The challenges of safeguarding and securing cultural heritage materials during violent conflict in Nigeria.

Almost every community, country and continent is experiencing a form of conflict, war or disaster. These wars have claimed lives, antiquities, heritage materials, contemporary Arts, Galleries, Museums, Archives, Monuments andHeritage sites. The aim of this study is to explore the challenges of safeguarding cultural heritage material during violent conflict in Nigeria bearing in mind the two UNESCO world heritage sites in Nigeria: Sukur kingdom and Osun Oshogbo sacred Grove. The outcome of this study will help the policy makers to address the challenges of safeguarding cultural heritage materials in times of conflicts, bridge the gap on the existing literature concerning the safeguarding of cultural heritage materials in times of conflict and to make a modest contribution to the existing body of knowledge on cultural heritage protection in Nigeria in particular and other parts of the world in general. This study relies on both primary and secondary sources using questionnaire and oral interview to elicit information from selected relevant cultural agencies, journalists and scholars in the field of art and culture. Relevant literature and documents on the challenges of safeguarding and securing of cultural heritage materials during conflicts were reviewed. The data gathered from the questionnaires and the oral interview is presented in frequency tabular form to give precise and comprehensive insight into the study findings. Notable among the challenges were insecurity and lack of professionalism in the field of cultural heritage profession. The study also revealed that governments are not enforcing the global laws and conventions for the protection of cultural heritage materials in times of violent conflict. The communities where these materials are located have little or no knowledge about the import of these materials and do not take part in securing them in the event of conflict. It is crucial that we place high value on heritage materials since they are inextricably linked with our identity and where we come from. It is strongly recommended that Cultural Heritage Institutions should involve as much as possible the local communities living around the sites by creating awareness educating and encouraging them to take ownership of the Sites located within their communities. They must ensure that the site is safeguarded against all forms of threat. Items of heritage value are not often considered in most disaster management plans therefore there is the need to consider heritage as priority just as the protection of lives and property.

A Study of How Economic Attitudes Are Shaped by Environmental Shocks and Life Experiences

Social attitudes, attitudes toward financial risk and attitudes toward deferred gratification are thought to influence many important economic decisions over the life-course. In economic theory, these attitudes are key components in diverse models of behavior, including collective action, saving and investment decisions and occupational choice. The relevance of these attitudes have been confirmed empirically. Yet, the factors that influence them are not well understood. This research evaluates how these attitudes are affected by large disruptive events, namely, a natural disaster and a civil conflict, and also by an individual-specific life event, namely, having children.

By implementing rigorous empirical strategies drawing on rich longitudinal datasets, this research project advances our understanding of how life experiences shape these attitudes. Moreover, compelling evidence is provided that the observed changes in attitudes are likely to reflect changes in preferences given that they are not driven just by changes in financial circumstances. Therefore the findings of this research project also contribute to the discussion of whether preferences are really fixed, a usual assumption in economics.

In the first chapter, I study how altruistic and trusting attitudes are affected by exposure to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami as long as ten years after the disaster occurred. Establishing a causal relationship between natural disasters and attitudes presents several challenges as endogenous exposure and sample selection can confound the analysis. I take on these challenges by exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to the tsunami and by relying on a longitudinal dataset representative of the pre-tsunami population in two districts of Aceh, Indonesia. The sample is drawn from the Study of the Tsunami Aftermath and Recovery (STAR), a survey with data collected both before and after the disaster and especially designed to identify the impact of the tsunami. The altruistic and trusting attitudes of the respondents are measured by their behavior in the dictator and trust games. I find that witnessing closely the damage caused by the tsunami but without suffering severe economic damage oneself increases altruistic and trusting behavior, particularly towards individuals from tsunami affected communities. Having suffered severe economic damage has no impact on altruistic behavior but may have increased trusting behavior. These effects do not seem to be caused by the consequences of the tsunami on people’s financial situation. Instead they are consistent with how experiences of loss and solidarity may have shaped social attitudes by affecting empathy and perceptions of who is deserving of aid and trust.

In the second chapter, co-authored with Ryan Brown, Duncan Thomas and Andrea Velasquez, we investigate how attitudes toward financial risk are affected by elevated levels of insecurity and uncertainty brought on by the Mexican Drug War. To conduct our analysis, we pair the Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS), a rich longitudinal dataset ideally suited for our purposes, with a dataset on homicide rates at the month and municipality-level. The homicide rates capture well the overall crime environment created by the drug war. The MxFLS elicits risk attitudes by asking respondents to choose between hypothetical gambles with different payoffs. Our strategy to identify a causal effect has two key components. First, we implement an individual fixed effects strategy which allows us to control for all time-invariant heterogeneity. The remaining time variant heterogeneity is unlikely to be correlated with changes in the local crime environment given the well-documented political origins of the Mexican Drug War. We also show supporting evidence in this regard. The second component of our identification strategy is to use an intent-to-treat approach to shield our estimates from endogenous migration. Our findings indicate that exposure to greater local-area violent crime results in increased risk aversion. This effect is not driven by changes in financial circumstances, but may be explained instead by heightened fear of victimization. Nonetheless, we find that having greater economic resources mitigate the impact. This may be due to individuals with greater economic resources being able to avoid crime by affording better transportation or security at work.

