Propuesta de clasificación hidrográfica del dique de cierre del proyecto de la balsa de Bonaigua en la estación de Baqueira-Beret

El estudio se estructura en dos partes: el cálculo de los caudales de rotura y la evaluación de los máximos caudales previsibles del río Bonaigua en la zona próxima de la Peülla en las condiciones preexistentes a la balsa. La comparación de ambos resultados permite derivar el enjuiciamiento de qué riesgo ha incorporado una hipotética rotura del dique de cierre de la nueva balsa. Este tipo de instalaciones presenta condiciones de vaciado progresivo cuando existe realmente la actividad de esquí en localizaciones cercanas al recorrido que haría el agua, y condiciones de llenado a partir del deshielo cuando la temporada de esquí ha finalizado y por tanto los esquiadores ya no existen.De acuerdo a la Directriz Básica de Planificación de Protección Civil ante el Riesgo de Inundaciones, la clasificación que se propone para el dique de cierre de la balsa de Bonaigua es la categoría C, que corresponde a las presas cuya rotura puede producir daños materiales de moderada importancia y sólo incidentalmente pérdidas de vidas humanas.

Prospecciones de futuro de la energía termosolar en España y en el mundo

Se presenta una breve introducción de la energía solar y su aprovechamiento. De los diferentes procesos solares, se destaca las ventajas de la energía termosolar. Se repasan las principales tecnologías existentes en la termosolar: colectores cilíndricos parabólicos, colectores lineales Fresnel, receptor central, y discos parabólicos. El documento termina con un estado del arte de la energía termosolar en España y en el mundo, destacando la posición de emergencia tecnológica de España en este ámbito.

El aporte de las energías renovables a la situación energética mundial

El documento presenta la situación energética mundial en general y en España en particular, su relación el consumo de energía primaria en cuanto a las diferentes fuentes: petróleo, gas natural, carbón, nuclear, hidráulica y finalmente las energías renovables. Se destaca de forma positiva el aporte de las diferentes tecnologías energéticas renovables al suministro mundial, y muy especialmente el caso español.

Assesment of the treatment of earlobe keloids with triamcinolone injections, surgical resection, and local pressure

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the combined treatment of ear lobe keloids. METHODS: We studied 46 consecutive patients with 81 ear lobe keloids. Patients underwent local infiltration of triamcinolone acetonide (TCN) at concentrations of 40mg/ml (Group 1), 20 mg/ml (Group 2) and 10mg/ml (Group 3). The volume of TCN infiltrate varied according to the size of the lesion. Treatment consisted of three monthly injections before surgery, excision of keloid in the fourth month and perioperative infiltration, followed by two more leaks TCN within two months. Patients used earrings pressure on the scar after operation for four months. The pressure exerted by earrings in the ear lobe was measured electronically. Post-treatment follow-up of patients was 24 months. RESULTS: TCN at concentrations of 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml were effective for the treatment of keloids, no difference between the groups (p = 0.58). However, patients in which TCN was infiltrated the 10mg/ml had poor involution of keloid and the study of this group was stopped. CONCLUSION: the combination of infiltration TCN month to 20 mg/mL (1.2mg to 2.0mg per mm3 TCN injury), surgical excision and pressure application device is effective for treatment of keloid ear lobe.

Use of the amniotic membrane to cover the peritoneal cavity in the reconstruction of the abdominal wall with polypropylene mesh in rats

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the efficacy of the amniotic membrane used with polypropylene mesh against the formation of adhesions and its influence on healing. METHODS: twenty five female Wistar rats were anesthetized for creating a parietal defect in the anterior abdominal wall. Its correction was made with polypropylene mesh alone and associated with amniotic membrane. In the control group (n=11), the screen was inserted alone. In group A (n=7) we interposed the amniotic membrane between the screen and the abdominal wall. In group B, the amniotic membrane was placed on the mesh, covering it. After seven days, the animals were euthanized for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of healing. RESULTS: adhesions were observed in all animals except one in the control group. Severe inflammation was observed in all animals in groups A and B and in three of the control group, with significant difference between them (A and B with p=0.01). Pronounced angiogenic activity was noted in one animal in the control group, six in group A and four in group B, with a significant difference between the control group and group A (p=0.002) and group B (p=0.05). The scar collagen was predominantly mature, except in five animals of the control group, with significant difference between the control group and group A (p=0.05) and group B (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: The amniotic membrane did not alter the formation of adhesions in the first postoperative week. There were also pronounced inflammation, high angiogenic activity and predominance of mature collagen fibers, regardless of the anatomical plane that it was inserted in.

