Märkäosan lisäaineet ja kuituflokit konesihdin ympäristössä

Painelajittelu on yksi yleisimmistä yksikköprosesseista paperin ja sellun valmistuksessa. Suurelta osin lajittimet toimivat niille asetettujen vaatimusten mukaisesti, mutta joissakin tapauksissa lajittimissa saattaa esiintyä ei-toivottavaa kuitujen kasautumista sekä kehräymän muodostusta. Niiden seurauksena lajittimien kapasiteetti alenee ja lajittelutulos heikkenee. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on uutta kuvantamistekniikkaa hyödyntäen selvittää miten kehräymät ja kuitukasaumat syntyvät painelajittimen sihtipinnalla ja miten retentioaineen syöttö sihdin ympäristössä vaikuttaa niiden syntyyn. Työn kirjallisuusosassa tarkastellaan painelajittimen toimintaa, rakennetta sekä lyhyen kierron konesihdin erityispiirteitä. Lisäksi tarkastellaan retentiokemikaalien käyttäytymistä leikkausvoimien alaisuudessa ja kuitukehräymien syntyä painelajittimissa. Kokeellisessa osassa on raportoitu kuvantamisjärjestelmällä saatuja tuloksia sekä esitetään havaintoja kehräymien ja kuitukasaumien synnystä ja niiden vaikutuksista painelajittimen toimintaan. Kuvausten perusteella voidaan sanoa, että kehräymän syntyminen sihdissä vaatii aina jonkinlaisen kuitukasauman olemassaoloa. Tällaista alkukasaumaa tarvitaan, jotta kuidut voivat ankkuroitua siihen kiinni ja johon kiinnittyneenä kuidut alkavat pyöriä virtauksessa muodostaen kehräymää. Kuitukasauman muodostuminen painelajittimessa johtuu pääosin sihdissä olevasta epäjatkuvuuskohdasta, massassa olevista epäpuhtauksista ja kuituflokeista jotka jäävät kiinni sihtipinnan aukkoihin tai lajittimen kapasiteetin ylittymisestä. Kehräymän syntyä kasauman jäljessä voidaan pitää enemmän sääntönä kuin poikkeuksena, mutta kehräytyminen on vähäisempää reikäsihdillä kuin rakosihdillä. Silloituspolymeerillä flokattu massa ei muodosta herkemmin kuitukasaumia sihtipintaan verrattuna flokkaamattomaan massaan. Lajiteltavan massan sakeuden nosto vähentää kuitukasaumien ja kehräymien syntyä. Kuitukasaumien ja kehräymien välttämiseksi on tärkeää, että sihtiä ei ajeta suunniteltua mitoitusaluetta suuremmilla tuotannoilla tai virtauksilla.

Concentrated Winding Multiphase Permanent Magnet Machine Design and Electromagnetic Properties – Case Axial Flux Machine

Concentrated winding permanent magnet machines and their electromagnetic properties are studied in this doctoral thesis. The thesis includes a number of main tasks related to the application of permanent magnets in concentrated winding open slot machines. Suitable analytical methods are required for the first design calculations of a new machine. Concentrated winding machines differ from conventional integral slot winding machines in such a way that adapted analytical calculation methods are needed. A simple analytical model for calculating the concentrated winding axial flux machines is provided. The next three main design tasks are discussed in more detail in the thesis. The magnetic length of the rotor surface magnet machines is studied, and it is shown that the traditional methods have to be modified also in this respect. An important topic in this study has been to evaluate and minimize the rotor permanent magnet Joule losses by using segmented magnets in the calculations and experiments. Determination of the magnetizing and leakage inductances for a concentrated winding machine and the torque production capability of concentrated winding machines with different pole pair numbers are studied, and the results are compared with the corresponding properties of integral slot winding machines. The thesis introduces a new practical permanent magnet motor type for industrial use. The special features of the machine are based on the option of using concentrated winding open slot constructions of permanent magnet synchronous machines in the normal speed ranges of industrial motors, for instance up to 3000 min-1, without excessive rotor losses. By applying the analytical equations and methods introduced in the thesis, a 37 kW 2400 min-1 12-slot 10-pole axial flux machine with rotor-surfacemounted magnets is designed. The performance of the designed motor is determined by experimental measurements and finite element calculations.

