Factores del rendimiento y la calidad de la enseñanza universitaria.

A) Examinar los vínculos existentes entre las variables que definen el funcionamiento pedagógico de los centros de enseñanza superior y las formas de la ulterior inserción social de los alumnos que pasan por ellos. B) Analizar los componentes del rendimiento de los centros, tanto internos como externos, academicos y prácticos así como los niveles y las causas de satisfacción-insatisfaccion de los ex-alumnos y de las entidades en que trabajan.. A) 720 universitarios que componen ambas muestras (la de abandonos y la de titulados) del año 1978 de 3 carreras distintas de 9 centros de enseñanza superior (Escuelas Técnicas Superiores de Ingenieros Industriales, ICAI, Facultades de Ciencias Ecónomicas, Escuelas Universitarias de Estudios Empresariales) de Madrid, Barcelona y Valencia. B) 161 superiores jerárquicos de los alumnos encuestados. El estudio se centra en examinar la influencia del tipo de carrera y de las características del centro de enseñanza por el que se titulan el año 1978 una muestra de estudiantes que, a finales de 1981 son localizados y entrevistados y a los que se pide suministren los datos necesarios para entrevistar también a sus respectivos superiores jerárquicos en las entidades donde trabajan. Se han analizado dos tipos de indicadores de adaptación laboral: las declaraciones de satisfacción con su puesto de trabajo de los ex-alumnos y de adecuación de la formación de estos a las tareas que desempeñan, según sus superiores jerárquicos; y, por otro lado, las tasas de desempleo y el tipo de tareas desempeñadas por los ex-alumnos en sus actuales puestos de trabajo. Posteriormente, se ha analizado hasta que punto el sistema de enseñanza condiciona esta adaptación. Las variables independientes son: las características de los centros de enseñanza y las variables dependientes son: los tipos de situaciones socio-laborales de los ex-alumnos. Cuestionario sobre situación profesional de las personas con estudios universitarios, cuestionario relación universitarios/empresa, fuentes de datos, datos estadísticos, expedientes académicos, actas de exámenes. Cuadros. A) Los ex-alumnos de los 9 centros analizados (con excepción de los de ICAI) se muestran extraordinariamente insatisfechos de la experiencia que habían tenido en su centro de estudios y, además, en todos los casos, muy decepcionados con las expectativas de prestigio social y de ingresos. B) Se han modificado las características generales de los puestos de trabajo que se ofrecen a los jovenes universitarios, en el sentido de una homogeneización progresiva de los mismos. C) La calidad de enseñanza entendida como conocimientos científico-técnicos recibidos es buena, pero su utilidad para desempeñar un trabajo es pequeña. D) Los ex-alumnos evaluan su experiencia en los centros, como elementos más negativamente apreciado la organización de la enseñanza y el más positivo, el profesorado. E) Hoy se pide al universitario una formación humana. F) Son necesarios planes de estudios más generales, con menos asignaturas y especialidades.

El Proyecto Plumier.

El artículo forma parte de un monográfico dedicado las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación

La formación inicial de los maestros en la actualidad : historia de una inconsecuencia.

Monográfico con el título: 'Formación inicial del profesorado'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Cr??tica y nostalgia de los Movimientos de Renovaci??n Pedag??gica : el MRP "Tamonante"

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: La Libreta. ???Extra 25 a??os???

Programas de orientaci??n y empleo con apoyo de personas con discapacidad intelectual : modelos y estrategias de intervenci??n

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Mestizaje, cholificación y blanqueamiento en Quito: primera mitad del siglo XX

