[Ag(NH3)(2)]ClO4: Crystal structures, phase transition, and vibrational spectra

[Ag(NH3)(2)](ClO4) is obtained from a solution of AgClO4 in cone. ammonia as colourless single crystals (orthorhombic, Pnmn, Z = 4, a = 795.2(1) pm, b 617.7(1) pm, c = 1298.2(2) pm, R-all = 0.0494). The structure consists of linearly coordinated cations, [Ag(NH3)(2)](+), stacked in a staggered conformation and of tetrahedral (ClO4)(-) anions. A first order phase transition was observed between 210 and 200 K and the crystal structure of the low-temperature modification (monoclinic. P2/m, Z = 4, a = 789.9(5) pm, b = 604.1(5) pm, c = 1290.4(5) pm, beta = 97.436(5)degrees, at 170 K, R-all = 0.0636) has also been solved. Spectroscopic investigations (IR/Raman) have been carried out and the assignment of the spectra is discussed.

Differential physico-chemical tolerances and intraguild predation among native and invasive amphipods (Crustacea); a field study

We used field surveys and transplant experiments to elucidate the relative roles of physico-chemical regime and intraguild predation in determining the generally mutually exclusive distributions of native and invader freshwater amphipod species. Field surveys showed that the native Gammarus duebeni celticus dominates the shoreline of Lough Neagh, N. Ireland, with some co-occurrence with the N. American invader G. tigrinus. However, the latter species dominates the deeper areas of the mid-Lough. Transplant experiments showed no difference in survival of the native and invader in single species 'bioassay tubes' placed along the shoreline. However, there was significantly higher survival of the invader compared with the native in single species tubes placed in the mid-Lough. In mixed species tubes on the shoreline, the native killed and ate the invader, with no reciprocal interaction, leading to significant reductions of the invader. However, the invader had significantly higher survival than the native in mixed species tubes in the mid-Lough, with no evidence. of predation between the two species. These results indicate that, whereas differential intraguild predation may determine domination of the shoreline by the native, differential physico-chemical tolerances may be major determinants of the domination of the mid-Lough by the invader. This study emphasises the need to consider the habitat template in conjunction with biotic interactions before attempting to draw conclusions about mechanisms determining relative distribution patterns of native and invasive species.

Temporal changes in the distribution of native and introduced freshwater amphipods in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland

Studies of invasion scenarios over long time periods are important to refine explanations and predictions of invasion success and impact. We used data from surveys in 1958 and 1999 of the macroinvertebrates of Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland, to assess changes in the distribution of native and introduced amphipods in relation to the wider assemblage. In 1958, the invader G. tigrinus dominated the shoreline fauna, with the native G. d. celticus present in very low numbers, whereas in 1999 the reverse was evident. In both surveys, G. tigrinus was the only amphipod present in the mid-Lough. G. tigrinus thus seems to have become established within L. Neagh, perhaps overshot and then senesced, with the native species re-establishing on the shoreline, with the invader mostly restricted to the deep mid-Lough. The non-amphipod macroinvertebrate assemblage was similar between the two surveys, in terms of Bray-Curtis community similarity, assemblage diversity, dominance and the taxa based ASPT water quality index. However, the mean density of macroinvertebrates (all taxa combined) was lower in 1999 compared to 1958, largely accounted for by a decline in oligochaete numbers. Since Gammarus species may be predators of other macroinvertebrates and influence their distribution and abundance, we investigated this trophic link in staged laboratory encounters. Both G. tigrinus and G. d. celticus preyed on isopods, alderflies, mayflies, chironomids and mysids, however, the native G. d. celticus had a significantly greater predatory impact on isopods and chironomids than did the invader G. tigrinus. While we cannot definitively ascribe cause and effect in the present scenario, we discuss how replacement of one amphipod species by another may have impacts on the wider macroinvertebrate assemblage.

The structural information content of chemical networks

We present an information-theoretic method to measure the structural information content of networks and apply it to chemical graphs. As a result, we find that our entropy measure is more general than classical information indices known in mathematical and computational chemistry. Further, we demonstrate that our measure reflects the essence of molecular branching meaningfully by determining the structural information content of some chemical graphs numerically.

Die Konzentration. Zur Bewegung des dichterischen Sprechens in der Poetik Paul Celans

This article demonstrates the mouvement of poetic speech in Celan's poetics at the exemple of one poem, thus stressing the significance of the poetic form.

Zur Poetik Paul Celans: Gedicht und Mensch - Die Arbeit am Sinn

This publication summarises my PhD on Paul Celans poetics, focussing on the constitution of meaning and establishing it as a poetological anthropology.

Zur Korrespondenz Ingeborg Bachmann / Paul Celan - 'exemplarisch'? Der lebensschriftliche Anspruch der Dichtung

This article analyses the correspondence and relationship between Bachmann and Celan and elaborates the claims to literature of the poetics of these major postwar poets.

Electrochemical synthesis of Mo2C catalytical coatings for the water-gas shift reaction

The electroreduction of CO32- ions on a molybdenum cathode in a NaCl-KCl-Li2CO3 melt was studied by cyclic voltarnmetry. The electrochemical synthesis of Mo2C on molybdenum substrates has been performed at It 23 K for 7 h with a cathodic current density of 5 mA cm(-2). If molybdenum carbide is present as a thin (ca. 500 nm) film on a molybdenum substrate (Mo2C/Mo), its catalytic activity in the water gas-shift reaction is enhanced by at least an order of magnitude compared to that of the bulk Mo2C phase.

The kinetics of semiconductor photocatalysis: Light intensity effects

The kinetics of the photomineralisation of 4-chlorophenol, 4-CP, by oxygen, sensitized by TiO2 as a function of incident light intensity are described. Degussa P25 TiO2 in the form of either a thin film or a dispersion is used as the photocatalyst. With a TiO2 dispersion the initial rate of photomineralisation, R-i, depends upon I-0.64, implying that electron-hole recombination is the dominant process with respect to photogenerated holes (where R-i is expected proportional to I-0.5), but that the light intensities used spanned both the high (R-i expected proportional to I-0.5) and low (R-i expected proportional to I) intensity regimes. With a TiO2 film R-i is proportional to I indicating that the photocatalytically active particles of the TiO2 film are shielded in some way and so operate under low intensity conditions. Most significantly, it was also found that the apparent value of the Langmuir adsorption coefficient, K4-CP, as determined from the kinetic data, was not independent of I for either a TiO2, film or dispersion photocatalyst. Rather K4-CP increased with decreasing light intensity. A possible mechanism is suggested as a rationale for the observed light intensity effects reported.