Considerazioni generali sul concetto di « corpo »

Il concetto di “corpo” è evidentemente alla base della pratica medica. Dalla definizione che si sceglie di dare a questo concetto dipende l’idea stessa di medicina e di terapia. È per questo che una riflessione preliminare su che cosa sia il corpo è necessaria per guidare e impostare qualsiasi azione dell’operatore sanitario. [...]

Studies On Supported Cobalt (Ii), Nickel (Ii) and Copper (Ii) Complexes Of O-Phenylenediamine and Schiff Bases Derived from 3-Hydroxyquinoxaline-2-Carboxaldehyde

The thesis deals with the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity studies of supported cobalt(ii), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of O-phenylenediamine and Schiff bases derived from 3-hydroxyquinoxaline -2-carboxaldehyde. Zeolite encapsulation and polymer anchoring was employed for supporting the complexes. The characterization techniques proved that the encapsulation as well as polymer supporting has been successfully achieved. The catalytic activity studies revealed that the activities of the simple complexes are improved upon encapsulation. Various characterization techniques are used such as, chemical analysis, EPR, magnetic measurements, FTIR studies, thermal analysis, electronic spectra, XRD, SEM, surface area, and GC.The present study indicated that the that the mechanism of oxidation of catechol and DTBC by hydrogen peroxide is not altered by the change in the coordination sphere around the metal ion due to encapsulation. This fact suggests outer sphere mechanism for the reactions. The catalytic activity by zeolite encapsulated complex was found to be slower than that by the neat complex. The slowing down of the reaction in the zeolite case is probably due to the constraint imposed by the zeolite framework. The rate of DTBC ( 3,5-di-tert-butylchatechol)oxidation was found to be greater than the rate of catechol oxidation. This is obviously due to the presence of electron donating tertiary butyl groups.

Model Compound Studies on the Devulcanization of Natural Rubber Using 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-Butene

The mechanism of devulcanization of sulfur-vulcanized natural rubber with aromatic disulfides and aliphatic amines has been studied using 23-dimethyl-2-butene (C5H1,) as a low-molecular weight model compound. First C6H12 was vulcanized with a mixture of sulfur, zinc stearate and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide (CBS) as accelerator at 140 °C, resulting in a mixture of addition products (C(,H 1 i-S,-C5H 1 i ). The compounds were isolated and identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with respect to their various sulfur ranks. In it second stage, the vulcanized products were devulcanized using the agents mentioned above at 200 °C. The kinetics and chemistry of the breakdown of the sulfur-hridges were monitored. Both devulcanization agents decompose sulfidic vulcanization products with sulfur ranks equal or higher than 3 quite effectively and with comparable speed. Di phenyldisulfide as devulcanization agent gives rise to a high amount of mono- and disulfidic compounds formed during the devulcanization, hexadecylamine, as devulcanization agent, prevents these lower sulfur ranks from being formed.

Studies on Some Transition Metal Complexes of Schiff Bases Derived from Quinoxaline-2-carboxaldehyde

Two series of transition metal complexes of Schiff bases derived from quinoxaline-2-carboxaldehyde with semicarbazide (QSC) and furfurylamine (QFA) were synthesised and characterised by elemental analyses, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, electronic and EPR spectral studies. The QSC complexes have the general formula [M(QSC)Cl2]. A tetrahedral structure has been assigned for the Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes and a square-planar structure for the Cu(II) complex. The QFA complexes have the formula [M(QFA)2Cl2]. An octahedral structure has been assigned for these complexes. All of the complexes exhibit catalytic activity towards the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (DTBC) to 3,5-di-tert-butylquinone (DTBQ) using atmospheric oxygen. The cobalt(II) complex of the ligand QFA was found to be the most active catalyst.

2(3H)-Furanones and related substrates: Synthetic strategies and selectivity profile in their reactivity