The third chapter, co-authored with Duncan Thomas, evaluates whether attitudes toward deferred gratification change after having children. For this study we also exploit the MxFLS, which elicits attitudes toward deferred gratification (commonly known as time discounting) by asking individuals to choose between hypothetical payments at different points in time. We implement a difference-in-difference estimator to control for all time-invariant heterogeneity and show that our results are robust to the inclusion of time varying characteristics likely correlated with child birth. We find that becoming a mother increases time discounting especially in the first two years after childbirth and in particular for those women without a spouse at home. Having additional children does not have an effect and the effect for men seems to go in the opposite direction. These heterogeneous effects suggest that child rearing may affect time discounting due to generated stress or not fully anticipated spending needs.

Social paranoia and absurdist fiction in Cold War America and Soviet Russia: a comparative study

This thesis explores the theme of social paranoia as depicted in the Absurdist fiction of Cold War America and Soviet Russia. The central hypothesis informing this research maintains that, despite the ideology of moral and cultural “Otherness” constructed and reinforced by both nations throughout much of twentieth century, the US and the Soviet Union more often than not functioned as mirror images of paranoia and suspicion. Much of the fiction produced in Russia from the Revolution onwards and in the US during the Cold War period highlights how these two ostensibly irreconcilable nations were consumed by similar fears and gripped by an equally pervasive paranoia. These parallel conditions of anxiety and mistrust led to a surprising congruity of literary responses, which transcended the ideological divide between capitalism and communism and, as such, underscored the homogeny of fear which lay beneath the façade of constructed difference. I contend that, because Soviet Russia and the America of the Cold War period were nations consumed by fear and suspicion, authors living in both countries became preoccupied by the mechanics of such deeply paranoid societies. Consequently, much of the fiction of the US and the Soviet Union during this period was preoccupied with the themes of paranoia, conspiracy, intensive bureaucracy and the politicisation of science, which resulted in the terror of the Nuclear Age. This thesis explores how these central themes unite apparently diverse literary texts and illustrate the uniformity of terror which transcended both the physical and ideological boundaries separating the United States and the Soviet Union. In doing so, this research focuses primarily on the multi-faceted manifestations of paranoia in selected works by Soviet authors Mikhail Bulgakov, Daniil Kharms and Yuli Daniel, and American authors Joseph Heller, Thomas Pynchon and Kurt Vonnegut. Focusing on key works by each author, this research considers these texts as products of two culturally diverse, yet equally paranoid societies and explores their preoccupation with issues of spying, infiltration and conspiracy. This thesis thus emphasises how these authors counter simplistic notions of Cold War Otherness by revealing two nations possessed by a similar sense of vulnerability and insecurity. Furthermore, this thesis examines how this social anxiety is reinforced by the way in which these authors position issues such as the mechanics of the bureaucratic system and clandestine scientific experimentation as the focal point of the paranoid imagination. Ultimately, by examining the concordance of paranoiac representation in America and the Soviet Union during this period, I demonstrate that these ostensibly divergent nations harboured similar fears and insecurities.

L’accès aux ressources alimentaires : facteurs prédicteurs de l’insécurité alimentaire sévère parmi les ménages bénéficiers des programmes communautaires en sécurité alimentaire à Montréal

