Técnica híbrida de plasma para a deposição de filmes de alumina

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Filmes finos depositados pela técnica de implantação iônica por imersão em plasma e deposição (IIIPD), utilizando o monômero HMDSN e os gases argônio, hélio e nitrogênio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Spectroscopic, Structural, and Conformational Properties of (Z)-4,4, 4-Trifluoro-3-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxypheny1)-2-buten-1-one, C12H12F3NO3: A Trifluoromethyl-Substituted beta-Aminoenone

The ( Z)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-buten-1-one (C12H12F3NO3) compound was thoroughly studied by IR, Raman, UV-visible, and C-13 and F-19 NMR spectroscopies. The solid-state molecular structure was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes in the P2(1)/c space group with a = 12.1420(4) angstrom, b = 7.8210(3) angstrom, c := 13.8970(5) angstrom, beta = 116.162(2)degrees, and Z = 4 molecules per unit cell. The molecule shows a nearly planar molecular skeleton, favored by intramolecular OH center dot center dot center dot 0 and NH center dot center dot center dot 0 bonds, which are arranged in the lattice as an OH center dot center dot center dot 0 bonded polymer coiled around crystallographic 2-fold screw-axes. The three postulated tautomers were evaluated using quantum chemical calculations. The lowest energy tautomer (I) calculated with density functional theory methods agrees with the observed crystal structure. The structural and conformational properties are discussed considering the effect of the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions.

Cis-trans isomerization in the syntheses of ruthenium cyclam complexes with nitric oxide

The cis to trans isomerizations during the syntheses of trans-[Ru(NO)(OH)(cyclam)](PF6)(2), from cis-[RuCl2 (cyclam)]Cl, and [Ru(NO)Cl(cyclam)] (PF6)(2), from cis-[RuCl2(dmso)(4)], are reported. The novel trans-[Ru(NO) (OH)(cyclam)](PF6)(2) complex was characterized by X-ray crystallography and vibrational infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The Ru-N-O bond angle (176.75 degrees) and v( NO) (1835 cm(-1)) suggest a nitrosonium character for this hydroxo complex. The crystal and molecular structure of trans-[Ru(NO)Cl(cyclam)] (ClO4)(2)center dot 2 H2O is also reported. Results presented here support the cis-trans isomerization observed for the first time with ruthenium cyclam complexes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Coordination of water to organolead(IV) nitrates: The examples of [PbPh2(NO3)(2)(H2O)(2)] and [PbMe3(NO3)(H2O)]

The compound [PbPh2(NO3)(2)(H2O)(2)] was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR; H-1, C-13 and Pb-207 NMR) and mass spectrometry. An X-ray diffraction study showed that the crystal is a supramolecular tridimensional network of hydrogen-bonded PbPh2(NO3)(2)(H2O)(2) units in which the Pb atom is octacoordinated and adopts a distorted hexagonal bipyramidal geometry, with four O (bidentate nitrate) and two O (water) atoms in equatorial positions and two C-phenyl atoms in axial positions. The crystal of [PbMe3(NO3)(H2O)], obtained as a byproduct in the synthesis of PbMe2(NO3)(2), contains chains of hydrogen-bonded PbMe3(NO3)(H2O) units in which the Pb atom is pentacoordinated with a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal environment. In this arrangement the three C-methyl atoms are equatorial and the O atoms from the monodentate nitrate and the water molecule are axial. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Simple Method to Evaluate, Correlate and Predict Boiling and Flash Points of Alkynes

Boiling points (T-B) of acyclic alkynes are predicted from their boiling point numbers (Y-BP) with the relationship T-B(K) = -16.802Y(BP)(2/3) + 337.377Y(BP)(1/3) - 437.883. In turn, Y-BP values are calculated from structure using the equation Y-BP = 1.726 + A(i) + 2.779C + 1.716M(3) + 1.564M + 4.204E(3) + 3.905E + 5.007P - 0.329D + 0.241G + 0.479V + 0.967T + 0.574S. Here A(i) depends on the substitution pattern of the alkyne and the remainder of the equation is the same as that reported earlier for alkanes. For a data set consisting of 76 acyclic alkynes, the correlation of predicted and literature T-B values had an average absolute deviation of 1.46 K, and the R-2 of the correlation was 0.999. In addition, the calculated Y-BP values can be used to predict the flash points of alkynes.

