Turbokoneen rakenneoptimointi ja mittausjärjestelyt

Tässä diplomityössä käsitellään erään tuotekehitysprojektissa tehdyn turbokoneen prototyypin takuumittauksia. Takuumittauksilla on tarkoitus varmistaa alustavasti valmistetun prototyypin toimivuus. Mittauksista saatuja arvoja on lopuksi tarkoitus verrata suunnitteluarvoihin, jolloin nähdäänkuinka hyvin suunnitelmat ja alustavat suunnittelulaskelmat ovat onnistuneet koskien tätä turbokonetta. Työssä esitellään pääpiirteissään laitteen toiminta. Takuumittauksia varten tarpeelli-set mitattavat suureet ja vaihtoehtoiset mittausmenetelmät on esitelty. Lisäksi on suunniteltu mittausjärjestelmä PI-kaavioineen, jolla pystytään saamaan riittävän kat-tava mittaustulos laajuus. Työssä on myös esitelty miten mittaustuloksista saadaan tarvittavat vertailuarvot verrattavaksi alustaviin suunnittelulaskelmiin. Tämä diplomityö on tehty, että alustavat mittaussuunnitelmat olisi valmiina olemassa jotta varsinainen takuumittauslaitteisto pystytään rakentamaan nopeasti turbokoneen prototyypin valmistuttua. Lopuksi saadun mittausotannan käsitteleminen on myös selvempää, koska riittävät teoreettiset perusteet mittausaineiston käsittelemiseen on myös kerätty tähän työhön. Työssä käsiteltävän mittausjärjestelmän pääpaino on virtaus ja lämpöteknisillä mitta-uksilla. Myös sähköteknisiä mittauksia ja turbokoneen rakenteellisen toimivuuden mittauksia on käsitelty tässä työssä. Tässä diplomityö antaa kattavat perustiedot tarvittaviin mittausmenetelmiin ja miten varsinainen mittaustieto saadaan jalostettua vertailtavaan muotoon. Siinä käsitellään myös vaikeuksia joita toimivanmittausjärjestelmän kehittämisessä on otettava huo-mioon.  

Jätehuoltosuunnitelma Pohjois-Karjalan keskussairaalan laajennus K:ssa

Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli suunnitella toimiva jätehuoltoPohjois-Karjalan keskussairaalan alueelle vuosina 2007-2008 rakennettavaan laajennus K:hon. Tavoitteena oli löytää kustannustehokas ja hyvin vanhan rakennuskannan logistiikan kanssa yhteen toimiva jätehuollon vaihtoehto. Suunnittelua ohjasivat lakien, asetusten ja muiden määräyksien ohella laajennuksen pitkälle edennyt suunnitteluvaihe ja vanhan rakennuskannan jätehuollon toimintatavat. Jätehuolto on yksi merkittävä osa sairaalan perustehtävää palvelevista tukitoiminnoista. Jätehuoltojärjestelmä on sairaanhoitotyötä palveleva, jos järjestelyt ovat loogisia, toimivia ja logistiset yhteydet ovat mahdollisimman lyhyitä. Nykyinen ihmistyövoiman käyttöön perustuva jätehuollon prosessi on esitetty varsin tarkasti, sillä laajennuksen jätehuoltosuunnitelman on käytännön syistä pohjauduttava nykyiseen toimintatapaan. Työssä esitetään uusia jätehuollon vaihtoehtoja kustannusarvioineen, mutta ehdotukset jäävät lähinnä visiotasolle laajennuksen pitkälle ehtineen suunnitteluvaiheen vuoksi. Konkreettiset vaihtoehdot koskevat jätejakeiden keräystä ja niiden kuljetuksia. Keskus sairaalan jätehuollon tehostaminen vaatii kokonaisvaltaisen jätehuoltosuunnitelman laatimista koko sairaalan alueelle. Sen myötä on mahdollista lisätä kustannustehokkuutta ottamalla käyttöön teknisiä ratkaisuja. Jätehuoltosuunnitelma laajennukseen on työssä tehty, mutta työn suurimmaksi saavutukseksi jää kuitenkin esitys myöhempien hakkeiden jätehuollon suunnittelun aikaistamisesta jo hankesuunnitteluvaiheeseen.

Evidence of recombination in putative ancient asexuals.