Objectif : Examiner la relation entre l’accès aux ressources alimentaires et le degré de l’insécurité alimentaire du ménage parmi les nouveaux utilisateurs des organismes communautaires d’intervention en sécurité alimentaire de Montréal. Méthode : Étude observationnelle transversale. Elle consiste en une analyse secondaire de données (n=785) qui proviennent du premier temps de mesure de l’enquête sur les effets des interventions en sécurité alimentaire à Montréal menée entre 2011 et 2012. La variable dépendante a été l’insécurité alimentaire. Les variables indépendantes ont été le mode de transport utilisé pour transporter les aliments, l’emplacement de l’épicerie la plus fréquentée par le participant, la distance entre l’organisme communautaire fréquenté par le participant et son domicile, la proximité de l’épicerie la plus fréquentée, la satisfaction quant à l’acceptabilité et le caractère abordable des aliments dans l’épicerie la plus fréquentée, et les difficultés d’accès aux aliments. Des régressions logistiques furent effectuées afin d’évaluer la relation entre les variables indépendantes et le degré de l’insécurité alimentaire, en utilisant l’insécurité sévère comme catégorie de référence. Résultats : Nos données suggèrent que la sévérité de l’insécurité alimentaire est associée à la difficulté d’accès aux aliments à cause de la cherté des aliments (pour la sécurité alimentaire, OR=0.13; CI : 0.07-0.25 et pour l’insécurité alimentaire modérée, OR=0.42; CI : 0.28-0.63), au fait de faire l’épicerie à l’extérieur du quartier ou de faire rarement l’épicerie (pour l’insécurité alimentaire modérée, OR=0.50, CI : 0.30-0.84), au fait d’avoir accès au transport collectif (pour l’insécurité alimentaire modérée, OR=1.73; CI : 1.09-2.73), au fait de résider à une distance moyenne (soit entre 1000 et 2000 mètres) d’un organisme communautaire en sécurité alimentaire (pour l’insécurité alimentaire modérée, OR=1.83; CI : 1.14-2.92), et à la difficulté d’accès aux aliments à cause de contraintes de transport (pour la sécurité alimentaire, OR=0.18, CI : 0.06-0.52). Conclusion : L’accès aux ressources alimentaires est associé au degré de l’insécurité alimentaire des nouveaux ménages participant aux interventions en sécurité alimentaire à Montréal.

La agenda de la seguridad en revisión : casos conmocionantes, temas y problemas públicos en el actual período democrático argentino (1983-2016)

El trabajo explora la emergencia de temas y la constitución de problemas públicos que integran la agenda de la seguridad en Argentina en la etapa democrática a partir de procesos vinculados a la problematización pública de muertes violentas constituidas como casos conmocionantes. Con estos fines, el análisis integra la reconstrucción en el registro de la acción pública de casos conmocionantes con una revisión de trabajos que desde las ciencias sociales abordan dimensiones de la muerte violenta y problemas vinculados a la agenda nacional de la seguridad. Como punto de llegada del análisis destacamos la capacidad que en la actualidad manifiesta la inseguridad para absorber e integrar dimensiones en tanto problema que se constituye como un guion cultural privilegiado para la comprensión de la violencia, que sintetiza sentidos sociales circulantes sobre el riesgo y que sirve de plataforma para la demanda política de amplios sectores de la ciudadanía.

Crisis of work as a social integration factor

This article analyzes the process of deterioration of the work as a source of social rights and as a social integration element. The context of this process is the passage of a wage-labour society with stable employment to other where the labour relations are deregulated. This aim was tackled by means of quantitative and qualitative techniques. Secondary sources of statistical information were used together with interviews to experts of the institutional sphere. The results of this research show the emergence of a new exclusive model of social cohesion based on intensification and generalization of social inequalities and job insecurity. In this new model of social cohesion, it is noted that the integration strategies of people have less and less support from Government and people are neglected. This process appears in the four spheres that classify the social exclusion risks factors: the structural, the institutional, the relational and the individual.

Incertidumbre y actitudes pro-redistributivas: mercados de trabajo y modelos de bienestar en Europa

La articulación entre las políticas de empleo y las políticas sociales condicionan la percepción subjetiva de incertidumbre los individuos. El modelo de mercado laboral tiene un peso determinante en la percepción de incertidumbre. El empleo en sí mismo ya no es suficiente garantía de ingresos seguros. El empleo a tiempo parcial y los contratos temporales generan una creciente demanda de políticas de redistribución de los ingresos en los países del Sur y Este de Europa. En los países escandinavos los mismos tipos de contratos laborales generan menos desigualdad porque el empleo público contribuye a generar un “círculo virtuoso” que favorece las políticas de igualdad y la conciliación entre la vida laboral y familiar. A nivel individual las actitudes pro-redistributivas las impulsan las mujeres, aquellas personas con incertidumbre en sus ingresos económicos y con bajo nivel de estudios. Por el contrario, quienes más confían en el éxito individual y el mérito son los jóvenes con estudios universitarios y aquellos que perciben ingresos económicos altos.

Looking for Determinants of Ontological Security in the Spain of the Crisis

The concept of ontological security has a remarkable echo in the current sociology to describe emotional status of men of late modernity. However, the concept created by Giddens in the eighties has been little used in empirical research covering various sources of risk or uncertainty. In this paper, a scale for ontological security is proposed. To do this, we start from the results of a research focused on the relationship between risk, uncertainty and vulnerability in the context of the economic crisis in Spain. These results were produced through nine focus groups and a telephone survey with standardized questionnaire applied to a national sample of 2,408 individuals over 18 years. This work is divided into three main sections. In the fi rst, a scale has been built from the results of the application of different items present in the questionnaire used. The second part explores the relationships of the scale obtained with the variables further approximate the emotional dimensions of individuals. The third part observes the variables that contribute to changes in the scale: These variables show the structural feature of the ontological security.