Effect of dental tissue conditioners and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors on type I collagen microstructure analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical interaction of collagen with some substances usually applied in dental treatments to increase the durability of adhesive restorations to dentin. Initially, the similarity between human dentin collagen and type I collagen obtained from commercial bovine membranes of Achilles deep tendon was compared by the Attenuated Total Reflectance technique of Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Finally, the effects of application of 35% phosphoric acid, 0.1M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine, and 6.5% proanthocyanidin solution on microstructure of collagen and in the integrity of its triple helix were also evaluated by ATR-FTIR. It was observed that the commercial type I collagen can be used as an efficient substitute for demineralized human dentin in studies that use spectroscopy analysis. The 35% phosphoric acid significantly altered the organic content of amides, proline and hydroxyproline of type I collagen. The surface treatment with 0.1M EDTA, 2% chlorhexidine, or 6.5% proanthocyanidin did not promote deleterious structural changes to the collagen triple helix. The application of 6.5% proanthocyanidin on collagen promoted hydrogen bond formation. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.

Conformational preferences for some 3-(4 '-substituted phenylsulfonyl)-1-methyl-2-piperidones through spectroscopic and theoretical studies

The analysis of the infrared (IR) carbonyl band of some 3-(4'-substituted phenylsulfonyl)-1-methyl-2-piperidones 1-5 bearing as substituents: OMe 1, Me 2, H 3, Cl 4 and NO2 5, supported by B3LY13/6-31G(d,p) calculations along with NBO analysis (for 1, 3 and 5) and X-ray diffraction (for 5), indicated the existence of three stable conformations i.e. quasi-axial (q-ax), syn-clinal (s-cl) and quasi-equatorial (q-eq). In the gas phase, the q-ax conformer is calculated as the most stable (ca. 88%) and the least polar, the s-cl conformer is less stable (ca. 12%) but more polar, and the q-eq conformer is the least stable (ca. 1%) and the most polar of the three conformers evaluated. The sum of the most important orbital interactions from NBO analysis and the trend of the electrostatic interactions accounts for the relative populations as well as for the v(CO) frequencies of the q-ax. s-cl and q-eq conformers calculated in the gas phase. The unique IR v(CO) band in CCl4 may be ascribed to the most stable q-ax conformer. The more intense (60%) high frequency doublet component in CHCl3 may be assigned to the summing up of the least stable q-eq and the less stable s-cl conformers, as their frequencies are almost coincident. The occurrence of only a single v(CO) band in both CH2Cl2 and CH3CN supports the fact that the v(CO) band of the two more polar conformers appear as a single band. Additional support to this rationalization is given by the single point PCM method, which showed a progressive increase of the q-eq + s-cl/q-ax population ratio going from the gas phase to CCl4, to CHCl3, to CH2Cl2 and to CN3CN. X-ray single crystal analysis of 5 indicates that this compound displays a quasi-axial geometry with respect to the [O=C-CH-S] moiety, and that the 2-piperidone ring assumes a slightly distorted half-chair conformation. In the crystal packing, molecules of 5 are arranged into supramolecular layers linked through C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions along with it pi center dot center dot center dot pi interactions between adjacent benzene rings. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Detailed H-1 and C-13 NMR structural assignment and relative stereochemistry determination for three new and one known semi-synthetic sesquiterpene lactones

In this work is described a complete H-1 and C-13 NMR analysis for a group of four sesquiterpene lactones, three previously unknown. The unequivocal assignments were achieved by H-1 NMR, C-13{H-1} NMR, gCOSY. gHMQC, gHMBC and NOESY experiments and no ambiguities were left behind. All hydrogen coupling constants were measured, clarifying all hydrogen signals multiplicities. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mixed-valence state of symmetric diruthenium complexes: synthesis, characterization, and electron transfer investigation