Ancient asexuals have been considered to be a contradiction of the basic tenets of evolutionary theory. Barred from rearranging genetic variation by recombination, their reduced number of gene arrangements is thought to hamper their response to changing environments. For the same reason, it should be difficult for them to avoid the build-up of deleterious mutations. Several groups of taxonomically diverse organisms are thought to be ancient asexuals, although clear evidence for or against the existence of recombination events is scarce. Several methods have recently been developed for predicting recombination events by analyzing aligned sequences of a given region of DNA that all originate from one species. The methods are based on phylogenetic, substitution, and compatibility analyses. Here we present the results of analyses of sequence data from different loci studied in several groups of evolutionarily distant species that are considered to be ancient asexuals, using seven different types of analysis. The groups of organisms were the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales), Darwinula stevensoni (Darwinuloidea crustacean ostracods) and the bdelloid rotifers (Bdelloidea), which are thought to have been asexual for the last 400, 25-100, and 35-40 Myr, respectively. The seven different analytical methods evaluated the evolutionary relationships among haplotypes, and these methods had previously been shown to be reliable for predicting the occurrence of recombination events. Despite the different degree of genetic variation among the different groups of organisms, at least some evidence for recombination was found in all species groups. In particular, predictions of recombination events in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were frequent. Predictions of recombination were also found for sequence data that have previously been used to infer the absence of recombination in bdelloid rotifers. Although our results have to be taken with some caution because they could signal very ancient recombination events or possibly other genetic variation of nonrecombinant origin, they suggest that some cryptic recombination events may exist in these organisms.

Projets de coopération universitaire : l'émergence de nouvelles structures de gouvernance

Depuis le début des années quatre-vingt-dix, le modèle classique de l'université est fortement remis en question: pénétration accrue des acteurs privés, attentes de la société civile, contractualisation et «horizontalisation» des relations, etc. L'université bouge et doit s'adapter à un environnement en mutation. En Suisse, les projets de coopération inter universités semblent être une des réponses privilégiées par les acteurs dominants du système pour faire face à ces changements. Toutefois, la mise en place de nouveaux arrangements institutionnels notamment sous la forme de réseaux d'enseignement et de recherche ne va pas sans soulever de nombreuses interrogations. Premièrement, et notamment du fait de bases légales peu développées, les collaborations institutionnalisées n'ont pas toutes la même configuration. Nous devons donc nous questionner sur les formes concrètes prises par ces réseaux d'enseignement et de recherche et sur les raisons qui ont conduit à l'adoption d'un type particulier de structure de coopération. Ensuite, comme ces structures ne viennent pas remplacer, mais plutôt se superposer à celles préexistantes, il convient de comprendre la redistribution du pouvoir au sein de formes institutionnelles complexes. Plus précisément, l'analyse de la nouvelle répartition des compétences entre les institutions hiérarchiques (les universités) et les coopérations (réseaux) en particulier sous l'angle de l'autonomie dont ces dernières disposent, se révèle être un angle d'approche fructueux. Finalement, la question de l'évaluation de ces nouvelles formes de gouvernance va se poser. Outre les formes prises par ces structures, une discussion doit être menée autour des limites démocratiques de cette nouvelle forme du secteur public. Ce working paper présente dans un premier temps quelques facteurs qui ont contraints les universités à une remise en cause de leurs structures de gouvernance. Il introduit ensuite quelques éléments théoriques faisant référence aux théories portant sur les réseaux et plus particulièrement à l'approche institutionnelle de ceux-ci. La troisième partie de ce papier présente brièvement les structures de gouvernance du système universitaire helvétique ainsi que les récentes pressions au changement ayant favorisé la mise en place de ces réseaux. Finalement, la quatrième partie étudie, au travers de six cas de coopérations inter-universitaires suisses, la forme prise par ces réseaux, essentiellement sous l'angle de leur degré d'autonomie.