Bridging Perspectives

People’s ability to change their social and economic circumstances may be constrained by various forms of social, cultural and political domination. Thus to consider a social actor’s particular lifeworld in which the research is embedded assists in the understanding of how and why different trajectories of change occur or are hindered and how those changes fundamentally affect livelihood opportunities and constraints. In seeking to fulfill this condition this thesis adopted an actor-oriented approach to the study of rural livelihoods. A comprehensive livelihoods study requires grasping how social reality is being historically constituted. That means to understand how the interaction of modes of production and symbolical reproduction produces the socio-space. Research is here integrated to action through the facilitation of farmer groups. The overall aim of the groups was to prompt agency, as essential conditions to build more resilient livelihoods. The smallholder farmers in the Mabalane District of Mozambique are located in a remote semi-arid area. Their livelihoods customarily depend at least as much on livestock as on (mostly) rain-fed food crops. Increased climate variability exerts pressure on the already vulnerable production system. An extensive 10-month duration of participant observation divided into 3 periods of fieldwork structured the situated multi-method approach that drew on a set of interview categories. The actor-oriented appraisal of livelihoods worked in building a mutually shared definition of the situation. This reflection process was taken up by the facilitation of the farmer groups, one in Mabomo and one in Mungazi, which used an inquiry iteratively combining individual interviews and facilitated group meetings. Integration of action and reflection was fundamental for group constitution as spaces for communicative action. They needed to be self-organized and to achieve understanding intersubjectively, as well as to base action on cooperation and coordination. Results from this approach focus on how learning as collaboratively generated was enabled, or at times hindered, in (a) selecting meaningful options to test; (b) in developing mechanisms for group functioning; and (c) in learning from steering the testing of options. The study of livelihoods looked at how the different assets composing livelihoods are intertwined and how the increased severity of dry spells is contributing to escalated food insecurity. The reorganization of the social space, as households moved from scattered homesteads to form settlements, further exerts pressure on the already scarce natural resource-based livelihoods. Moreover, this process disrupted a normative base substantiating the way that the use of resources is governed. Hence, actual livelihood strategies and response mechanisms turn to diversification through income-generating activities that further increase pressure on the resource-base in a rather unsustainable way. These response mechanisms are, for example, the increase in small-livestock keeping, which has easier conversion to cash, and charcoal production. The latter results in ever more precarious living and working conditions. In the majority of the cases such responses are short-term and reduce future opportunities in a downward spiral of continuously decreasing assets. Thus, by indicating the failure of institutions in the mediation of smallholders’ adaptive capabilities, the livelihood assessment in Mabomo and Mungazi sheds light on the complex underlying structure of present day social vulnerability, linking the macro-context to the actual situation. To assist in breaking this state of “subordination”, shaped by historical processes, weak institutions and food insecurity, the chosen approach to facilitation of farmer groups puts farmer knowledge at the center of an evolving process of intersubjective co-construction of knowledge towards emancipation.

Une étude sur les déterminants biologiques, psychologiques et du travail de l'épuisement professionnel