El presente volumen da cuenta de las transformaciones físicas, sociales y humanas de la ciudad de Quito impulsadas por los permanentes y aluviales flujos de inmigrantes interioranos durante una época de transición: la primera mitad del siglo XX. La parte medular de esta investigación gira en torno al análisis de los procesos de transfiguración o de mutación étnica y cultural que afectaron tanto a los nuevos como a los viejos residentes de la ciudad, procesos que la historiografía contemporánea y la literatura sociológica han denominado: mestizaje, cholificación y blanqueamiento. La comprensión de los mismos ha sido posible gracias al estudio de dos elementos. En primer lugar, de las etiquetas de carácter estigmatizante: “longo”, “cholo” y “chagra” y de los autoalusivos identificatorios de “chulla” o “gente decente”, que surgieron, se reactivaron y alcanzaron un evidente auge en dicho período. En segundo lugar, del esclarecimiento de las prácticas culturales que constituyeron y definieron a los actores mencionados, y que dan cuenta de las profundas transformaciones culturales acaecidas en la ciudad. En definitiva, el presente estudio destaca el aporte de los inmigrantes interioranos de origen rural y pueblerino a la modernización de la urbe, al mismo tiempo que entrega importantes elementos para esclarecer los problemas fundamentales del mestizaje, a saber: la etnogenesis, la identidad y la cultura de los mestizos.

Splanchnic metabolism of nitrogenous compounds and urinary nitrogen excretion in steers fed alfalfa under conditions of increased absorption of ammonia and L-arginine supply across the portal-drained viscera

Effects of increased ammonia and/or arginine absorption across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) on net splanchnic (PDV and liver) metabolism of nitrogenous compounds and urinary N excretion were investigated in six cathetenzed Hereford x Angus steers (501 +/- 1 kg BW) fed a 75% alfalfa:25% (as-fed basis) corn-soybean meal diet (0.523 MJ of ME/[kg BW0.15.d]) every 2 h without (27.0 g of N/kg of dietary DM) and with 20 g of urea/kg of dietary DM (35.7 g of N/kg of dietary DM) in a split-plot design. Net splanchnic flux measurements were obtained immediately before beginning and ending a 72-h mesenteric vein infusion of L-arginine (15 mmol/h). For 3 d before and during arginine infusion, daily urine voided was measured and analyzed for N composition. Feeding urea increased PDV absorption (P < 0.01) and hepatic removal (P < 0.01) of ammonia N, accounting for 80% of increased hepatic urea N output (P < 0.01). Numerical increases in net hepatic removal of AA N could account for the remaining portion of increased hepatic urea N output. Arginine infusion increased hepatic arginine removal (P < 0.01) and hepatic urea N output (P < 0.03) and switched hepatic ornithine flux from net uptake to net output (P < 0.01), but numerical changes in net hepatic removal of ammonia and AA N could not account fully for the increase in hepatic urea N output. Increases in urine N excretion equaled quantities of N fed as urea or infused as arginine. Estimated salivary urea N excretion was not changed by either treatment. Urea cycle regulation occurs via a complex interaction of mechanisms and requires N sources other than ammonia, but the effect of increased ammonia absorption on hepatic catabolism of individual AA in the present study was not significant.

The regulation of sweet cherry fruit abscission by polar auxin transport

Inconsistency of cropping is an important problem for UK sweet cherry production. Premature fruit abscission in Prunus can reduce yields severely, however, the environmental cues and hormonal signals that trigger abscission have not been identified. Auxin (IAA) is known to delay abscission by reducing the sensitivity of cells in the abscission zone to ethylene, a promoter of abscission. Therefore, the capacity for polar auxin transport (PAT) through sweet cherry pedicels was examined in relation to fruit abscission. Cherry ‘spurs’ (short shoots) with similar leaf areas and different fruit numbers were phloem-girdled to restrict assimilate movement. Abscission from spurs with many fruit (eight or more) occurred within 14 days of girdling, whereas abscission from spurs with few (two) fruit was minimal. The pedicels’ capacity for PAT in spurs with different fruit numbers was determined 1, 3 and 9 days after girdling (DAG). Fruit were analysed for endogenous IAA concentration 3, 5, 7 and 9 DAG. PAT inhibitors 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid or 1-N-naphthylphtalamic acid were applied to pedicels of fruit not expected to abscise, i.e. on spurs with few fruit. The effect of these inhibitors on fruit abscission was determined 14 DAG. The proportion of the transported [3H]-IAA was lower from the outset in pedicels from spurs with many fruit. By 9 DAG, symptoms of fruit abscission were apparent and 40% less [3H] -IAA was transported through pedicels on spurs with many fruit. Fruit endogenous IAA concentrations were similar in the two groups of spurs. Application of PAT inhibitors shortly after girdling increased fruit abscission by 30%. The results suggest that although a decline in PAT is not the only cause of fruit abscission, the maintenance of PAT contributes to fruit retention.