The synthesis and reactions of simple derivatives of 2(3H)- and 3(2H)furanones have attracted considerable attention in recent years, primarily in connection with development of routes to antitumor agents that contain this ring as central structural unit. They also serve as useful synthetic building blocks for lactones and furans and are the precursors of a wide variety of biologically important heterocyclic systems. Although a number of syntheses of furanones were known they were in many cases limited to specific substitution pattems. The development of altemative strategies for the preparation of these heterocycles is therefore of considerable importance or continues to be a challenge.We propose to develop new and general approaches to the synthesis of furanone ring systems from simple and readily available starting materials since we were interested in examining their rich photochemistry. The photochemical reactivity of Beta,gama-unsaturated lactams and lactones is a subject of current interest. Some of the prominent photoreaction pathways of unsaturated lactones include decarbonylation, solvent addition to double bonds, decarboxylation, migration of aryl substituents and dimerisation. lt was reported earlier that the critical requirement for clean photochemical cleavage of the acyl-oxygen bond is the presence ofa double bond adjacent to the ether oxygen and 2(3H)-furanones possessing this structural requirement undergo facile decarbonylation. But related phenanthrofuranones are isolated as photostable end products upon irradiation. Hence we propose to synthesis a few phenanthro-2(3H)-furanones to study the effect of a radical stabilising group at 3-position of furanone ring on photolysis. To explore the tripletmediated transformations of 2(3H)-furanones in polar and nonpolar solvents a few 3,3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-5-aryl-3H-furan-2-ones and 3,3-di(p-tolyl)-5-aryl- 3H-furan-2-ones were synthesised from the corresponding dibenzoylstyrene precursors by neat thermolysis. Our aim was to study the nature of intermediates involved in these transformations.We also explored the possibility of developing a new and general approach to the synthesis of 3(2H)-furanones from simple and readily available starting materials since such general procedures are not available. The protocol developed by us employs readily available phenanthrenequinone and various 4-substituted acetophenones as starting materials and provides easy access to the required 3(2H)-furanone targets. These furanone derivatives have immense potential for further investigations .We also aimed the synthesis of a few dibenzoylalkene-type systems such as acenaphthenone-2—ylidene ketones and phenanthrenone-9-ylidene ketones. These systems were expected to undergo thermal rearrangement to give furanones and spirofuranones. Also these systems can be categorised as quinonemethides which are valuable synthetic intermediates.

Preparation, magnetic and EPR spectral studies of copper(II) complexes of an anticancer drug analogue

Ten new copper(II) complexes of five potential bisthiocarbohydrazone and biscarbohydrazone ligands were synthesized and physico-chemically characterized. The spectral and magnetic studies of compounds are consistent with the formation of asymmetric di-, tri- or tetranuclear copper(II) complexes of deprotonated forms of respective ligands. The variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of all complexes showantiferromagnetic interactions between the Cu(II) centers, in agreement with very broad powder EPR spectra. However, frozen solution EPR spectral studies are found in contradiction with the solid-state magnetic studies and indicate that the complexes are not very stable in solutions; the possible fragmentations of complexes are found in agreement with MALDI MS results. The EPR spectral simulation of most of the compounds is in agreement with the presence of two uncoupled Cu(II) species in solution.

Synthesis and Properties of Polyurethanes of Hexamethylene Di-Isocyanate with Multifunctional Chromophores in the Main Chain

Various polyurethanes containing photoactive bis(azo) and bis(o-nitrobenzyl) groups in the main chain were synthesized by polyaddition reactions of diols such as bis(4-hydroxyphenylazo)-2,20-dinitrodiphenylmethane, 4-hydroxy-3-methylphenylazo- 40-hydroxyphenylazo-2,20-dinitrodiphenylmethane and bis(4-hydroxy-3- methylphenylazo)-2,20-dinitrodiphenylmethane with hexamethylene di-isocyanate (HMDI), in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) in the presence of di-n-butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as catalyst. All of them were characterized by IR, UV-vis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra and also by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

Versuche zur Synthese ferrocendiylverbrückter Di(amido)-Chelatkomplexe von Gruppe-4-Metallen

Die Polymerisation von α-Olefinen mit Derivaten von Gruppe-4-Metallocenen ist von großem technologischen Interesse. In den letzten Jahren hat sich bei der Suche nach metallocenalternativen Präkatalysatoren u.a. aufgrund der theoretischen Arbeiten von Ziegler gezeigt, dass Di(amido)-Chelatkomplexe mit Gruppe-4-Metallen vielversprechende Spezies für die α-Olefinpolymerisation darstellen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten die stereoelektronischen Eigenschaften solcher Komplexe durch Arylgruppen mit sterisch anspruchsvollen Alkylsubstituenten beeinflusst werden. Weitere interessante Eigenschaften sollten durch die die Stickstoffatome verbrückende Ferroceneinheit erzielt werden, da diese als molekulares Kugellager und redoxaktive Schaltereinheit fungieren kann. Die Di(arylamino)ferrocenligandvorstufen Fe[(C5H4)NHPh]2, Fe[(C5H4)NH(2,6-C6H3Me2)]2 und Fe[(C5H4)NH(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)]2 konnten durch Hartwig-Buchwald-artige Kreuzkupplung von 1,1´-Diaminoferrocen mit dem jeweiligen Arylbromid erhalten werden. Dagegen misslangen über diese Syntheseroute zahlreiche Versuche zur Synthese von Derivaten mit Substituenten in meta-Position des Arylringes. Die Darstellung der Titan- und Zirkoniumchelatkomplexe gelang durch Metathesereaktion der Di(arylamino)ferrocene mit M(NMe2)4 bzw. M(CH2Ph)4 (M = Ti, Zr), die unter Eliminierung von 2 Äquivalenten HNMe2 bzw. Toluol ablaufen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass bei sterisch anspruchsvollen Di(arylamino)ferrocenligandsystemen keine Metathesereaktion mit Ti(NMe2)4 möglich ist, was auch für analoge Reaktionen mit Ti(CH2Ph)4 zu erwarten ist. Ganz anders sind dagegen die Verhältnisse in der Zirkoniumchemie. Hier konnten durch Umsetzung von Fe[(C5H4)NH(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)]2 mit Zr(NMe2)4 bzw. Zr(CH2Ph)4 die Komplexe [{Fe[C5H4(NC6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3)]2}Zr(NMe2)2] und [{Fe[C5H4(NC6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3)]2}Zr(CH2Ph)2] dargestellt werden. Hier findet sich eine senkrechte Anordnung der Arylringe zur Chelatringebene, die die nach Ziegler günstige Orbitalüberlappung ermöglicht, die zu einer besonders hohen katalytischen Aktivität dieser Komplexe in der Ethylenpolymerisation führen sollte. Nach üblicher Aktivierung zeigen diese Komplexe jedoch nur niedrige Aktivitäten in der Ethylenpolymerisation. Ob strukturelle Parameter für dieses Ergebnis verantwortlich sind, oder sogar Defizite im Ziegler-Modell vorliegen, sollte Gegenstand zukünftiger Untersuchungen sein.