Complexes of the type {[(pyS)Ru(NH3)(4)](2)-mu-L}(n), where pyS = 4-mercaptopyridine, L = 4,4'-dithiodipyridine (pySSpy), pyrazine (pz) and 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB), and n = +4 and +5 for fully reduced and mixed-valence complexes, respectively, were synthesized and characterized. Electrochemical data showed that there is electron communication between the metal centers with comproportionation constants of 33.2, 1.30 x 10(8) and 5.56 x 10(5) for L = pySSpy, pz and DCB, respectively. It was also observed that the electronic coupling between the metal centers is affected by the p-back-bonding interaction toward the pyS ligand. Raman spectroscopy showed a dependence of the intensity of the vibrational modes on the exciting radiations giving support to the assignments of the electronic transitions. The degree of electron communication between the metal centers through the bridging ligands suggests that these systems can be molecular wire materials.

Characterisation of supramolecular structures by novel recoupling methods in solid-state NMR

In this work, solid-state NMR methods suitable for the investigation of supramolecular systems were developed and improved. In this context, special interest was focussed on non-covalent interactions responsible for the formation of supramolecular structures, such as pi-pi interacions and hydrogen-bonds. In the first part of this work, solid-state NMR methods were presented that provide information on molecular structure and motion via the investigation of anisotropic interactions, namely quadrupole and dipole-dipole couplings, under magic-angle spinning conditions. A two-dimensional 2H double quantum experiment was developed, which is performed under off magic-angle conditions and correlates 2H isotropic chemical shifts with quasistatic DQ-filtered line shapes. From the latter, the quadrupole coupling parameters of samples deuterated at multiple sites can be extracted in a site-selective fashion. Furthermore, 7Li quadrupole parameters of lithium intercalated into TiO2 were determined by NMR experiments performed under static and MAS conditions, and could provide information on the crystal geometry. For the determination of 7Li-7Li dipole-dipole couplings, multiple-quantum NMR experiments were performed. The 1H-13C REREDOR experiment was found to be capable of determining strong proton-carbon dipole-dipole couplings with an accuracy of 500~Hz, corresponding to a determination of proton-carbon chemical-bond lengths with picometer accuracy In the second part of this work, solid-state NMR experiments were combined with quantum-chemical calculations in order to aid and optimise the interpretation of experimental results. The investigations on Calix[4]hydroquinone nanotubes have shown that this combined approach can provide information on the presence of disordered and/or mobile species in supramolecular structures. As a second example, C3-symmetric discs arranging in helical columnar stacks were investigated. In these systems, 1H chemical shifts experience large pi-shifts due to packing effects, which were found to be long-ranged. Moreover, quantum-chemical calculations revealed that helicity in these systems is induced by the propeller-like conformation of the core of the molecules.

Core-shell macromolecules with dendritic polyphenylene core and polymer shells

Core-shell macromolecules with dendritic polyphenylene core and polymer shell Zusammenfassung / Abstract Core-shell macromolecular structures have become of great interest in materials science because they gave an opportunity to combine a large variety of chemical and physical properties in the single molecule, by combination of different (in terms of chemistry and physics) cores and shells. The interest in such complex structures was provoked by their potential applications in the coating and painting industry (latexes), as supports for catalysts in polymer industry, or as nano-containers and transporters for genes or drug delivery. The aim of this study was the synthesis, characterization and further application of core-shell macromolecules possessing a hydrophobic stiff core (polyphenylene dendrimers) surrounded with a hydrophilic, soft, covalently bonded polymer shell (poly(ethylene oxide) and its copolymers). The requirements for such complex substances were that they should be well-defined in terms of molecular weight (narrow molecular weight distribution) and in molecular structure. The preparation of core-shell molecules containing dendrimer as a core was possible via two synthetic routs: “grafting-onto” and “grafting-from”. The resulting core-shell macromolecules possessed narrow polydispersity as guaranteed by the excellent structural and functional definition of the dendrimer and the narrow polydispersity of the PEO, PS-b-PEO and PI-b-PEO attached to the dendrimer surface. Additional investigation of the size of the particles indicated a relation between both the length and the number of the polymer chains and the hydrodynamic radius determined by Dynamic Light Scattering and Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy. Core-shell nano-particles were applied as metallocene supports in heterogeneous olefin polymerizations. Our results indicate that such catalyst systems, that have a size of at least one order of magnitude smaller than the used by now organic supports, could be very useful as model compounds for investigations on catalyst fragmentation and its influence on the product parameters.