A genetic linkage map of microsatellite, gene-specific and morphological markers in diploid Fragaria

Diploid Fragaria provide a potential model for genomic studies in the Rosaceae. To develop a genetic linkage map of diploid Fragaria, we scored 78 markers (68 microsatellites, one sequence-characterised amplified region, six gene-specific markers and three morphological traits) in an interspecific F2 population of 94 plants generated from a cross of F.vesca f. semperflorens × F. nubicola. Co-segregation analysis arranged 76 markers into seven discrete linkage groups covering 448 cM, with linkage group sizes ranging from 100.3 cM to 22.9 cM. Marker coverage was generally good; however some clustering of markers was observed on six of the seven linkage groups. Segregation distortion was observed at a high proportion of loci (54%), which could reflect the interspecific nature of the progeny and, in some cases, the self-incompatibility of F. nubicola. Such distortion may also account for some of the marker clustering observed in the map. One of the morphological markers, pale-green leaf (pg) has not previously been mapped in Fragaria and was located to the mid-point of linkage group VI. The transferable nature of the markers used in this study means that the map will be ideal for use as a framework for additional marker incorporation aimed at enhancing and resolving map coverage of the diploid Fragaria genome. The map also provides a sound basis for linkage map transfer to the cultivated octoploid strawberry.

Metal complexes of a tetraazacyclophane: solution and molecular modelling studies

An alternative synthetic approach to yield the compound 2,3,5,6,8,9,11,14-octahydrobenzo[1][ 1,4,7,10]tetraazacyclotetradecine (bz[14]N-4) is presented. The protonation constants of bz[14]N-4 and the stability constants of its complexes with Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ were determined in H2O at 25degreesC with ionic strength 0.10 mol dm(-3) in KNO3 and they were compared with structurally related macrocycles cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). These studies indicate that only 1 : 1 ( M : L) species are formed in solution, and the ligand exhibits a high affinity for larger ions such as Cd2+ and Pb2+. The X-ray study of [bz[14]N4H3](3+) shows that an inclusion compound with a chloride counter-anion is formed through NH...Cl hydrogen bonds. Spectroscopic data in solution ( electronic and NMR spectra) showed that the macrocycle adopts a planar arrangement upon metal complexation. Molecular mechanics calculations reveal that in spite of the presence of the benzene ring in the macrocyclic framework this ligand can encapsulate metal ions with different stereo-electronic sizes in square planar arrangements. Our results indicate that the presence of the benzene ring in the backbone of the bz[14]N-4 confers a coordination behaviour intermediate between that of cyclam and cyclen.

Wheat glutenin proteins assemble into a nanostructure with unusual structural features

The proteins of wheat have a known propensity to aggregate into a variety of forms. We report here a novel nanostructure from wheat proteins, derived from a crude extract of high molecular weight glutenins. The structure was characterised by a significant thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence and a fibrillar morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ThT fluorescence and TEM data are suggestive of an amyloid structure, but the X-ray fibre diffraction data show a reflection pattern (4.02, 4.2-4.3, 4.6, 12.9,19.3 and 38.7 angstrom) inconsistent with both the classic amyloid form and the previously described beta-helix structure. The 4.6 angstrom reflection is consistent with that predicted for the amyloid inter-beta-strand, and the absence of the inter-beta-sheet distance at approximate to 10-11 angstrom is not unprecedented in amyloid-like structures. However, our observed X-ray reflection pattern has not been previously reported and suggests a novel wheat glutenin nanostructure. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New furoquinoline alkaloid and flavanone glycoside derivatives from the leaves of Oricia suaveolens and Oricia renieri (Rutaceae)