Institutionaalinen luottamus - yrityksen ei-henkilöityvä luottamuksen ulottuvuus työntekijän näkökulmasta

Ylläpitääkseen kilpailuetua ja menestyäkseen markkinoilla yritysten tulee teknologisen ja liiketoimintaosaamisen lisäksi hallita tehokas sisäinen toimintansa. Tieto on tärkein tuotannontekijä ja sen jakaminen yrityksessä onkriittistä innovaatioiden syntymisen kannalta. Luottamus edistää tiedon luomista ja jakamista. Luottamusta yrityksissä on tutkittu pääasiassa henkilöiden välisenä luottamuksena omiin esimiehiin ja kollegoihin. Kansainvälisistä omistaja- jamuista yritysjärjestelyistä johtuen yritysten sisäinenkin toiminta on usein maantieteellisesti hajautettua, mikä vähentää henkilöiden välisten luottamussuhteiden syntymistä. Tällaisissa tilanteissa yritykseen itseensä kohdistuva ei-henkilöityvä luottamus täydentää tutkimusten mukaan vähäisiä henkilöiden välisiä luottamussuhteita. Yrityksen ei-henkilöityvää luottamusta on tutkittu vain vähän ja kokonaisvaltaista teoriapohjaista ja/tai empiiristä tutkimusta ei ole tehty tai sitä ei ole raportoitu. Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tutkittiin, mitä yrityksen institutionaalinen luottamus on ja mistä se muodostuu. Tutkielman teoriatausta nousee sosiologian, taloustieteen ja sosiaalipsykologian eri teorioista sekä aikaisemmasta monitieteisestä luottamustutkimuksesta. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin neljässä fokusryhmäkeskustelussa ja aineisto analysoitiin sekä aineistolähtöisesti että teoriaohjaavasti hyödyntäen ATLAS.ti kvalitatiivisen aineiston analyysiohjelmaa. Työn keskeisenä tuloksena oli teorian ja empirian synteesinä muodostunutyrityksen institutionaalisen luottamuksen määritelmä. Yrityksen institutionaalisella luottamuksella tarkoitetaan yksilön odotuksia työnantajayrityksen kyvykkyydelle ja oikeudenmukaisuudelle. Kyvykkyydellä tarkoitetaan yrityksen havaittua kyvykkyyttä menestyä markkinoilla jatkuvasti ja organisoida sisäinen toimintansa tehokkaasti ja varmasti. Oikeudenmukaisuudella tarkoitetaan koettua oikeudenmukaista henkilöstöpolitiikkaa ja hyvää työnantajamainetta.

Patents in the Information and Communications Technology Sector - Development Trends, Problem Areas and Pressures for Change

The patent system was created for the purpose of promoting innovation by granting the inventors a legally defined right to exclude others in return for public disclosure. Today, patents are being applied and granted in greater numbers than ever, particularly in new areas such as biotechnology and information andcommunications technology (ICT), in which research and development (R&D) investments are also high. At the same time, the patent system has been heavily criticized. It has been claimed that it discourages rather than encourages the introduction of new products and processes, particularly in areas that develop quickly, lack one-product-one-patent correlation, and in which theemergence of patent thickets is characteristic. A further concern, which is particularly acute in the U.S., is the granting of so-called 'bad patents', i.e. patents that do not factually fulfil the patentability criteria. From the perspective of technology-intensive companies, patents could,irrespective of the above, be described as the most significant intellectual property right (IPR), having the potential of being used to protect products and processes from imitation, to limit competitors' freedom-to-operate, to provide such freedom to the company in question, and to exchange ideas with others. In fact, patents define the boundaries of ownership in relation to certain technologies. They may be sold or licensed on their ownor they may be components of all sorts of technology acquisition and licensing arrangements. Moreover, with the possibility of patenting business-method inventions in the U.S., patents are becoming increasingly important for companies basing their businesses on services. The value of patents is dependent on the value of the invention it claims, and how it is commercialized. Thus, most of them are worth very little, and most inventions are not worth patenting: it may be possible to protect them in other ways, and the costs of protection may exceed the benefits. Moreover, instead of making all inventions proprietary and seeking to appropriate as highreturns on investments as possible through patent enforcement, it is sometimes better to allow some of them to be disseminated freely in order to maximize market penetration. In fact, the ideology of openness is well established in the software sector, which has been the breeding ground for the open-source movement, for instance. Furthermore, industries, such as ICT, that benefit from network effects do not shun the idea of setting open standards or opening up their proprietary interfaces to allow everyone todesign products and services that are interoperable with theirs. The problem is that even though patents do not, strictly speaking, prevent access to protected technologies, they have the potential of doing so, and conflicts of interest are not rare. The primary aim of this dissertation is to increase understanding of the dynamics and controversies of the U.S. and European patent systems, with the focus on the ICT sector. The study consists of three parts. The first part introduces the research topic and the overall results of the dissertation. The second part comprises a publication in which academic, political, legal and business developments that concern software and business-method patents are investigated, and contentiousareas are identified. The third part examines the problems with patents and open standards both of which carry significant economic weight inthe ICT sector. Here, the focus is on so-called submarine patents, i.e. patentsthat remain unnoticed during the standardization process and then emerge after the standard has been set. The factors that contribute to the problems are documented and the practical and juridical options for alleviating them are assessed. In total, the dissertation provides a good overview of the challenges and pressures for change the patent system is facing,and of how these challenges are reflected in standard setting.