Photofixierung von Lipidmembranen aus Glykolipopolymeren auf Goldoberflächen

Ziel war Herstellung und Charakterisierung festkörperunterstützter Membransysteme aus Glykolipopolymeren auf Goldoberflächen, mit elektrischen Eigenschaften, die denen der Schwarzfilmmembranen entsprechen. Um diese Eigenschaften mit impedanzspektroskopischen Techniken messen zu können, ist die Präparation der Membranen auf Goldfilmen notwendig. Eine direkte Verankerung der Glykolipopolymermoleküle (GLP) auf der Goldoberfläche ist nicht möglich, daher werden die untersuchten GLP mit Hilfe von photoreaktiven Molekülen kovalent auf der Goldoberfläche immobilisiert. Untersuchten Abstandhalter waren Thio-Polyethylenglykol und eine Mischung zweier Alkanthiole, bestehend aus 1-Thiohexanol und Bis-(Aminododecyl)-disulfid. Thio-PEG-Monoschichten zeigten sehr unterschiedliche Schichtdicken, weil die Moleküle auf der Oberfläche sehr unterschiedliche Konformationen annehmen können, die eine regelmässige Anordnung erschweren. Langmuir-Blodgett Übertrag sowie die durchgeführte photochemische Fixierung der GLP-Moleküle auf Thio-PEG Schichten führte zu Eigenschaften, die auf den Aufbau einer Lipidmonolage hinweisen. Diese stellte jedoch im Bereich der Lipidmoleküle keine geschlossene Schicht dar. Es kommen als Abstandhaltermoleküle für die Photofunktionalisierung nur Moleküle in Frage, die aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften eine regelmässige Anordnung auf der Goldoberfläche anstreben. Diese Voraussetzung erfüllt am besten die Gruppe der Alkanthiole. Terminal funktionalisierte Alkanthiole müssen jedoch mit nicht oder anderweitig funktionalisierten Alkanthiolen verdünnt assembliert werden, um weitergehende Funktionalisierungen einzugehen. Die untersuchten GLP lassen sich aufgrund ihrer amphiphilen Struktur an der Wasser-Luft Grenzfläche vororientieren. In allen Fällen gelingt auch der Langmuir-Blodgett Übertrag der komprimierten Schicht, sowie, nach der für die Anbindung notwendigen Trocknung, die photochemisch kovalente Fixierung der Monoschicht durch Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht. Damit konnte erstmals die photochemisch kovalente Fixierung von GLPs auf der Goldoberfläche gezeigt werden. Untersuchungen erfolgten an einem Copolymer sowie zwei unterschiedlichen Homopolymermolekülen. Der unterschiedliche molekulare Aufbau der GLP spiegelt sich in ihrem Verhalten an der Wasser-Luft Grenzfläche sowie in den Eigenschaften der gebildeten Monoschichten wieder. Die Copolymer-Schichten zeigten sehr unterschiedliche Schichtdicken. Auch die EIS-Daten sind schlecht reproduzierbar. Dies ist auf die molekulare Struktur des Copolymers zurückzuführen. Gänzlich unterschiedlich verhalten sich die Homopolymere. Aufgrund ihrer Struktur lassen sie sich zu dichten Schichten komprimieren. Messungen der Fluoreszenzerholung nach Photobleichung (FRAP) zeigen homogene aber nicht fluide Schichten. Die photochemisch kovalente Fixierung des Moleküls auf der Goldoberfläche konnte durch SPR- sowie EIS-Messungen nachgewiesen werden. Die EIS-Messungen zeigen Werte, die sich in Bereichen der idealen Modellmembran bewegen. Der erfolgreiche Einbau von Valinomycin konnte bestätigt werden. FRAP Untersuchungen zeigten die Bildung homogener Schichten. Diese sind jedoch im Bereich der proximalen Lipidschicht nicht fluide. Um die Fluidität in Anlehnung an die Eigenschaften der natürlichen Membranen zu erhöhen, wurden die photochemisch kovalent fixierten Anker-Glykolipopolymer-Moleküle durch Mischung mit freien Lipiden lateral verdünnt. Auch die kovalente Fixierung der GLP-Bausteine innerhalb gemischten Schichten konnte erfolgreich demonstriert werden. Die Schichten zeigten sich jedoch, mit Ausnahme der Schichten aus 50mol% Homopolymer und 50mol% Lipid, inhomogen. Nach Photobleichung durch den Laserblitz kam es nur bei den 50mol%:50mol% -Schichten (Ho: Lipid) zur Erholung der Fluoreszenz, was auf das Vorliegen von beweglichen Lipidmolekülen innerhalb der Membran schliessen lässt. Der Versuch der Inkorporation von Valinomycin gelang ebenfalls. Alle genannten Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die molekulare Architektur der hergestellten Schichten durch die unterschiedlichen Längendimensionen des Homopolymer-Moleküls einerseits, sowie des Lipids andererseits nicht für alle Mischungsverhältnisse ausreichend stabil ist. Die für die kovalente Fixierung erforderliche Trocknung der Schicht führt zu einer deutlichen Verminderung des Wassergehaltes des Systems und einer daraus resultierenden starken Destabilisierung der aufgebauten Schichten. Insgesamt gesehen stellt somit die photochemische Fixierung der glykosidischen Homopolymer-Membranen ein vielversprechendes Modellsystem dar.