Fractionation of the methanol extract of the leaves of Oricia renieri and Oricia suaveolens (Rutaceae) led to the isolation of 13 compounds including the hitherto unknown furoquinoline alkaloid named 6,7-methylenedioxy-5-hydroxy-8-methoxydictamnine (1) and a flavanone glycoside named 5-hydroxy-40-methoxy-7-O-[a-Lrhamnopyranosyl(1000→500)-b-D-apiofuranosyl]-flavanoside (2), together with 11 known compounds (3–13). The structures of the compounds were determined by comprehensive analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectral data and comparison. All compounds isolated were examined for their activity against human carcinoma cell lines. The alkaloids 1, 5, 12, 13 and the phenolic 2, 8, 11 tested compounds exhibited non-selective moderate cytotoxic activity with IC50 8.7–15.9mM whereas compounds 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10 showed low activity.

Condensed tannins in extracts from European medicinal plants and herbal products

Medicinal plant materials are not usually analysed for condensed tannins (CT). Thirty commercially available European medicinal plants and herbal products were screened for CT and fourteen CT samples were analysed in detail. This is also the first comprehensive CT analysis of pine buds, walnut leaves, heather flowers and great water dock roots. Acetone/water extracts contained between 3.2 and 25.9 g CT/100 g of extract, had CT with mean degrees of polymerisation of 2.9 to 13.3, procyanidin/prodelphinidin ratios of 1.6/98.4 to 100/0 and cis/trans flavan-3-ol ratios of 17.7/82.3 to 97.3/2.7. The majority of samples contained procyanidins, four contained A-type linkages (blackthorn flowers, heather flowers, bilberry leaves and cowberry leaves) and one sample also had galloylated procyanidins (great water dock roots).

Diet quality of persons living with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy

Background This study sought to assess the diet quality of individuals living with HIV/AIDS who were receiving antiretroviral therapy in Sao Paulo Brazil,. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 56 HIV-infected adults. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected, and diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), modified for Brazilians, which included ten components: adequacy of intake of six different food groups, total fat, cholesterol, dietary fibre and dietary variety. Results Among the individuals assessed, 64.3% of the participants had a diet needing improvement, while 8.7% had a poor diet. The overall HEI score was 68.3 points (SD = 14.9). Mean scores were low for fruits, vegetables, dairy products and dietary fibre; and high for meats and eggs, total fat and cholesterol. The overall HEI score was higher among individuals who were not overweight (P = 0.003), who were also more likely to achieve dietary goals for dairy products (P = 0.039) and grains (P = 0.005). Conclusion Most of these adults living with HIV/AIDS had diets that required improvement, and being overweight was associated with poorer diet quality. Nutritional interventions aimed at maintaining healthy body weight and diet should be taken into account in caring for HIV-infected people.

Sanitation assessment of wastewater treated by stabilization ponds for potential reuse in agricultural irrigation sanitation assessment

Wastewater reuse has become an important alternative to agricultural irrigation; on the other hand, it poses concern with regard to public health. Total coliform and Escherichia coli concentration, presence of helminth eggs and Salmonella, and physical-chemical parameters were evaluated in raw and treated wastewater. Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiency was 74.6 and 77.9%, respectively. As for organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids, total efficiency removal was 17.4, 12.5, and 32.9%, respectively. The average density of total coliforms and E. coli was 3.5 x 10(9) and 1.8 x 10(8) MPN/100 mL and 1.1 x 10(7) MPN/100 mL and 3.9 x 10(5) MPN/100 mL for raw and treated wastewater, respectively. Ascaris eggs were observed in 80.8% of the samples collected, and viable eggs in 42.3% of the samples. Salmonella was detected in 36.4% of the samples. The values observed in treated wastewater did not show the adequate bacteriological quality, as recommended by World Health Organization (Geneva, Switzerland). Therefore, additional measures should be taken to achieve an improved microbiological and parasitological quality.