Careers of Managers, Comparison between ICT and Paper Business Sectors

The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how the managers build their early career in information and communication technology industry (ICT business sector) and pulp- and paper industry (paper business sector). The focus of the study is to explore the importance differing a business sectors have in influencing managerial careers. Business sectors can affect careers in several ways.Sectors have different history and traditions. Also the age structure of ICT personnel differs from the age structure of personnel in the paper industry. Managers in the ICT and paper sector are technically educated but in different disciplines. Differences exist also in ways of recruiting and developing commitment inpersonnel. The target group of this research, middle management engineering personnel, work in Finnish ICT and paper companies. Research data were gathered in April-December 2002 in South-Karelia by interviewing 30 managers and six directors working in three Finnish ICT companies and in three paper companies. The research issue is approached on two levels: the individual level and the organizational level. The managers related their career stories in focused interviews. Directors, representing the organizations, described the generalities of the business sector and gave background information on company policies, human relationshippractices, as well as career and human resource development. Results of the study contribute to research discussions of career, life-span reasoning, socialization and commitment. Career is conceived as a series of positions including everykind of hierarchical mobility and all kinds of positions in work. A manager's career develops in interaction with the organization and it can be seen as involving a socializing process in an organization as a consequence of experiences andchanges in positions. This research contributes to the understanding of the nature of career in the context of two business sectors. Universal career theories,for the most part, do not perceive the importance of business sector in determining career experience. This study concentrates on describing and understanding early careers in two different business areas, elements committing managers to particular business sectors and the actions of companies in that particular sector. While career research began in the middle of 1950s, the theoretical basis of career research seems to be quite fragmented still. However, a dichotomy is consistently presented between traditional, hierarchical career research and boundaryless career thinking. In this research we examine how these old and new career concepts are evidence in the ICT and paper sectors. Careers are changing from formal, hierarchy-based structures to more fluid arrangements. The new boundaryless career concept captures territory from old career thinking. Mobility between employers, networks, and changing hierarchical structures in organizations, as well as personal and family reasons are theorized to bring changes to careers patterns in the future. However, the pace of this change in careers will vary between the ICT and paper business sectors. Findings of this research indicate that business sector has an effect on how managerial careers develop. The environment where career is developed differs between ICT and paper sectors. Careers begin differently in the two environments and the speed of career progression is distinct. ICT careers are built within the business sector whereas paper careers are made inside one company. Also recruiting and socialization practices differ from one sector to the other.

Teories sobre l'estat de benestar

El sorgiment de l'estat de benestar al segle passat ha sofert diverses variacions i ha estat subjecte a distintes conceptualitzacions teòriques en vinculació a formes històricament anteriors de control de la pobresa vs. treball assalariat. Aquest i d'altres temes sobre la crisi actual de l'estat de benestar són objecte d'anàlisi en aquest article.

Genomic evidence for role of inversion 3RP of Drosophila melanogaster in facilitating climate change adaptation.

Chromosomal inversion polymorphisms are common in animals and plants, and recent models suggest that alternative arrangements spread by capturing different combinations of alleles acting additively or epistatically to favour local adaptation. It is also thought that inversions typically maintain favoured combinations for a long time by suppressing recombination between alternative chromosomal arrangements. Here, we consider patterns of linkage disequilibrium and genetic divergence in an old inversion polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster (In(3R)Payne) known to be associated with climate change adaptation and a recent invasion event into Australia. We extracted, karyotyped and sequenced whole chromosomes from two Australian populations, so that changes in the arrangement of the alleles between geographically separated tropical and temperate areas could be compared. Chromosome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis revealed strong LD within the region spanned by In(3R)Payne. This genomic region also showed strong differentiation between the tropical and the temperate populations, but no differentiation between different karyotypes from the same population, after controlling for chromosomal arrangement. Patterns of differentiation across the chromosome arm and in gene ontologies were enhanced by the presence of the inversion. These data support the notion that inversions are strongly selected by bringing together combinations of genes, but it is still not clear if such combinations act additively or epistatically. Our data suggest that climatic adaptation through inversions can be dynamic, reflecting changes in the relative abundance of different forms of an inversion and ongoing evolution of allelic content within an inversion.