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à mieux comprendre, d’une part, ce qui influence la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire, et d’autre part, ce qui influence l’épuisement professionnel. Plusieurs objectifs en découlent. D’abord, elle vise à mieux cerner la contribution des conditions de l’organisation du travail (utilisation des compétences, autorité décisionnelle, demandes psychologiques, demandes physiques, horaire de travail irrégulier, nombre d’heures travaillées, soutien social des collègues, soutien social des superviseurs, insécurité d’emploi) sur la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire, ainsi que le rôle modérateur de certains traits de personnalité (extraversion, agréabilité, névrosisme, conscience, ouverture d’esprit, estime de soi, centre de contrôle) sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. Par ailleurs, cette thèse vise à établir la contribution des conditions de l’organisation du travail sur l’épuisement professionnel, ainsi que le rôle modérateur des traits de personnalité sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel. Finalement, cette thèse vise à vérifier si la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire joue un rôle médiateur sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel, ainsi qu’à identifier les effets de médiation modérés par les traits de personnalité sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. Ces objectifs sont inspirés de nombreuses limites observées dans la littérature, principalement l’intégration de déterminants à la fois biologiques, psychologiques et du travail dans la compréhension de l’épuisement professionnel. La thèse propose un modèle conceptuel qui tente de savoir comment ces différents stresseurs entraînent une dérégulation de la sécrétion de cortisol dans la salive des travailleurs. Ensuite, ce modèle conceptuel vise à voir si cette dérégulation s’associe à l’épuisement professionnel. Finalement, ce modèle conceptuel cherche à expliquer comment la personnalité peut influencer la manière dont ces variables sont reliées entre elles, c’est-à-dire de voir si la personnalité joue un rôle modérateur. Ce modèle découle de quatre théories particulières, notamment la perspective biologique de Selye (1936). Les travaux de Selye s’orientent sur l’étude de la réaction physiologique d’un organisme soumis à un stresseur. Dans ces circonstances, l’organisme est en perpétuel effort de maintien de son équilibre (homéostasie) et ne tolère que très peu de modifications à cet équilibre. En cas de modifications excessives, une réponse de stress est activée afin d’assurer l’adaptation en maintenant l’équilibre de base de l’organisme. Ensuite, le modèle conceptuel s’appuie sur le modèle de Lazarus et Folkman (1984) qui postule que la réponse de stress dépend plutôt de l’évaluation que font les individus de la situation stressante, et également sur le modèle de Pearlin (1999) qui postule que les individus exposés aux mêmes stresseurs ne sont pas nécessairement affectés de la même manière. Finalement, le modèle conceptuel de cette thèse s’appuie sur le modèle de Marchand (2004) qui postule que les réactions dépendent du décodage que font les acteurs des contraintes et ressources qui les affectent. Diverses hypothèses émergent de cette conceptualisation théorique. La première est que les conditions de l’organisation du travail contribuent directement aux variations de la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire. La deuxième est que les conditions de l’organisation du travail contribuent directement à l’épuisement professionnel. La troisième est que la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire médiatise la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel. La quatrième est que la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire est modérée par les traits de personnalité. La cinquième est que la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail, la sécrétion de cortisol salivaire et l’épuisement professionnel est modérée par les traits de personnalité. Des modèles de régression multiniveaux et des analyses de cheminement de causalité ont été effectués sur un échantillon de travailleurs canadiens provenant de l’étude SALVEO. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés sous forme de trois articles, soumis pour publication, lesquels constituent les chapitres 4 à 6 de cette thèse. Dans l’ensemble, le modèle intégrateur biopsychosocial proposé dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat permet de mieux saisir la complexité de l’épuisement professionnel qui trouve une explication biologique, organisationnelle et individuelle. Ce constat permet d’offrir une compréhension élargie et multiniveaux et assure l’avancement des connaissances sur une problématique préoccupante pour les organisations, la société ainsi que pour les travailleurs. Effectivement, la prise en compte des traits de personnalité et de la sécrétion du cortisol salivaire dans l’étude de l’épuisement professionnel assure une analyse intégrée et plus objective. Cette thèse conclue sur les implications de ces résultats pour la recherche, et sur les retombées qui en découlent pour les milieux de travail.

A Casa na Mala do Carro: flexibilidade e mobilidade geográfica como condição de trabalho da equipa de divulgação do Dia da Defesa Nacional