Conversioni al cattolicesimo a Roma tra Sei e Settecento. La presenza degli scandinavi nell’Ospizio dei Convertendi.

In my PhD dissertation, I have examined a group of people of Scandinavian origin received by Ospizio dei Convertendi. This group has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The Ospizio was an institute founded by the Oratorian Congregation in Rome in 1673 to provide religious instruction and material aid to both recent and aspirant converts to Roman Catholicism. My research traces the profile of converts and a typology of motives, examining different factors which influenced the conversion process. I show that the key factors were often of a social rather than a religious nature. Moreover, I have analyzed the hospice in the context of Counter-Reformation charity as well. In terms of numbers, the Scandinavians formed a somewhat marginal yet not insignificant group within the Roman hospice. Out of a total of 2203 guests received between 1673 and 1706, 4.6 % were Scandinavians: 74 Swedes (including Finland and Livonia) and 27 Danes (including Norway). They came from a rigorously Protestant region which reacted to Catholicism with severe legislative measures. Converts to Catholicism risked confiscation of their goods, expulsion or even capital punishment. Since both Sweden and Denmark were practically impenetrable to Catholicism at the time and clandestine missionary attempts often failed before they had even properly started, the Roman Catholic Church shifted its interest towards Northerners arriving in Rome, a preferred destination for young noblemen, artists and migrant craftsmen. The material related to Ospizio dei Convertendi, conserved in the Vatican archives, is a scarcely known yet unusually rich source, not only for the religious history of our continent, but also for social history and the study of migration in early modern Europe. It contains a wealth of information about members of the subordinate classes, of their travels and lives in Europe. The profile delineated in these documents is of individuals who had a wide range of different professions and different aspirations. These documents encompass a vast social spectrum that was highly mobile on a continent which by that time had become pluriconfessional. Therefore, these migrants faced the complex religious reality in their everyday life. The principal corpus of my research consists of two types of manuscript sources created for administrative and in a way also for apologetic purposes of the Roman Catholic Church. My starting point is the Primo registro generale of Ospizio dei Convertendi. This is a volume in which the following information about each guest was registered: name, nationality, city of origin, age, sex, profession, confession professed before converting, date of arrival, departure, abjuration and baptism. Typically, the convert was male, originating from Stockholm or Copenhagen, from 21 to 30 years of age. The biggest occupational groups in descending order were soldiers, noblemen, craftsmen and sailors. Thus the data reflects a multiform reality of interurban and long distance migration, ideals regarding the education of young noblemen and gentry as well as the need of European armies to hire foreign mercenaries in their various campaigns. Against this background the almost total absence of women is hardly surprising: there is only one woman in the material I have studied. The second main source, Nota degl’ospiti ricevuti e spese fatte per essi, sheds more light on the choices of the converts, their motivations and their lives outside Scandinavia before reaching Rome. This narrative material permits an analysis which completes but also goes far beyond the columns of the Institute’s general register. This material consists of reports written by Catholic priests based on an interview conducted upon each guest’s arrival. The material frequently includes information on what the converts would do following their departure from the Institute as well. These sources have a specific narrative form and contain short biographies, list reasons for converting and information about the journey from the North to the Mediterranean - a journey which in many cases took several years. Moreover, they show that certain unorthodox practices such as calling on the saints and pleading for help from them were not uncommon in the Protestant popular religion. The recording of information on conversions from Protestantism to Catholicism reflects both religious and social interest on the part of the receiving institute. The information obtained was used for the purposes of religious teaching, for finding adequate ways of inserting the convert into Italian society so that he could earn a living, and to find effective methods to convert others with a similar cultural and geographical background. The stories recorded were based on interviews with the newly-arrived, information obtained from a travel companion or fellow countrymen, or from written documents the aspirant converts carried with them. These sources illustrate, although sometimes in rather simplified ways, the circumstances and motivations which were relevant to the choice of changing one’s confession. In addition, I have examined petitions addressed to the hospice and other Roman authorities in order to get financial aid. These petitions were written by Italian scrittori, and they contain certain conventions and topoi of presenting the conversion with the purpose of improving the chances of obtaining financial aid. It is through these filters, which may seem initially almost invisible, that the remote voice of the converts reaches us. The results of the analysis are particularly interesting because they disagree with some of the principal conclusions of previous work on the subject. First, earlier research has focused almost exclusively on the conversions of noblemen, and has argued, second, that the Queen Christina of Sweden was the driving force behind their change of confession. The sources examined for this dissertation present a profile of long-distance migrants, many of them members of the subordinate classes, who were looking for ways to make their living in Europe. These people had in many cases left their country of origin several years earlier and not for religious reasons, so, crucially, we are not dealing with confessional migration in these cases. Rather, conversion was a complex process, intricately tied up with strategies of survival, integration and upward social mobility. At the same time, while these components are significant on their own right, they do not necessarily point to the absence of motivations of a more clearly religious nature.