Perusterveydenhuollon ja erikoissairaanhoidon käytön seuranta ja ennakointi kuntanäkökulmasta

Follow-up of utilisation and prediction of primary health care and hospital care from the municipality point of view. Planning, follow-up, and evaluation of primary health care within municipality entail comprehensive information about factors that influence health. In addition to populationbased research, various statistical data and registries serve as sources of information. The present study examined utilisation of primary health care and hospital care with the existing databases, registries, and categorization of Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) from the municipality (purchaser) point of view. Research involving the cases of Paimio, Sauvo, and Turku as examples of municipalities pointed out that, even in the small municipalities, it is possible to assess and predict health services to be offered to the inhabitants by following databases and registries. Health-related databases and registries include a plenty of possible uses that have not adequately been employed at the level of municipality. Descriptive futures research and community analysis formed the framework of the study. Descriptive futures research may be used to establish predictions based on past developmental traditions, and quantitative time trend analyses may be employed to make estimations about future events. Community analysis will assist in making conclusions about population- based health care needs, in assessing the functionality or effectiveness of the health care system, and in appropriately targeting limited resources. The aim of the present study was to describe the health service profile so that the arrangements and planning of health services as well as the contract negotiations of hospital care become easier within municipalities. Another aim was to assess the application of Hilmo (registry for posting hospital care periods), Aitta and Sotka (statistical databases) for the purposes of resource planning in the procurement of hospital care. A third aim was to evaluate how the system of the DRGs adapts in the prediction of retaining health services within short (1-year), intermediate (5-year) and long range (10-15-year) intervals. The findings indicated that the follow-up of primary health care utilisation combined with follow-up of hospital care utilisation allows municipalities to plan and predict health services when databases are applied. Information about the past contacts with the databases has indicated that the health care culture and incidence of disease change rather slowly in the area of investigation. For the purposes of health care research, it is recommended that methods of application used in making predictions about health care utilisation need to be further developed

Generation and interconnection capacity expansion in cross-border electricity markets : the need for policy coordination