Closure of large wounds using rubber bands in rabbits

OBJECTIVE: to verify the effectiveness of the rubber elastic band in the treatment of large wounds of the body wall of rabbits by means of traction of its edges. METHODS: we studied 30 New Zealand rabbits, divided into three groups (n=10): Group 1- healing by secondary intention; Group 2- removal and eutopic repositioning of skin as full thickness skin graft; Group 3- Approximation of wound edges with elastic rubber band. In all animals, we removed a segment of the back skin and subcutaneous tissue down to the fascia, in accordance with an acrylic mold of 8cm long by 12cm wide. All animals were observed for 21 days. RESULTS: two animals of groups 1 and 2 had wound abscess. In Group 2, there was partial or total graft loss in 90% of animals. The complete closure of the wounds was observed in four animals of Group 1, six of Group 2 and eight of Group 3. There was no difference between the scar resistance values of groups 2 and 3, which were higher than those in Group 1. The scars of the three groups were characterized by the presence of mature connective tissue mixed with blood vessels and inflammatory infiltration, predominantly polymorphonuclear. CONCLUSION: the tensile strength of the wound edges with rubber elastic band is as efficient as the skin graft to treat rabbits' large body wounds.

Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the left ventricle after infarction

An increase in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity has been observed in the heart after myocardial infarction (MI). Since most studies have been conducted in chronically infarcted individuals exhibiting variable degrees of heart failure, the present study was designed to determine ACE activity in an earlier phase of MI, before heart failure development. MI was produced in 3-month old male Wistar rats by ligation of the anterior branches of the left coronary artery, control rats underwent sham surgery and the animals were studied 7 or 15 days later. Hemodynamic data obtained for the anesthetized animals showed normal values of arterial blood pressure and of end-diastolic pressure in the right and left ventricular cavities of MI rats. Right and left ventricular (RV, LV) muscle and scar tissue homogenates were prepared to determine ACE activity in vitro by measuring the velocity of His-Leu release from the synthetic substrate Hyp-His-Leu. ACE activity was corrected to the tissue wet weight and is reported as nmol His-Leu g-1 min-1. No significant change in ACE activity in the RV homogenates was demonstrable. A small nonsignificant increase of ACE activity (11 &plusmn; 9%; P0.05) was observed 7 days after MI in the surviving left ventricular muscle. Two weeks after surgery, however, ACE activity was 46 &plusmn; 11% (P<0.05) higher in infarcted rats compared to sham-operated rats. The highest ACE activity was demonstrable in the scar tissue homogenate. In rats studied two weeks after surgery, ACE activity in the LV muscle increased from 105 &plusmn; 7 nmol His-Leu g-1 min-1 in control hearts to 153 &plusmn; 11 nmol His-Leu g-1 min-1 (P<0.05) in the remaining LV muscle of MI rats and to 1051 &plusmn; 208 nmol His-Leu g-1 min-1 (P<0.001) in the fibrous scar. These data indicate that ACE activity increased in the heart after infarction before heart failure was demonstrable by hemodynamic measurements. Since the blood vessels of the scar drain to the remaining LV myocardium, the high ACE activity present in the fibrous scar may increase the angiotensin II concentration and decrease bradykinin in the cardiac tissues surrounding the infarcted area. The increased angiotensin II in the fibrous scar may contribute to the reactive fibrosis and hypertrophy in the left ventricular muscle surviving infarction

Effect of epithelial debridement on human cornea proteoglycans

Corneal transparency is attributed to the regular spacing and diameter of collagen fibrils, and proteoglycans may play a role in fibrillogenesis and matrix assembly. Corneal scar tissue is opaque and this opacity is explained by decreased ultrastructural order that may be related to proteoglycan composition. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to characterize the proteoglycans synthesized by human corneal explants and to investigate the effect of mechanical epithelial debridement. Human corneas unsuitable for transplants were immersed in F-12 culture medium and maintained under tissue culture conditions. The proteoglycans synthesized in 24 h were labeled metabolically by the addition of 35S-sulfate to the medium. These compounds were extracted by 4 M GuHCl and identified by a combination of agarose gel electrophoresis, enzymatic degradation with protease and mucopolysaccharidases, and immunoblotting. Decorin was identified as the main dermatan sulfate proteoglycan and keratan sulfate proteoglycans were also prominent components. When the glycosaminoglycan side chains were analyzed, only keratan sulfate and dermatan sulfate were detected (~50% each). Nevertheless, when these compounds were 35S-labeled metabolically, the label in dermatan sulfate was greater than in keratan sulfate, suggesting a lower synthesis rate for keratan sulfate. 35S-Heparan sulfate also appeared. The removal of the epithelial layer caused a decrease in heparan sulfate labeling and induced the synthesis of dermatan sulfate by the stroma. The increased deposit of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans in the stroma suggests a functional relationship between epithelium and stroma that could be related to the corneal opacity that may appear after epithelial cell debridement.