Hansa-hanke

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Eurooppalainen näkökulma suomalaiseen kulttuurijohtamiseen ja suomalaiseen yhteiskuntaan sopeutuminen

Tässä tutkielmassa korostuu Euroopan sisäinen kulttuurillinen erilaisuus ja sen vaatimukset Suomessa toimiville monikansallisille organisaatioille. Eurooppalaista johtamista on tutkittu jo vuosikymmenten ajan, mutta erityisesti suomalaisesta, Suomessa työskentelevien eurooppalaisten näkökulmasta ei vastaavaa tutkimusta tiettävästi ole aiemmin tehty. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää suomalaisen kulttuurin ja johtajuuden arvoeroja muiden Euroopan Unionin maiden kansalaisten näkökulmasta. Pohjois-Euroopan maista tutkimuksessa on mukana edustajia Ruotsista, Tanskasta ja Hollannista. Keski-Euroopan maista edustusta löytyy Saksasta ja Itävallasta, kun Etelä-Eurooppaa edustavat ranskalaiset ja italialaiset henkilöt. Itäisestä Euroopasta mukana on latvialaisia henkilöitä ja anglo-Euroopasta britannialaisia. Tutkimus kartoittaa tutkimukseen mukaan otettujen maiden yhteisö- ja johtamiskulttuurillisia törmäyskohtia suomalaisen kulttuurin kanssa, jotta Suomessa toimivat monikansalliset työyhteisöt löytäisivät yhä parempia strategioita eurooppalaisen ihmispääoman, eurooppalaisten työntekijöiden ja näiden osaamisen, johtamiseksi ja monikansallisen yhteisön toimivuuden ymmärtämiseksi ja parantamiseksi. Näitä törmäyskohtia tarkastellaan empiirisesti Hofsteden (1984) kulttuuridimensioiden, Housen ym. (1999) GLOBE-tutkimuksen ja Koopmanin ym. (1999) johtajuusulottuvuuksien avulla. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu Internet-pohjaisesta kyselystä, joka suoritettiin keväällä 2010. Siihen osallistui 75 Suomessa työskentelevää Euroopan Unionin kansalaista. Analysointimenetelmänä tutkimuksessa käytetään klusterointia, keskiarvoistuksia, Kruskall Wallisin testiä ja sisällönanalyysiä tukemaan määrällisen analyysin tuloksia ja tuomaan esiin siitä poikkeavia havaintoja. Tutkimuksen ytimessä on johtamiskulttuurilliset erot, joista tehdään laajempaa analyysiä edellä mainituin keinoin. Yhteisökulttuurillisia eroja havainnoidaan tutkimuskyselyyn perustuvien väittämien perusteella tehtyjen histogrammien avulla. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että maantieteellinen, uskonnollinen tai poliittinen läheisyys eivät määritä kulttuurillista läheisyyttä tai johda kulttuurilliseen sopeutumiseen. Poliittinen raja kahden naapurin välillä saattaa johtaa saman asian kokemiseen kahdella täysin eri tavalla. Lisäksi tuloksista käy ilmi, että yhteisökulttuurilliset ja johtamiskulttuurilliset arvot eivät välttämättä kulje käsikkäin Suomessa työskentelevien eurooppalaisten näkökulmasta. Yleisinä kulttuurillisina kipukohtina tutkimuksessa nousee esiin suomalaisen kulttuurin sosiaalisuuden ja kommunikaation puutteellisuus, toisaalta suomalaiseen kulttuuriin sopeutumista helpottaa suomalainen rehellisyys ja suoruus. Johtamiskulttuurillisina haasteina eurooppalaiset kokevat suomalaisen tyyppijohtajan kyvyttömyyden riskien ottamiseen ja kannustusmenetelmien puutteet. Tämän lisäksi tutkimuksessa tulee ilmi useita tiettyihin kansallisuuksiin liittyviä törmäyskohtia. Tutkimus on nähtävä tämän hetken kuvauksena. Kulttuuritutkimus sisältää monia tekijöitä, jotka ovat jatkuvassa muutoksessa ja lisäksi hyvin subjektiivisia. Kulttuurijohtajuus merkitsee kuitenkin nyt ja tulevaisuudessa kykyä olla innovatiivinen, joustava ja herkkä sosiaalisille merkityksille.