El di??logo como estrategia de educaci??n en valores c??vicos : un estudio etnogr??fico en Primaria

Analizar el estado de la cuesti??n de la educaci??n en valores en Educaci??n Primaria. Describir el contexto espec??fico en el que se asienta la investigaci??n. Explorar las posibilidades de educar en valores a trav??s del di??logo en un aula de Educaci??n Primaria. Establecer orientaciones sobre la educaci??n en valores en Educaci??n Primaria. El modelo metodol??gico elegido es la etnograf??a educativa y el m??todo de la investigaci??n es el estudio de caso. La investigaci??n se ha centrado en un estudio de caso ??nico: el estudio en profundidad de un aula de Educaci??n Primaria, realizando la investigadora una observaci??n participante. El centro educativo elegido es el CP Germ??n Fern??ndez Ramos de Oviedo, popularmente conocido como CP Villar Pando, y el aula corresponde a quinto curso, al que acuden veinticinco alumnos, quince ni??os y diez ni??as, de entre nueve y once a??os. De ellos, el 40 por ciento son inmigrantes. La propuesta que se hace en este estudio es que a trav??s del di??logo entre todos los miembros del aula pueden abordarse en profundidad los m??s diversos asuntos morales. El di??logo en el aula permite crear un clima de trabajo muy rico en el que se pueden abordar infinitas tem??ticas de educaci??n en valores, creando un medio reflexivo, en el que confluyan ideas previas sobre el tema, conocimientos acad??micos, experiencias, etc.. El trabajo etnogr??fico ha permitido indagar sobre el enfoque dial??gico de educaci??n en valores en Primaria y los resultados permiten establecer las siguientes conclusiones: 1) El di??logo est?? sometido a normas; 2) No son precisos sofisticados materiales educativos; 3) Permite plantear la educaci??n en valores de manera contextualizada; 4) Permite abordar la educaci??n en valores de modo transversal; 5) Permite desarrollar una ense??anza 'no infantilizadora'; 6) La ense??anza de valores c??vicos no tiene por qu?? ser una actividad acad??mica en sentido estricto; 7) La ense??anza de valores se puede abordar racionalmente; 8) Es una forma de aprender cooperativa, comunitaria; 9) Permite ense??ar al alumnado a dialogar; 10) Se favorece el pensamiento libre y aut??nomo; 11) La metodolog??a dial??gica en educaci??n en valores permite abordar en profundidad diversos contenidos acad??micos; 12) Coherencia entre teor??a-pr??ctica; y 13) Positiva valoraci??n de los implicados.