Schwann cells for spinal cord repair

The complex nature of spinal cord injury appears to demand a multifactorial repair strategy. One of the components that will likely be included is an implant that will fill the area of lost nervous tissue and provide a growth substrate for injured axons. Here we will discuss the role of Schwann cells (SCs) in cell-based, surgical repair strategies of the injured adult spinal cord. We will review key studies that showed that intraspinal SC grafts limit injury-induced tissue loss and promote axonal regeneration and myelination, and that this response can be improved by adding neurotrophic factors or anti-inflammatory agents. These results will be compared with several other approaches to the repair of the spinal cord. A general concern with repair strategies is the limited functional recovery, which is in large part due to the failure of axons to grow across the scar tissue at the distal graft-spinal cord interface. Consequently, new synaptic connections with spinal neurons involved in motor function are not formed. We will highlight repair approaches that did result in growth across the scar and discuss the necessity for more studies involving larger, clinically relevant types of injuries, addressing this specific issue. Finally, this review will reflect on the prospect of SCs for repair strategies in the clinic.

Translational models of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure. Development, validation and in vivo imaging studies using positron emission tomography

Coronary artery disease is an atherosclerotic disease, which leads to narrowing of coronary arteries, deteriorated myocardial blood flow and myocardial ischaemia. In acute myocardial infarction, a prolonged period of myocardial ischaemia leads to myocardial necrosis. Necrotic myocardium is replaced with scar tissue. Myocardial infarction results in various changes in cardiac structure and function over time that results in “adverse remodelling”. This remodelling may result in a progressive worsening of cardiac function and development of chronic heart failure. In this thesis, we developed and validated three different large animal models of coronary artery disease, myocardial ischaemia and infarction for translational studies. In the first study the coronary artery disease model had both induced diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. In the second study myocardial ischaemia and infarction were caused by a surgical method and in the third study by catheterisation. For model characterisation, we used non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) methods for measurement of myocardial perfusion, oxidative metabolism and glucose utilisation. Additionally, cardiac function was measured by echocardiography and computed tomography. To study the metabolic changes that occur during atherosclerosis, a hypercholesterolemic and diabetic model was used with [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) PET-imaging technology. Coronary occlusion models were used to evaluate metabolic and structural changes in the heart and the cardioprotective effects of levosimendan during post-infarction cardiac remodelling. Large animal models were used in testing of novel radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial perfusion imaging. In the coronary artery disease model, we observed atherosclerotic lesions that were associated with focally increased [18F]FDG uptake. In heart failure models, chronic myocardial infarction led to the worsening of systolic function, cardiac remodelling and decreased efficiency of cardiac pumping function. Levosimendan therapy reduced post-infarction myocardial infarct size and improved cardiac function. The novel 68Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals tested in this study were not successful for the determination of myocardial blood flow. In conclusion, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia lead to the development of early phase atherosclerotic lesions. Coronary artery occlusion produced considerable myocardial ischaemia and later infarction following myocardial remodelling. The experimental models evaluated in these studies will enable further studies concerning disease mechanisms, new radiopharmaceuticals and interventions in coronary artery disease and heart failure.

Effects of strain and age on ear wound healing and regeneration in mice

Round holes in the ears of MRL mice tend to close with characteristics of regeneration believed to be absent in other mouse strains (e.g., C57BL/6). We evaluated the kinetics and the histopathology of ear wound closure in young (8 weeks old) C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. We also used middle-aged (40 weeks old) C57BL/6 mice to evaluate the influence of aging on this process. A circular through-and-through hole was made in the ear, photographs were taken at different times after injury and wound area was measured with digital analysis software. The percentages of closed area measured on day 100 were: 23.57 ± 8.66% for young BALB/c mice, 56.47 ± 7.39% for young C57BL/6 mice, and 75.31 ± 23.65% for middle-aged C57BL/6 mice. Mice were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 25, 44, and 100 for histological evaluation with hematoxylin and eosin, Gomori’s trichrome, periodic acid-Schiff, or picrosirius red staining. In young mice of both strains, healing included re-epithelialization, chondrogenesis, myogenesis, and collagen deposition. Young C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice differed in the organization of collagen fibers visualized using picrosirius-polarization. Sebaceous glands and hair follicles regenerated and chondrogenesis was greater in young C57BL/6 mice. In middle-aged C57BL/6 mice all aspects of regeneration were depressed. The characteristics of regeneration were present during ear wound healing in both young BALB/c and young C57BL/6 mice although they differed in intensity and pattern. Greater ear wound closure in middle-aged C57BL/6 mice was not correlated with regeneration.