Reise durch Schweden, Schwedisch-Lapland, Finland und Dänemark : von Matthaus Consett, esq. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt. Mit Kupfern.

Bound with: Reise durch Russland wie auch durch unterschiedliche europäische und assiatische Provinzen von 1770-1780 / Jacob Fries. [Leipzig], 1790.

Erdbeschreibung der Königreihe Dänemark, Norwegen und Schweden, des Herzogtbums Finnland, Liesland und der Provinz Ingermannland. Ein Auszug, zum Gebrauch bey dem gegenwärtigen Kriege zwischen Russland und Sweden

Author: Anton Friedrich Büsching.

Quantitative Sustainability Disclosure –An international comparison and its impact on investor valuation

This research focuses on the link between quantitative sustainability disclosure and information asymmetry. It builds upon previous research which links information asymmetry with voluntary disclosure. Stakeholders from the financial services sector claim that sustainability disclosure needs to be more numerical and comparable between companies. This research covers 111 firms from Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden from non-service industries and studies how quantitative their sustainability disclosure is, and whether or not there is a negative relation with information asymmetry. The results support the hypotheses, where two out of three information asymmetry proxies have a significant negative relation with quantitative disclosure. Size is supported as a moderating factor. Quantitativity also proves to have a significant link with third party sustainability ratings. The direct link between quantitativity and cost of capital is not however supported.

Euroalueen ja muiden ulkomaisten keskuspankkien julkaisut

Kokoelma sisältää euroalueen keskuspankkien ja muiden ulkomaisten keskuspankkien julkaisemia tilastojulkaisuja, vuosikertomuksia ja lehtiä rahapolitiikasta, rahoitusmarkkinoista, finanssivalvonnasta, rahahuollosta ja pankkitoiminnasta. Julkaisuissa on tilastotietoa kyseisistä maista ja katsauksia taloudelliseen tilanteeseen ja rahapoliittisiin toimenpiteisiin. Tilastot ovat yleensä maan omassa valuutassa. Julkaisuja on n. 3890 nimekettä 1800 -luvulta lähtien. Kokoelman julkaisut ovat enimmäkseen englanninkielisiä, mutta julkaisuja on myös kansallisilla kielillä. Keskuspankkikokoelma kasvaa painetuilla vuosikertomuksilla, tilastoilla ja raporteilla. Osa tilastojulkaisuista sekä lehdistä on verkkojulkaisuina keskuspankkien sivuilla. Kokoelman vanhin aineisto on Ruotsin ja Englannin keskuspankkien lainsäädäntöä 1800-luvun puolivälistä. Euroalueelta kokoelmassa on Alankomaiden, Belgian, Espanjan, Irlannin, Italian, Itävallan, Kreikan, Kyproksen, Luxemburgin, Maltan, Portugalin, Ranskan, Saksan, Slovakian, Slovenian, ja Viron keskuspankkien julkaisuja. Suomen Pankin julkaisut on käsitelty omana alueenaan. Kokoelmassa on myös Argentiinan, Australian, Brasilian, Bulgarian, Intian, Islannin, Ison-Britannian, Israelin, Japanin, entisen Jugoslavian, Kanadan, Kiinan, Latvian, Liettuan, Puolan, Romanian, Ruotsin, Sveitsin, Tanskan, Tsekin, entisen Tsekkoslovakian, Turkin, Ukrainan, Unkarin, Uuden Seelannin, Venäjän ja Yhdysvaltojen keskuspankkien julkaisuja. Painettua kokoelmaa säilytetään varastokokoelmassa, ja se on saatavana pyynnöstä käyttöön ja kopioitavaksi.