Electricity is a strategic service in modern societies. Thus, it is extremely important for governments to be able to guarantee an affordable and reliable supply, which depends to a great extent on an adequate expansion of the generation and transmission capacities. Cross- border integration of electricity markets creates new challenges for the regulators, since the evolution of the market is now influenced by the characteristics and policies of neighbouring countries. There is still no agreement on why and how regions should integrate their electricity markets. The aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of integrated electricity markets and how their behaviour depends on the prevailing characteristics of the national markets and the policies implemented in each country. We developed a simulation model to analyse under what circumstances integration is desirable. This model is used to study three cases of interconnection between two countries. Several policies regarding interconnection expansion and operation, combined with different generation capacity adequacy mechanisms, are evaluated. The thesis is composed of three papers. The first paper presents a detailed description of the model and an analysis of the case of Colombia and Ecuador. It shows that market coupling can bring important benefits, but the relative size of the countries can lead to import dependency issues in the smaller country. The second paper compares the case of Colombia and Ecuador with the case of Great Britain and France. These countries are significantly different in terms of electricity sources, hydro- storage capacity, complementarity and demand growth. We show that complementarity is essential in order to obtain benefits from integration, while higher demand growth and hydro- storage capacity can lead to counterintuitive outcomes, thus complicating policy design. In the third paper, an extended version of the model presented in the first paper is used to analyse the case of Finland and its interconnection with Russia. Different trading arrangements are considered. We conclude that unless interconnection capacity is expanded, the current trading arrangement, where a single trader owns the transmission rights and limits the flow during peak hours, is beneficial for Finland. In case of interconnection expansion, market coupling would be preferable. We also show that the costs of maintaining a strategic reserve in Finland are justified in order to limit import dependency, while still reaping the benefits of interconnection. In general, we conclude that electricity market integration can bring benefits if the right policies are implemented. However, a large interconnection capacity is only desirable if the countries exhibit significant complementarity and trust each other. The outcomes of policies aimed at guaranteeing security of supply at a national level can be quite counterintuitive due to the interactions between neighbouring countries and their effects on interconnection and generation investments. Thus, it is important for regulators to understand these interactions and coordinate their decisions in order to take advantage of the interconnection without putting security of supply at risk. But it must be taken into account that even when integration brings benefits to the region, some market participants lose and might try to hinder the integration process. -- Dans les sociétés modernes, l'électricité est un service stratégique. Il est donc extrêmement important pour les gouvernements de pouvoir garantir la sécurité d'approvisionnement à des prix abordables. Ceci dépend en grande mesure d'une expansion adéquate des capacités de génération et de transmission. L'intégration des marchés électriques pose des nouveaux défis pour les régulateurs, puisque l'évolution du marché est maintenant influencée par les caractéristiques et les politiques des pays voisins. Il n'est pas encore claire pourquoi ni comment les marches électriques devraient s'intégrer. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension des marchés intégrés d'électricité et de leur comportement en fonction des caractéristiques et politiques de chaque pays. Un modèle de simulation est proposé pour étudier les conditions dans lesquelles l'intégration est désirable. Ce modèle est utilisé pour étudier trois cas d'interconnexion entre deux pays. Plusieurs politiques concernant l'expansion et l'opération de l'interconnexion, combinées avec différents mécanismes de rémunération de la capacité, sont évalués. Cette thèse est compose de trois articles. Le premier présente une description détaillée du modèle et une analyse du cas de la Colombie et de l'Equateur. Il montre que le couplage de marchés peut amener des bénéfices importants ; cependant, la différence de taille entre pays peut créer des soucis de dépendance aux importations pour le pays le plus petit. Le second papier compare le cas de la Colombie et l'Equateur avec le cas de la Grande Bretagne et de la France. Ces pays sont très différents en termes de ressources, taille des réservoirs d'accumulation pour l'hydro, complémentarité et croissance de la demande. Nos résultats montrent que la complémentarité joue un rôle essentiel dans l'obtention des bénéfices potentiels de l'intégration, alors qu'un taux élevé de croissance de la demande, ainsi qu'une grande capacité de stockage, mènent à des résultats contre-intuitifs, ce qui complique les décisions des régulateurs. Dans le troisième article, une extension du modèle présenté dans le premier article est utilisée pour analyser le cas de la Finlande et de la Russie. Différentes règles pour les échanges internationaux d'électricité sont considérées. Nos résultats indiquent qu'à un faible niveau d'interconnexion, la situation actuelle, où un marchand unique possède les droits de transmission et limite le flux pendant les heures de pointe, est bénéfique pour la Finlande. Cependant, en cas d'expansion de la capacité d'interconnexion, «market coupling» est préférable. préférable. Dans tous les cas, la Finlande a intérêt à garder une réserve stratégique, car même si cette politique entraine des coûts, elle lui permet de profiter des avantages de l'intégration tout en limitant ca dépendance envers les importations. En général, nous concluons que si les politiques adéquates sont implémentées, l'intégration des marchés électriques peut amener des bénéfices. Cependant, une grande capacité d'interconnexion n'est désirable que si les pays ont une complémentarité importante et il existe une confiance mutuelle. Les résultats des politiques qui cherchent à préserver la sécurité d'approvisionnement au niveau national peuvent être très contre-intuitifs, étant données les interactions entre les pays voisins et leurs effets sur les investissements en génération et en interconnexion. Il est donc très important pour les régulateurs de comprendre ces interactions et de coordonner décisions à fin de pouvoir profiter de l'interconnexion sans mettre en danger la sécurité d'approvisionnement. Mais il faut être conscients que même quand l'intégration amène de bénéfices pour la région, certains participants au marché sont perdants et pourraient essayer de bloquer le processus d'intégration.

Vanishing chromosomal inversion clines in Drosophila subobscura from Chile: Is behavioral thermoregulation to blame?

Chromosomal inversion clines paralleling the long-standing ones in native Palearctic populations of Drosophila subobscura evolved swiftly after this species invaded the Americas in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, the new clines did not consistently continue to converge on the Old World baseline. Our recent survey of Chilean populations of D. subobscura shows that inversion clines have faded or even changed sign with latitude. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that this fading of inversion clines might be due to the Bogert effect, namely, that flies' thermoregulatory behavior has eventually compensated for environmental variation in temperature, thus buffering selection on thermal-related traits. We show that latitudinal divergence in thermal preference (T-p) has evolved in Chile for females, with higher-latitude flies having a lower mean T-p. Plastic responses in T-p also lessen latitudinal thermal variation because flies developed at colder temperatures prefer warmer microclimates. Our results are consistent with the idea that active behavioral thermoregulation might buffer environmental variation and reduce the potential effect of thermal selection on other traits as chromosomal arrangements.