A flexibilidade é o conceito mais apropriado para descrever as práticas de gestão das organizações num contexto extremamente incerto e cambiante como o atual; emerge como um conceito heterogéneo, frequentemente, associado às noções de polivalência, disponibilidade, adaptabilidade, insegurança, mobilidade e instabilidade profissional. Robert Boyer (1986) foi quem denunciou, logo na década de 1980, o lado precário da flexibilidade, falando em “flexibilidade danosa”. Charles Tilly (1976) avançou o conceito de career migration, indagando o facto de os trabalhadores poderem ser deslocados de locais de trabalho para servirem os interesses da organização, subordinando-lhe os seus interesses privados. Este estudo analisou uma equipa de trabalho que está vinculada à organização militar através de um contrato por tempo determinado e que se encontra em constantes deslocações (mobilidade geográfica) no desempenho das suas funções. Trata-se da equipa do Projeto do Dia da Defesa Nacional (PDDN), constituída por 42 oficiais. Tendo em conta esta realidade, perspetivou-se conhecer a especificidade das condições de trabalho deste grupo de profissionais, problematizando especificamente as consequências positivas e negativas deste tipo de funções e a maneira como avaliam a sua situação, procurando conhecer os impactos desta forma de flexibilidade laboral. Questionou-se, em particular, os impactos da mobilidade geográfica permanente a nível da conciliação entre as várias esferas de vida, das estratégias de adaptação a cada equipa, a cada centro, às diferentes realidades militares, às diferentes cidades; questionaram-se os impactos do tipo de vínculo em termos de expetativas e estratégias profissionais, de acesso a formação e outros mecanismos de desenvolvimento profissional, do sentimento de pertença à organização, do ambiente de trabalho e das relações interpessoais, do apoio prestado pela supervisão; e também se procurou compreender as diferenças entre estes oficiais (contratados) e o pessoal do quadro permanente (QP) das Forças Armadas. Através de um inquérito por questionário e da realização de 9 entrevistas em profundidade foi possível conhecer a forma como refletem e avaliam as suas condições de trabalho, os efeitos da precariedade do seu vínculo quer na própria organização militar quer em termos de expetativas e projetos socioprofissionais, explorando-se os impactos da mobilidade geográfica permanente (mensal) nas várias esferas de vida das pessoas da equipa. / Flexibility is the concept most appropriated to describe the management practices in a highly uncertain and changing context like the present; it appears as a heterogeneous concept often associated with concepts of versatility, availability, adaptability, insecurity, professional mobility and instability. Robert Boyer (1986) denounced, then in the 1980s, the poor side of flexibility, talking of "harmful flexibility." Charles Tilly (1976) advanced the concept of “career migration”, questioning the fact that workers can be displaced from the workplace to serve the organization's interests, subordinating their own private interests. This work studied a working team that is tied to the military organization through a fixed-term contract and is in constant movement (geographical mobility) in the performance of their duties. That’s the team of Projeto do Dia da Defesa Nacional (PDDN) consisting of 42 officers. Given this reality, it sought to know the specific working conditions of this group of professionals, specifically questioning the positive and negative consequences of this kind of functions and the way they evaluate their situation, trying to understand the impacts of this form of labor flexibility. It was questioned, in particular, the impact of geographical mobility at the level of permanent reconciliation between the various spheres of life, adaptation strategies, to different cities teams, centers and military realities; questioned the impacts in terms of expectations and professional strategies, access to training and other forms of professional development, the sense of belonging to the organization, the work environment and interpersonal relationships, the support provided by supervision; and also it sought to understand the differences between these officers (hired) and the staff of the permanent (QP) of the Armed Forces. Through a survey and nine in-depth interviews we were able to understand how professionals reflect and evaluate their working conditions, the effects of the precarity either in military organization and also in terms of their expectations and socioprofessional projects, exploring the impacts of geographical mobility (monthly) in the different spheres of life.

O Estado e o Associativismo Profissional e Sindical dos Assistentes Sociais em Portugal: trajetória e perspetivas atuais

Este estudo exploratório, de caráter descritivo, tem como objetivos compreender a relação do Estado com a organização profissional dos assistentes sociais nas diferentes conjunturas sócio-históricas da trajetória da profissão; conhecer o contributo do associativismo sindical e profissional para a organização dos assistentes sociais em Portugal; caraterizar as diversas formas de associativismo profissional e sindical dos profissionais de Serviço Social e compreender a importância da regulação profissional para a categoria. Na trajetória do Serviço Social no nosso país, identificámos várias estruturas associativas desde os anos 50 do século XX. Apesar dessa diversidade ao nível da organização profissional, nos últimos anos tem sido o projeto de constituição da ordem o que tem congregado os profissionais de Serviço Social, embora de forma fragmentada. Em Portugal não existe um estatuto jurídico de regulação da profissão de assistente social, sendo do interesse dos profissionais, utentes e sociedade que o mesmo seja efetivado. A criação de uma ordem profissional poderá vir a fortalecer o trabalho dos profissionais de Serviço Social, bem como proteger e regulamentar o exercício profissional e a formação académica. Com a erosão do Estado Social, as relações de trabalho tendem a ser desregulamentadas e flexibilizadas, subsistindo a precariedade e o desemprego. O enfrentamento a estas questões por parte do movimento associativo é ténue e a sua não articulação fragiliza a proteção dos profissionais, como indiciam a subsistente ausência da constituição da ordem profissional e a extinção do Sindicato Nacional de Profissionais de Serviço Social, apesar do ressurgimento do associativismo sindical durante o presente ano (2013). As condições atuais diferem das existentes aquando do processo de obtenção da licenciatura e estruturação e implementação das carreiras profissionais de Serviço Social que potenciaram e galvanizaram os assistentes sociais. A categoria profissional apresenta-se desmobilizada e com pouco poder reivindicativo, e as associações profissionais e sindicais vivem com constrangimentos financeiros, funcionando em regime de voluntariado, o que denota a insipiência da sua estrutura organizativa. A atual conjuntura justificaria uma maior convergência, debate e processos de resistência por parte das estruturas associativas face ao agravamento de políticas baseadas na austeridade, que têm reflexos no mercado de trabalho, formação e organização profissional. Parece justificar-se a existência de estratégias articuladas com maior clareza sobre o projeto para a categoria, apostando num debate que se faça com os seus diversos intervenientes. Desta forma, o associativismo poderá constituir uma alavanca que confira maior dinamismo às suas estruturas organizacionais, maior visibilidade e presença pública da categoria, mas também uma maior solidez das suas organizações, que não sendo corporativas ou elitistas, salientem o primado da ética do serviço sobre a ética do ganho. / This descriptive exploratory study aims to understand the relationship between the State and the professional organisation of the social workers in the different social-historical situations of the profession course; to know the contribute of the unions and professional membership drive to the organisation of the social workers in Portugal; to characterise the several ways of the social workers’ professional and union membership drive and to understand the importance of the professional regulation for the area. In the Social Service trajectory in our country, we have identified several associative structures since the 1950s. Despite this diversity concerning the professional organisation, the project of constituting the professional order has been responsible for the social workers’ congregation in the past years, although in a fragmented way. In Portugal, there is not a legal status of regulation of the social workers’ profession, and it is of the interest of the professionals, users and society that this may be brought about. The creation of a professional order may strengthen the activity of the social workers, as well as it may protect and regulate the profession exercise and the university education. With the Social State’s erosion, the work relationships tend to be deregulated and softened, persisting the job insecurity and the unemployment. The associative movement does not strongly face these issues, and its non-articulation weakens the professionals’ protection, as the permanent absence of the professional order creation and the extinction of the National Social Workers Union show, despite the reappearance of the union membership drive during the present year (2013). The current conditions are not equal to the ones existent in the process of obtaining the university degree and the structuring and implementing of professional careers in the Social Service area, which have strengthened and galvanised the social workers. The professional category is not mobilised and it has few claimable power; the professional and unions’ associations live with financial problems, functioning in a volunteering regime, which shows the insipience of its organisation structure. The current situation would justify a bigger convergence, debate and resistance processes on behalf of the associative structures regarding the worsening of policies based on austerity – this has consequences in the work market, training and professional organisation. It seems to be pertinent the existence of strategies articulated in a clearer way about the project for this professional area, investing in a debate among its several participants. Therefore, the professional membership drive may constitute a lever that can give more dynamism to its organisational structures, a bigger visibility and public presence of the area, but also a stronger solidity in its organisations which, being not corporative or elitist, may highlight the service’s ethics over the profit’s ethics.