Future prospects of short distance rail based passenger transport in Northern Europe

The worlds’ population is increasing and cities have become more crowded with people and vehicles. Communities in the fringe of metropolitans’ increase the traffic done with private cars, but also increase the need for public transportation. People have typically needs traveling to work located in city centers during the morning time, and return to suburbs in the afternoon or evening. Rail based passenger transport is environmentally friendly transport mode with high capacity to transport large volume of people. Railways have been regulated markets with national incumbent having monopoly position. Opening the market for competition is believed to have a positive effect by increasing the efficiency of the industry. National passenger railway market is opened for competition only in few countries, where as international traffic in EU countries was deregulated in 2010. The objective of this study is to examine the passenger railway market of three North European countries, Sweden, Denmark and Estonia. The interest was also to get an understanding of the current situation and how the deregulation has proceeded. Theory of deregulation is unfolded with literature analyses and empirical part of the study is constructed from two parts. Customer satisfaction survey was chosen as a method to collect real life experiences from the passengers and measure their knowledge of the market situation and possible changes appeared. Interviews of experts from the industry and labor unions give more insights and able better understanding for example of social consequences caused from opening the market for competition. Expert interviews were conducted by using semi-structured theme interview. Based on the results of this study, deregulation has proceeded quite differently in the three countries researched. Sweden is the most advanced country, where the passenger railway market is open for new entrants. Denmark and Estonia are lagging behind. Opening the market is considered positive among passengers and most of the experts interviewed. Common for the interviews were the labour unions negative perspective concerning deregulation. Despite the fact deregulation is considered positive among the respondents of the customer satisfaction survey, they could not name railway undertakings operating in their country. Generally respondents were satisfied with the commuter trains. Ticket price, punctuality of trains and itinerary affect the most to customer satisfaction.

The success factors of the Danish energy service industry

The objective of the research was to understand the success factors of the Danish energy service industry. The research phenomenon was studied greatly but the aim was to examine it from the service logic point of view. The research was threefold and it examined the phenomena from the company, industrial and national levels. The purpose of the multi-level study was to understand all the success factors and to examine how they are combined together. First, the research problem was approached through the literature review. After that, the empirical part of the study was conducted as a case study and the data was collected by theme interviews. The collected data was analyzed through theoretical point of view and compared with earlier studies. This study shows that the most important success factor was the country, because it has affected to the other aspects of the success. Because the actors of the industry are linked together tightly, communication and common understanding of business is essential to the industry success. The new energy technologies do not produce directly added value for the customers. This has sifted energy business towards service business, and the customers have been included in the value creation process.

Urheilusta, lääkkeistä ja hieman Lahdestakin

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Neurobiology of pathological gambling. Brain imaging and epidemiological studies