Studio di catalisi termoattivate per compositi poliuretanici

One of the key processing parameters in thermoset composites manufacturing is to have an optimum balance between open time and cure time. Long open times followed with a fast cure profile (also referred as snap cure or “hockey stick” shaped profiles) are required on applications like Pultrusion, Filament Winding, Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Infusion. In this work, several factors affecting the reactivity of a base line polyurethane formulation were studied. The addition of different components such as internal mold release agents, cross-linker, polyols having different molecular structure and isocyanates having different functionality were studied. A literature search was conducted to identify the main catalyst packages existing in the market. The reactivity of catalyst based on tertiary amines, orgamometallic salts, and co-catalyst of amine-organometallic complexes was characterized. Addition of quelants agents such as thioglycerol and acetyl acetone to delay the catalyst activity were also considered. As a consequence of this work a vast reactivity map was generated. This should guide the formulation designer in future product generations for the further development of the mentioned applications. Recommendations on measurements systems and further areas of exploration are also given.

Preparation of new crystal forms via photochemical, mechanochemical and sol-gel methods

This work of thesis involves various aspects of crystal engineering. Chapter 1 focuses on crystals containing crown ether complexes. Aspects such as the possibility of preparing these materials by non-solution methods, i.e. by direct reaction of the solid components, thermal behavior and also isomorphism and interconversion between hydrates are taken into account. In chapter 2 a study is presented aimed to understanding the relationship between hydrogen bonding capability and shape of the building blocks chosen to construct crystals. The focus is on the control exerted by shape on the organization of sandwich cations such as cobalticinium, decamethylcobalticinium and bisbenzenchromium(I) and on the aggregation of monoanions all containing carboxylic and carboxylate groups, into 0-D, 1-D, 2-D and 3-D networks. Reactions conducted in multi-component molecular assemblies or co-crystals have been recognized as a way to control reactivity in the solid state. The [2+2] photodimerization of olefins is a successful demonstration of how templated solid state synthesis can efficiently synthesize unique materials with remarkable stereoselectivity and under environment-friendly conditions. A demonstration of this synthetic strategy is given in chapter 3. The combination of various types of intermolecular linkages, leading to formation of high order aggregation and crystalline materials or to a random aggregation resulting in an amorphous precipitate, may not go to completeness. In such rare cases an aggregation process intermediate between crystalline and amorphous materials is observed, resulting in the formation of a gel, i.e. a viscoelastic solid-like or liquid-like material. In chapter 4 design of new Low Molecular Weight Gelators is presented. Aspects such as the relationships between molecular structure, crystal packing and gelation properties and the application of this kind of gels as a medium for crystal growth of organic molecules, such as APIs, are also discussed.