Att möta patienter med psykisk ohälsa : Sjuksköterskans attityder och erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom den somatiska vården

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa ökar i hela världen, även i Sverige, främst hos den unga, kvinnliga befolkningen. Psykiska problem är ofta kopplade till somatisk ohälsa. Kvaliteten på den somatiska vården blir ofta sämre, mycket på grund av att många sjuksköterskor inte har tillräckligt med kunskap och erfarenhet inom psykiatriska omvårdnaden. Syfte: Föreliggande arbete avser att undersöka sjuksköterskors attityder och erfarenheter av patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom den somatiska vården. Metod: Litteraturöversikt av vetenskapliga artiklar. Litteratursökning i databaser med hjälp av lämpliga sökord. Artiklarnas kvalitet granskas sedan med hjälp av granskningsmallar. Resultat: Sammanlagt granskades 15 artiklar, varav 8 kvalitativa och 7 kvantitativa. Undersökningen visar att sjuksköterskor ofta har negativa erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med psykisk ohälsa. En förklaring kan vara bristande kunskap och färdigheter, vilket leder till rädsla, frustration och stress i mötet med dessa patienter. Även miljön nämns som som en stress- och orsaksfaktor till detta. Dessa faktorer leder till att sjuksköterskor till övervägande del har negativa attityder mot denna patientgrupp. Slutsats: Slutsatsen av undersökningen visar att de identifierade bristerna när det gäller kunskap och färdigheter bland annat leder till otrygghet vid vård av patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom den somatiska vården. Förbättring av detta tillstånd kan uppnås genom att höja sjuksköterskors kompetens, t.ex. genom att lägga större vikt på den psykiatriska omvårdnaden inom den praktiska utbildningen.

Production de la sécurité, rationalité et gouvernance locale : une ethnographie urbaine à Douala et Yaoundé (Cameroun)

Cette thèse se penche sur la rationalité sécuritaire qui organise les villes de Douala et Yaoundé. En effet, l’insécurité urbaine devient une question très préoccupante, encore plus dans les villes des pays du Sud notamment les villes camerounaises où la recrudescence de la criminalité et de la violence ont donné lieu à des initiatives de sécurisation de la part de l’État et de la population. Sur le plan de la théorie, plusieurs approches nous permettent de nous projeter dans l’environnement sécuritaire des villes à l’étude. Nous considérons les villes de Douala et Yaoundé comme des lieux de production culturelle où se construisent à la faveur des migrations, à partir de diverses cultures et de comportements issus des villages d’origine, des formes d’identités hybrides et des territoires urbains diversifiés. Cela donne donc à réfléchir sur les modes de gouvernance locale, à l’échelle des quartiers, dans le but de comprendre les modalités d’encadrement de cette dynamique culturelle urbaine. Dans le même ordre d’idées, la gouvernance locale fait appel aux acteurs, dans leurs rôles et leurs logiques. Ces logiques s’observent dans leurs dimensions cognitives et leurs rapports avec l’espace. Les dimensions cognitives évoquent les perceptions, le vécu et les représentations subjectives qui sont associées à l’insécurité. Ainsi, le sentiment d’insécurité, la peur, la marginalisation, la violence et la criminalisation sont des phénomènes qui laissent entrevoir des populations défavorisées, victimes d’insécurité. C’est à côté de ces dernières que se manifestent les logiques d’acteurs associées à l’espace, qui ouvrent l’observation sur l’informalité et la ségrégation non seulement comme instruments de contrôle de l’espace urbain, mais également comme cadres de production d’espaces sécurisés. L’informalité et la ségrégation sont aussi favorables au développement des identités, à la construction d’utopies, ces visions mélioratives qui motivent et transforment les acteurs. Ce sont ces logiques d’acteurs dans leurs rapports avec l’espace qui justifient les initiatives de sécurisation. Finalement, c’est dans cette dynamique de transformation que les acteurs entrent en processus de subjectivation pour se produire comme sujets. Sur le plan méthodologique, cette thèse repose sur une ethnographie critique et comparative de la sécurité et sur l’approche de l’action sociale, qui invite à s’attarder aux interactions sociales, pour rendre compte de la rationalité sécuritaire. Étudier la sécurité requiert de s’attarder à l’échelle des quartiers, objets principaux de la sécurisation et espaces d’expression de l’informalité. Les quartiers sont encadrés par les chefferies urbaines, dont les systèmes de gestion constituent la gouvernance locale. Face à la question de la sécurité, cette gouvernance se prononce entre autres en fonction de son identité, de sa culture et de ses représentations. Elle côtoie les logiques étatiques dont les techniques et les stratégies d’organisation matérialisent les politiques de sécurité. Douala et Yaoundé présentent des approches populaires de sécurisation qui diffèrent sur le plan de l’organisation locale des quartiers et du tempérament populaire. Elles se rapprochent par les logiques d’acteurs et la motivation que ces derniers ont à se produire en sujets. La recherche a permis de constater qu’une forme de rationalité régit l’ensemble des dynamiques et des stratégies de production de la sécurité qui ont cours à Douala et Yaoundé. Cette rationalité passe par une pluralité de logiques de sécurité, elles-mêmes tributaires de nombreux phénomènes qui contribuent à la production de l’insécurité, mais aussi à celle de la sécurité. En effet, les migrations de la campagne vers la ville, l’informalité, la ségrégation et la présence de gangs locaux sont des réalités urbaines qui donnent une forme particulière à l’insécurité, mais invitent également à une réadaptation des techniques et des groupes d’acteurs impliqués dans la production de la sécurité. Il ressort que la rationalité sécuritaire, cette intelligence de gouvernement qui s’organise dans les dispositifs de l’offre publique de sécurité, suscite aussi dans les procédés des acteurs populaires, des techniques d’identification aux forces de l’ordre. Dans son processus, elle aboutit à la production de sujets sécurisés et de sécurité. En saisissant les productions humaines comme des activités innovantes, nous comprenons que la sécurisation procède par rapprochement entre les forces de l’ordre et les populations, par la mise en oeuvre de mécanismes mis en place pour répondre à la menace mais aussi par la « confiscation de la sécurité » pour les besoins d’une élite. Ensuite, elle représente une instance de subjectivation où l’innovation se matérialise et où les acteurs se réalisent, créent la sécurité et recréent la ville. Finalement, cette thèse révèle une pluralité de logiques de sécurité construites autour d’une même rationalité sécuritaire.

Readings in the UK energy security

Over the last few decades, the debate about “Peak Oil” became increasingly common and frustrating to governments, oil companies, and individuals. Also in the last decade or so, some unusual events took place which have raised the concern about the future of energy resources. These events lead policy makers to consider what is known today as “Energy Security.” The UK is one of these countries that fears the unknown future should petroleum resources worldwide become scarce or vanish. After the dwindling of the North Sea production, the UK found itself on the brink of losing its energy self-sufficiency. This article asks the questions: Has the UK’s oil and gas production peaked yet? If so, does the UK have a serious energy security problem, and if so, how may this problem be solved and what are the possible short, medium, and long-term solutions for such a concern? In answering these questions, the article discusses the concerns and challenges to the UK energy security and brings about the government plans for tackling these concerns. It is found that the UK does not experience an energy security problem on the short to medium-term, but it may suffer energy insecurity on the longer-term.