Pathological gambling, a form of behavioral addiction, refers to maladaptive, compulsive gambling behavior severely interfering with an individual’s normal life. The prevalence of pathological gambling has been estimated to be 1–2% in western societies. The reward deficiency hypothesis of addiction assumes that individuals that have, or are prone, to addictions have blunted mesolimbic dopamine reward signaling, which leads to compulsive reward seeking in an attempt to compensate for the malfunctioning brain reward network. In this research project, the effects of gambling were measured using brain [11C] raclopride PET during slot machine gambling and possible brain structural changes associated with pathological gambling using MRI. The subjects included pathological gamblers and healthy volunteers. In addition, impulse control disorders associated with Parkinson’s disease were investigated by using brain [18F]fluorodopa PET and conducting an epidemiological survey. The results demonstrate mesolimbic dopamine release during gambling in both pathological gamblers and healthy volunteers. Striatal dopamine was released irrespective of the gambling outcome, whether the subjects won or not. There was no difference in gambling induced dopamine release between pathological gamblers and control subjects, although the magnitude of the dopamine release correlated with gambling related symptom severity in pathological gamblers. The results also show that pathological gambling is associated with extensive abnormality of brain white matter integrity, as measured with diffusion tensor imaging, similar to substance-addictions. In Parkinson’s disease patients with impulse control disorders, enhanced brain [18F] fluorodopa uptake in the medial orbitofrontal cortex was observed, indicating increased presynaptic monoamine function in this region, which is known to influence signaling in the mesolimbic system and reward processing. Finally, a large epidemiological survey in Finnish Parkinson’s disease patients showed that compulsive behaviors are very common in Parkinson disease and they are strongly associated with depression. These findings demonstrate the role of dopamine in pathological gambling, without support for the concept of reward deficiency syndrome.

Rastreamento de lesões pré-neoplásicas do ânus: citologia anal e anuscopia de alta resolução novas armas para prevenção

Squamous anal cell carcinoma frequency has been changing during the last decades. It was a rare disease in the past with 0.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Denmark before the 60’s and 0.5 per 100,000 in the United States of America (USA) in 1973. Currently these figures have risen to a 1.00 / 100,000 ratio in accordance with the public records in the USA. Although the incidence in the general population can still be considered low, regardless of having doubled during the past 30 years, some specific groups in the population seem to have a higher level of risk, with a ratio of 70 ocurrences per each group of 100,000 individuals. The relationship between infections caused by oncogenic types of human papillomavirus and the similarity with cervical squamous cell carcinoma lead us to believe that screening techniques similar to the ones used as from the 40’s aiming the control of the cervical carcinoma, such as Papanicolaou smear (anal cytology) and colposcopy (high resolution anoscopy), may be effective on anal cancer prevention in those specific groups, or at least, to its early diagnosis. This article presents the techniques for tracking these early anal cancer lesions justifying them as a Public Health point of view.

Cultural Diversity, Social Cohesion, Religion: Core Values and Educational Policies in Four European Nations

In my doctoral thesis I evaluate strategies designed to cope with the multicultural nature of four European nations: Great Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark. I also analyse and clarify the question of the place of religion in present-day Europe. The empirical material analysed in the study consists of politicians’ statements and policy documents dealing with immigration policy and religious and values education in the four countries. In addition, I analyse statements issued by the Council of Europe regarding religious education, along with all cases relevant to religious education brought before the United Nations Human Rights Committee or the European Court of Human Rights. The theoretical framework is formed by the scholarly debate – among philosophers, sociologists and scholars of religion in education – concerning the question of a just society. Special emphasis is given to philosophical theories that are in favour of granting special group rights to religious minorities in the name of equal treatment. With regard to the question of the appropriate place of religion, I apply Kim Knott’s methodological model for locating religion in secular contexts, and Émile Durkheim’s theory as to the significance of religion and collective sentiments in uniting adherents or members of a group into a single moral community. The study shows that even when the positive side of immigration, as a potential force for the enrichment of the public culture, is acknowledged, there is anxiety as to the successful integration of immigrants. The premises and goals of immigration policies have also been questioned. One central problem is the incommensurability between the values upheld by Western liberal democracies and certain religious traditions, above all those of Islam. Great Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark have tightened control over their citizens’ ethical attitudes and want to regulate these as well. In coping with cultural diversity, the significance of education, especially religious education, plays a significant role; as future citizens, pupils are expected to internalise the society’s core values as well as gaining an understanding of different cultures and ways of life. It is also worth noting that both the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights have recently expressed the view that one important goal of religious education is to enable pupils to be critical and autonomous with regard to different religions and moral positions. The study shows that religion is not seen as purely a personal matter. Religion is closely linked to individual and national identity, and religious traditions thus have a place in the public domain. It should be noted, however, that a religious tradition – more precisely, an interpretation of religious tradition – qualifies as a legitimate partner in the democratic decision-making process only if it shares similar values with Western European nations.