Sistema di??drico. Poliedros regulares : secciones planas y sus verdaderas magnitudes

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Visualizaci??n gr??fica interactiva

La ventilazione non-invasiva a pressione positiva nell’insufficienza respiratoria acuta ipercapnica: 10 anni di esperienza clinica di una Unità di Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria

PremessaSebbene numerosi studi prospettici, controllati e randomizzati abbiano dimostrato il successo della ventilazione non-invasiva a pressione positiva (NIV) in casi selezionati di insufficienza respiratoria acuta ipercapnica (IRA) in setting con intensità di cura differenti, i dati di pratica clinica relativi all’uso della NIV nel “mondo reale” sono limitati. Scopo Riportare i risultati della nostra esperienza clinica sulla NIV nell’IRA applicata nell’Unità di Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria (UTSIR) allocata all’interno dell’Unità Operativa di Pneumologia di Arezzo negli anni 1996-2006 in termini di: tollerabilità, effetti sui gas ematici, tasso di successo e fattori predittivi del fallimento.MetodiTrecentocinquanta dei 1484 pazienti (23.6%) consecutivamente ammessi per IRA nella nostra Unità Operativa di Pneumologia durante il periodo di studio hanno ricevuto la NIV in aggiunta alla terapia standard, in seguito al raggiungimento di criteri predefiniti impiegati di routine.RisultatiOtto pazienti (2.3%) non hanno tollerato la NIV per discomfort alla maschera, mentre i rimanenti 342 (M: 240, F: 102; età: mediana (interquartili) 74.0 (68.0-79.3) anni; BPCO: 69.3%) sono stati ventilati per >1 ora. I gas ematici sono significativamente migliorati dopo 2 ore di NIV (media (deviazione standard) pH: 7.33 (0.07) versus 7.28 (7.25-7.31), p<0.0001; PaCO2: 71.4 (15.3) mmHg versus 80.8 (16.6) mmHg, p<0.0001; PaO2/FiO2: 205 (61) versus 183 (150-222), p<0.0001). La NIV ha evitato l’intubazione in 285/342 pazienti (83.3%) con una mortalità ospedaliera del 14.0%. Il fallimento della NIV è risultato essere predetto in modo indipendente dall’Apache III (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III) score, dall’indice di massa corporea e dal fallimento tardivo della NIV (> 48 ore di ventilazione) dopo iniziale risposta positiva.ConclusioniSecondo la nostra esperienza clinica di dieci anni realizzata in una UTSIR, la NIV si conferma essere ben tollerata, efficace nel migliorare i gas ematici e utile nell’evitare l’intubazione in molti episodi di IRA non-responsivi alla terapia standard.

Matemàtiques : aritmética 2. 'Matemáticas: aritmética 2'.

En aritmética los múltiplos y divisores son una de las operaciones que se pueden adquirir a través de sencillos métodos sistemáticos que ayudan a la búsqueda de divisores de números para poder facilitar la tarea. Los números primos también pueden beneficiarse de este estudio sistematizado a la hora de su adquisición.

Visi??n tecnol??gica de la did??ctica : aportaci??n de los doctores Fern??ndez Huerta y Rodr??guez Di??guez

Los doctores Fern??ndez Huertas y Rodr??guez Di??guez han constituido el eje de la did??ctica en Espa??a durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX y los primeros a??os del siglo XXI. Sus obras han constituido la base de la did??ctica y de los modelos de formaci??n del profesorado. El conocimiento de los dos maestros permite profundizar en la visi??n de la tecnolog??a de la Did??ctica. La Did??ctica, como disciplina social inmersa en la sociedad de la informaci??n, no puede renunciar a su sistematizaci??n tecnol??gica. Adem??s de tratar la Did??ctica desde un enfoque tecnol??gico, se analizan las aportaciones del modelo did??ctico establecido por Fern??ndez Huertas y Rodr??guez Di??guez.

El di??logo en la educaci??n moral : presupuestos, finalidad y condiciones

El di??logo desde la perspectiva de la educaci??n moral se considera: un procedimiento para el desarrollo moral individual; un m??todo para vivir la ciudadan??a; un valor deseable de las personas como individuos y ciudadanos. ??nicamente se puede establecer el di??logo c??mo procedimiento, valor, y cualidad si se parte del mismo como condici??n: el ser humano es dialogante. Se analizan: los presupuestos antropol??gicos para afirmar el di??logo; la finalidad del di??logo en la educaci??n moral y las condiciones previas para sostener el di??logo.

Interferencias lingüisticas di galego e o inglés no español do alumnado do colexio español Vicente Cañada Blanch de Londres. 'Interferencias lingüisticas del gallego y el inglés en el español del alumnado del colegio español Vicente Cañada Blanch de Londres'.

Estudio sociolingüístico con los alumnos del colegio español Vicente Cañada Blanch en Londres. El estudio se realizó sobre un guión de trabajo en varias fases: 1. Observación de la realidad e hipótesis de trabajo. 2. Selección de hablantes y grupos. 3. Recopilación de datos. 4. Análisis de los datos. 5. Interpretación de los datos. Las interferencias entre el gallego y el inglés en el colegio presenta una clara evolución, siendo mayoritaria la presencia de interferencias lingüísticas procedentes del gallego en el grupo 1 y claramente de procedencia inglesa en el grupo 3, el grupo 2 se manifiesta como un grupo de transmisión entre ambos.