Synnytyksen ponnistusvaiheen hoidon käytännöt. Yhteys ensisynnyttäjän välilihan kuntoon synnytyksen jälkeen, synnytyskokemukseen, kipuun ja seksuaaliterveyteen

Hyvän syntymän hoidon tavoitteena on turvata synnyttäjän paras mahdollinen terveys, vähentää tarpeetonta puuttumista synnytyksen kulkuun ja mahdollistaa voimaannuttava synnytyskokemus perheelle. Hyvä syntymän hoito ja siihen liittyvä kätilöiden kliinisen hoitotyön osaaminen ei voi kehittyä, ellei hoitotyön käytäntöjä tutkita. Suomalaista hoitotieteellistä syntymän hoitoon liittyvää tutkimusta on vähän. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata synnytyksen ponnistusvaiheen hoidon käytäntöjä Suomen synnytyssairaaloissa. Lisäksi seurantatutkimuksen avulla selvitettiin, miten ensisynnyttäjät kokivat synnytyksen ponnistusvaiheen, sen aikana saamansa hoidon, ensisynnyttäjien synnytyskokemusta, kivun kokemista, vointia kolmena päivänä synnytyksen jälkeen sekä heidän seksuaaliterveyttään ensimmäisen vuoden aikana synnytyksen jälkeen. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa, jonka avulla voidaan kehittää synnytyksen ponnistusvaiheen hoitoa ja lisätä tietoa synnyttäneiden naisten voinnista ja seksuaaliterveydestä. Tutkimuksen ensimmäinen osio toteutettiin poikkileikkaustutkimuksena (2009), johon osallistui Suomen synnytyssairaaloiden synnytysosastoilla työskentelevät kätilöt (N = 662). Tutkimuksen toinen osio toteutettiin seurantatutkimuksena (2009−2011), jossa oli neljä mittausajankohtaa: kolmantena päivänä synnytyksestä sekä kolmen, kuuden ja kahdentoista kuukauden kuluttua synnytyksestä. Tähän osioon osallistui spontaanisti alateitse yhden elävän lapsen (pää tarjoutuvana) synnyttäneet ensisynnyttäjät (N = 453) ja sikiön perätilan vuoksi suunnitellusti keisarileikatut ensisynnyttäjät (N = 84). Aineisto analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin. Tutkimustulosten mukaan osa kätilöiden käyttämistä synnytyksen ponnistusvaiheen hoitokäytännöistä ei ole näyttöön perustuvia. Synnytyssairaalan synnytyksen hoidon kulttuuri näyttää siirtyvän mallioppimisen kautta. Ensisynnyttäjät kokivat synnytyksen ponnistusvaiheen hoidon pääsääntöisesti myönteisenä. Alateitse synnyttäneillä ensisynnyttäjillä oli myönteisempi synnytyskokemus ja vähemmän kipua heti synnytyksen jälkeen ja kolmena synnytyksen jälkeisenä päivänä verrattuna keisarileikkauksella synnyttäneisiin ensisynnyttäjiin. Alateitse synnyttäneillä ensisynnyttäjillä kipu ja ompeleet eivät vaikuttaneet haitallisesti vastasyntyneen hoitoon tai imetykseen niin paljon kuin keisarileikkauksella synnyttäneillä ensisynnyttäjillä. Välilihan leikkaus-, repeämä- tai keisarileikkaushaavat olivat täysin parantuneet suurimmalla osalla naisista kolmen kuukauden kuluttua synnytyksestä. Yleisimpiä naisten kokemia oireita ensimmäisen vuoden aikana synnytyksestä olivat emättimen kostumisen vaikeus, yhdyntäkivut, peräpukamat sekä arpikudoksen kipu ja kiristys. Sukupuolinen halukkuus ja tyytyväisyys seksielämään olivat huonompaa ensimmäisen vuoden aikana synnytyksestä verrattuna aikaan ennen raskautta ja synnytystä. Synnytyksen aikaisella hoitotyöllä ja näyttöön perustuvalla synnytyksen ponnistusvaiheen hoidolla on suuri merkitys naisen synnytyskokemukseen, synnytyksen jälkeiseen vointiin ja seksuaaliterveyteen.

Diseña tu plan de mercadeo: Documento descargar

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Diseña tu plan de mercadeo: Documento de preguntas y respuestas

Bogotá Emprende

Ajuste: Diseña tu plan de mercadeo: Documento de preguntas y respuestas: Consejos prácticos

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