Kerrosleijukattilan sekundääri-ilmansyöttöjärjestelmän kehittäminen

Työn tarkoituksena oli kehittää kerrosleijukattilan sekundääri-ilmansyöttöä. Työssä tutkittiin tulipesässä ilmasuihkujen käyttäytymiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä eri ilmansyöttömallien vaikutuksia tulipesäolosuhteisiin. Sekundääri- ja tertiääri-ilmasuihkujen tehtävänä on sekoittaa tulipesän kaasuja sekä tuoda happi leijupetin yläpuolelle haihtuneiden aineiden palamisen loppuun saattamiseksi. Kaasujen sekoittumiseen vaikuttavat ilmasuihkun ja ristivirtauksen liikemäärien suhde, suutinten koko ja sijoittelu toisiinsa nähden. Ilmasuihku saavuttaa paremman tunkeutuvuuden ja siten tehokkaamman sekoittumisen suuttimen koon kasvaessa. Lisäksi tunkeutuvuus paranee suutinten välisen etäisyyden sekä ilmasuihkun ja ristivirtauksen liikemäärien suhteen kasvaessa. Optimaalisen suutinten välisen etäisyyden osoitettiin riippuvan suuttimen ja tulipesän koosta sekä ilmasuihkun ja ristivirtauksen liikemäärien suhteesta. Saatujen tulosten mukaan sekundääri- ja tertiääri-ilmatasoilla tulee suosia suuria harvaan ja lomittain sijoitettuja suuttimia. Ilmansyöttömalleja tutkittiin numeerisesti mallintamalla, ja saatujen tulosten perusteella tehokkain sekoittuminen saavutettiin sijoittamalla sekundääri-ilmasuuttimet tulipesän kahdelle vastakkaiselle seinälle.

Komponenttien lämpöteknisten parametrien karakterisointilaitteiston suunnittelu ja toteutus

Elektroniikan pienentyessä ja tehotiheyden kasvaessa tarvitaan paremmin suunniteltuja jäähdytysjärjestelyjä. Suunnittelun apuna voidaan käyttää perinteisiä lämmönsiirtoyhtälöitä, virtauslaskentaa ja mittauksia. Tässä työssä on suunniteltu ja rakennettu mittauslaitteisto nimenomaan elektroniikan komponenttien ja jäähdytyselementtien lämpötilojen ja painehäviöiden mittaamiseen. Koeajona laitteistolla on mitattu jäähdytyselementin lämpötilajakauma kahdella eri virtausnopeudella ja lämpötilalla sekä verrattu niitä aikaisemmin mitattuihin tapauksiin sekä Fluent- virtauslaskentaohjelmalla laskettuihin tuloksiin.

Gene flow and gene flux shape evolutionary patterns of variation in Drosophila subobscura

Gene flow (defined as allele exchange between populations) and gene flux (defined as allele exchange during meiosis in heterokaryotypic females) are important factors decreasing genetic differentiation between populations and inversions. Many chromosomal inversions are under strong selection and their role in recombination reduction enhances the maintenance of their genetic distinctness. Here we analyze levels and patterns of nucleotide diversity, selection and demographic history, using 37 individuals of Drosophila subobscura from Mount Parnes (Greece) and Barcelona (Spain). Our sampling focused on two frequent O-chromosome arrangements that differ by two overlapping inversions (OST and O3+4), which are differentially adapted to the environment as observed by their opposing latitudinal clines in inversion frequencies. The six analyzed genes (Pif1A, Abi, Sqd, Yrt, Atpa and Fmr1) were selected for their location across the O-chromosome and their implication in thermal adaptation. Despite the extensive gene flux detected outside the inverted region, significant genetic differentiation between both arrangements was found inside it. However, high levels of gene flow were detected for all six genes when comparing the same arrangement among populations. These results suggest that the adaptive value of inversions is maintained, regardless of the lack of genetic differentiation within arrangements from different populations, and thus favors the Local Adaptation hypothesis over the Coadapted Genome hypothesis as the basis of the selection acting on inversions in these populations.