes con trasplante renal.
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Los organismos monitorean una serie de señales internas y externas para ajustar su comportamiento frente a diferentes entornos. Las proteínas encargadas de la transducción de señales son llamadas proteínas sensoriales, y éstas contienen dominios sensoriales que son sensibles a las señales tales como la absorción de la luz o la unión de una sustancia química o ligando; y dominios de respuesta que poseen actividad biológica. Algunas proteínas sensoriales contienen dominios Per-‐ARNT-‐Sim(PAS), estos dominios son relativamente pequeños, de aproximadamente 110 aminoácidos y han sido reportados en todos los reinos de la vida. En proteínas, un dominio se caracteriza por una secuencia de aminoácidos específica, sin embargo, los dominios PAS difieren de esta definición, pero sí se caracterizan por poseer una estructura definida que consta de cinco plegamientos beta antiparalelos flanqueados por varias alfa hélices cuya estructura les permite detectar cambios físicos y químicos. Estos dominios pueden activar diferentes dominios de respuesta, que en bacterias incluyen a fosfatasa e histidina quinasa. Se planteó la siguiente hipótesis: El dominio Per-‐ARNT-‐Sim(PAS) de RsbP es capaz de interactuar con distintos dominios derespuesta, ya sea fosfatasa o histidina quinasa formando estructuras cuaternarias definidas. El objetivo general es: Establecer la relación estructura-‐función de dominios PAS bacterianos determinando interacciones específicas con distintos dominios de respuesta. La metodología incluye las técnicas de clonación tradicionales, expresión y purificación de proteínas por medio de cromatografía por afinidad y por intercambio aniónico y finalmente el estudio del estado oligomérico por medio de cromatografía de exclusión. Contribuciones y Conclusiones: en el presente estudio se expresó, purificó y caracterizó el dominio sensorial PAS de RsbP (RsbP-‐PAS) y la proteína completa RsbP de B. subtilis. Estas proteínas seexpresaron y purificaron utilizando la proteína glutatión S-‐transferasa (GST) como proteína de fusión. Mediante cromatografía de exclusión por tamaño se determinó la estructura cuaternaria del dominio sensorial PAS de RsbP siendo un monómero y la proteína completa RsbP como tetrámero. Además en este estudio se llevó a cabo la construcción de dos proteínas quiméricas de RsbP. La primera esta compuesta de la siguiente manera, (RsbP-‐PAS) como domino sensorial, bucle enrollado, el cual conecta al domino sensorial con el dominio de respuesta, e histidina quinasa (PAS-‐HPK) como dominio de respuesta; y la segunda, (RsbP-‐PAS) como domino sensorial, el primer dominio PAS del fitocromo A que conecta ambos dominios y fosfatasa como dominio de respuesta (PAS-‐PASalt-‐PPM). Estas proteínas se expresaron utilizando la proteína glutatión S-‐transferasa como proteína de fusión la cual permite la purificación por afinidad. En el caso de PAS-‐HPK se obtuvo suficiente proteína soluble, sin embargo,PAS-‐PASalt-‐HPK mostró la presencia de cuerpos de inclusión los cuales disminuyen el rendimiento de proteína soluble y dificultansu purificación. Es importante señalar que en estudios posteriores se mejorará la obtención de proteína soluble de las proteínas quiméricas, para mejorar sus rendimientos de purificación y su caracterización y de esta manera conocer el estado oligomérico que éstas presentan; para corroborar la teoría que el dominio PAS puede activar diferentes dominios de respuesta ya sea con la presencia del bucle enrollado y/o la presencia de dominios PAS alternos; y posteriormente determinar los mecanismos de transducción de señales que estos dominios presentan.
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz