Temperatur- und ortsabhängige Zustandsdichte des organischen Supraleiters Kappa-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu[N(CN) 2]Br

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die temperatur- und ortsabhängige Zustandsdichte des organischen Supraleiters kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br mit Rastertunnelspektroskopie bei tiefen Temperaturen untersucht.rnZusätzlich zur bereits bekannten supraleitenden Energielücke wird dabei eine logarithmische Unterdrückung der Zustandsdichte an der Fermikante beobachtet, die auch oberhalb der kritischen Temperatur erhalten bleibt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass sich dieses Verhalten durch ein für ungeordnete elektronische Systeme entwickeltes Modell unter Berücksichtigung von Coulomb-Wechselwirkungen beschreiben lässt. Die daraus resultierenden Fluktuationen der elektronischen Struktur führen zu einer Verbreiterung der gemessenen supraleitenden Energielücke, die sich durch sehr kleine Kohärenzmaxima im entsprechenden Quasiteilchenanregungsspektrum äußert. Dieses Verhalten wurde bereits beobachtet, konnte jedoch bisher nicht erklärt werden. Die theoretische Beschreibung der logarithmischen Unterdrückung trägt somit zusätzlich zum Verständnis des supraleitenden Beitrags bei, sodass die gesamte Zustandsdichte vollständig beschrieben werden kann. Die Analyse der gemessenen supraleitenden Energielücke wurde für verschiedene Symmetrien des Ordnungsparameters durchgeführt, wobei die beste Übereinstimmung für die Annahme einer d-wellenartigen Symmetrie mit zwei unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägten Energielücken gefunden wurde. Der Paarbildungsmechanismus, der zur Bindung zweier Elektronen zu einem Cooper-Paar führt, kann mit einer $d$-wellenartigen Symmetrie nicht durch die in konventionellen Supraleitern gefundene Elektron-Phonon-Kopplung erklärt werden. Stattdessen wird in Analogie zur Hochtemperatur-Supraleitung eine durch antiferromagnetische Spin-Wechselwirkungen induzierte Kopplung der Elektronen vermutet. Dies wird zum einen durch die oberhalb der kritischen Temperatur auftretende, zweite Energielücke und zum anderen durch die zwischen 4,66 und 5,28 liegende Kopplungsstärke 2Delta/(kB Tc) unterstützt, die deutlich größer als für konventionelle Supraleiter mit Elektron-Phonon-Kopplung ist.

Nanofiber-based spectroscopy of organic molecules

This thesis reports on the experimental realization of nanofiber-based spectroscopy of organic molecules. The light guided by subwavelength diameter optical nanfibers exhibits a pronounced evanescent field surrounding the fiber which yields high excitation and emission collection efficiencies for molecules on or near the fiber surface.rnThe optical nanofibers used for the experiments presented in this thesis are realized as thernsub-wavelength diameter waist of a tapered optical fiber (TOF). The efficient transfer of thernlight from the nanofiber waist to the unprocessed part of the TOF depends critically on therngeometric shape of the TOF transitions which represent a nonuniformity of the TOF. Thisrnnonuniformity can cause losses due to coupling of the fundamental guided mode to otherrnmodes which are not guided by the taper over its whole length. In order to quantify the lossrnfrom the fundamental mode due to tapering, I have solved the coupled local mode equationsrnin the approximation of weak guidance for the three layer system consisting of fiber core andrncladding as well as the surrounding vacuum or air, assuming the taper shape of the TOFsrnused for the experiments presented in this thesis. Moreover, I have empirically studied therninfluence of the TOF geometry on its transmission spectra and, based on the results, I haverndesigned a nanofiber-waist TOF with broadband transmission for experiments with organicrnmolecules.rnAs an experimental demonstration of the high sensitivity of nanofiber-based surface spectroscopy, I have performed various absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements on the model system 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). The measured homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of the spectra due to the interaction of the dielectric surface of the nanofiber with the surface-adsorbed molecules agrees well with the values theoretically expected and typical for molecules on surfaces. Furthermore, the self-absorption effects due to reasorption of the emitted fluorescence light by circumjacent surface-adsorbed molecules distributed along the fiber waist have been analyzed and quantified. With time-resolved measurements, the reorganization of PTCDA molecules to crystalline films and excimers can be observed and shown to be strongly catalyzed by the presence of water on the nanofiber surface. Moreover, the formation of charge-transfer complexes due to the interaction with localized surface defects has been studied. The collection efficiency of the molecular emission by the guided fiber mode has been determined by interlaced measurements of absorption and fluorescence spectra to be about 10% in one direction of the fiber.rnThe high emission collection efficiency makes optical nanofibers a well-suited tool for experiments with dye molecules embedded in small organic crystals. As a first experimental realization of this approach, terrylene-doped para-terphenyl crystals attached to the nanofiber-waist of a TOF have been studied at cryogenic temperatures via fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. The statistical fine structure of the fluorescence excitation spectrum for a specific sample has been observed and used to give an estimate of down to 9 molecules with center frequencies within one homogeneous width of the laser wavelength on average for large detunings from resonance. The homogeneous linewidth of the transition could be estimated to be about 190MHz at 4.5K.

Pyrene derivatives as donors and acceptors

Pyrene derivatives as donors and acceptorsrnrnAlmost 200 years have passed since pyrene was first discovered, and to this day it garners unbroken interest by chemists around the world. One of the most fascinating areas of pyrene chemistry is its selective functionalization, since it is still currently a challenge to specifically functionalize different positions on the molecule.[1]rnIn this work, two new patterns of pyrene substitution have been developed. Under suitable conditions, a fourfold bromination of 4,5,9,10 tetramethoxypyrene is possible to yield eightfold functionalized pyrenes. Based on these molecules a novel series of 1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10-substituted pyrene derivatives was achieved. Synthetic approaches to a non-quinoidal, strong pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone based acceptor have been discussed. It emerged that the chosen synthetic approach is suitable for intermediate acceptors, yet it failed very electron deficient pyrene derivatives. Donors based on 4,5,9,10-tetramethoxypyrene (2,7- and 1,3,6,8-substitued) have been prepared and studied as CT complexes. In the SFB/TR 49 these complexes were analyzed in the solid state. For the first time charge transfer in a non-TTF CT-complex was studied by HAXPES and NEXAFS.rnBased on the works of ZÖPHEL et al.[2] it was possible to obtain an asymmetric 4,9,10 substituted pyrene derivative. This was used as a building block to prepare a non-planar acceptor molecule as well as electron-rich rylene-type molecules. rnFinally, two separate series of molecules intended as emitters for OLEDs were presented. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in OLEDs attracted significant academic interest as it is considered a promising approach to improve the efficiency of fluorescent OLEDs.[3] Our molecules were designed to have a deep blue emission spectrum and a minimal singlet triplet energy gap (∆ES1->T1) while retaining a high fluorescence quantum yield ϕPL. The initial OD series has a small ∆ES1->T1, yet had an insufficient ϕPL for the use in OLEDs. The Py series emitters, in contrast, combine both desired properties and were successfully implemented in efficient OLED devices.rn[1]. T. M. Figueira-Duarte and K. Müllen, Chem. Rev., 2011, 111, 7260-7314.rn[2]. L. Zöphel, V. Enkelmann and K. Müllen, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 804-807.rn[3]. H. Uoyama, K. Goushi, K. Shizu, H. Nomura and C. Adachi, Nature, 2012, 492, 234-238.

Internal characteristics, chemical compounds and spectroscopy of sapphire as single crystals

In this study more than 450 natural sapphire samples (most of basaltic type) collected from 19 different areas were examined. They are from Dak Nong, Dak Lak, Quy Chau, two unknown sources from the north (Vietnam); Bo Ploi, Khao Ploi Waen (Thailand); Ban Huay Sai (Laos); Australia; Shandong (China); Andapa, Antsirabe, Nosibe (Madagascar); Ballapana (Sri Lanka); Brazil; Russia; Colombia; Tansania and Malawi. rnThe samples were studied on internal characteristics, chemical compositions, Raman-, luminescence-, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-, and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR)- spectroscopy. The internal features of these sapphire samples were observed and identified by gemological microscope, con focal micro Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The major and minor elements of the samples were determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and the trace elements by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). rnThe structural spectra of sapphire were investigated by con focal Raman spectroscopy. The FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the vibration modes of OH-groups and also to determine hydrous mineral inclusions in sapphire. The UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the cause of sapphire color. rnNatural sapphires contain many types of mineral inclusions. Typically, they are iron-containing inclusions like goethite, ilmenite, hematite, magnetite or silicate minerals commonly feldspar, and often observed in sapphires from Asia countries, like Dak Nong, Dak Lak in the south of Vietnam, Ban Huay Sai (Laos), Khao Ploi Waen and Bo Ploi (Thailand) or Shandong (China). Meanwhile, CO2-diaspore inclusions are normally found in sapphires from Tansania, Colombia, or the north of Vietnam like Quy Chau. rnIron is the most dominant element in sapphire, up to 1.95 wt.% Fe2O3 measured by EPMA and it affects spectral characteristics of sapphire.rnThe Raman spectra of sapphire contain seven peaks (2A1g + 5Eg). Two peaks at about 418.3 cm-1 and 577.7 cm-1 are influenced by high iron content. These two peaks shift towards smaller wavenumbers corresponding to increasing iron content. This shift is showed by two equations y(418.3)=418.29-0.53x andy(577.7)=577.96-0.75x, in which y is peak position (cm-1) and x is Fe2O3 content (wt.%). By exploiting two these equations one can estimate the Fe2O3 contents of sapphire or corundum by identifying the respective Raman peak positions. Determining the Fe2O3 content in sapphire can help to distinguish sapphires from different origins, e.g. magmatic and metamorphic sapphire. rnThe luminescence of sapphire is characterized by two R-lines: R1 at about 694 nm and R2 at about 692 nm. This characteristic is also influenced by high iron content. The peak positions of two R-lines shift towards to smaller wavelengths corresponding to increasing of iron content. This correlation is showed by two equations y(R_2 )=692.86-0.049x and y(R_1 )=694.29-0.047x, in which y is peak position (nm) of respective R-lines and x is Fe2O3 content (wt.%). Two these equations can be applied to estimate the Fe2O3 content of sapphire and help to separate sapphires from different origins. The luminescence is also applied for determination of the remnant pressure or stress around inclusions in Cr3+-containing corundum by calibrating a 0-pressure position in experimental techniques.rnThe infrared spectra show the presence of vibrations originating from OH-groups and hydrous mineral inclusions in the range of 2500-4000 cm-1. Iron has also an effect upon the main and strongest peak at about 3310 cm-1. The 3310 cm-1 peak is shifted to higher wavenumber when iron content increases. This relationship is expressed by the equation y(3310)=0.92x+3309.17, in which y is peak position of the 3310 cm-1 and x is Fe2O3 content (wt.%). Similar to the obtained results in Raman and luminescence spectra, this expression can be used to estimate the Fe2O3 content and separate sapphires from different origins. rnThe UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra point out the strong and sharp peaks at about 377, 387, and 450 nm related to dispersed Fe3+, a broad band around 557 and 600 nm related to intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) Fe2+/Ti4+, and a broader band around 863 nm related to IVCT of Fe2+/Fe3+. rnGenerally, sapphires from different localities were completely investigated on internal features, chemical compounds, and solid spectral characteristics. The results in each part contribute for identifying the iron content and separate sapphires from different localities order origins. rn

Excited-state dynamics in donor-acceptor systems for energy conversion

In dieser Arbeit werden die Dynamiken angeregter Zustände in Donor-Akzeptorsystemen für Energieumwandlungsprozesse mit ultraschneller zeitaufgelöster optischer Spektroskopie behandelt. Der Hauptteil dieser Arbeit legt den Fokus auf die Erforschung der Photophysik organischer Solarzellen, deren aktive Schichten aus diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) basierten Polymeren mit kleiner Bandlücke als Elektronendonatoren und Fullerenen als Elektronenakzeptoren bestehen. rnEin zweiter Teil widmet sich der Erforschung von künstlichen primären Photosynthesereaktionszentren, basierend auf Porphyrinen, Quinonen und Ferrocenen, die jeweils als Lichtsammeleinheit, Elektronenakzeptor beziehungsweise als Elektronendonatoren eingesetzt werden, um langlebige ladungsgetrennte Zustände zu erzeugen.rnrnZeitaufgelöste Photolumineszenzspektroskopie und transiente Absorptionsspektroskopie haben gezeigt, dass Singulettexzitonenlebenszeiten in den Polymeren PTDPP-TT und PFDPP-TT Polymeren kurz sind (< 20 ps) und dass in Mischungen der Polymere mit PC71BM geminale Rekombination von gebundenen Ladungstransferzuständen ein Hauptverlustkanal ist. Zudem wurde in beiden Systemen schnelle nichtgeminale Rekombination freier Ladungen zu Triplettzuständen auf dem Polymer beobachtet. Für das Donor-Akzeptor System PDPP5T:PC71BM wurde nachgewiesen, dass die Zugabe eines Lösungsmittels mit hohem Siedepunkt, und zwar ortho-Dichlorbenzol, die Morphologie der aktiven Schicht stark beeinflusst und die Solarzelleneffizienz verbessert. Der Grund hierfür ist, dass die Donator- und Akzeptormaterialien besser durchmischt sind und sich Perkolationswege zu den Elektroden ausgebildet haben, was zu einer verbesserten Ladungsträgergeneration und Extraktion führt. Schnelle Bildung des Triplettzustands wurde in beiden PDPP5T:PC71BM Systemen beobachtet, da der Triplettzustand des Polymers über Laungstransferzustände mit Triplettcharakter populiert werden kann. "Multivariate curve resolution" (MCR) Analyse hat eine starke Intensitätsabhängigkeit gezeigt, was auf nichtgeminale Ladungsträgerrekombination in den Triplettzustand hinweist.rnrnIn den künstlichen primären Photosynthesereaktionszentren hat transiente Absorptionsspektroskopie bestätigt, dass photoinduzierter Ladungstransfer in Quinon-Porphyrin (Q-P) und Porphyrin-Ferrocen (P-Fc) Diaden sowie in Quinon-Porphyrin-Ferrocen (Q-P-Fc) Triaden effizient ist. Es wurde jedoch auch gezeigt, dass in den P-Fc unf Q-P-Fc Systemen die ladungsgetrennten Zustände in den Triplettzustand der jeweiligen Porphyrine rekombinieren. Der ladungsgetrennte Zustand konnte in der Q-P Diade durch Zugabe einer Lewissäure signifikant stabilisiert werden.

Doubly charged ion mass spectra of alkyl-substituted furans and pyrroles

Doubly charged ion mass spectra of alkyl-substituted furans and pyrroles were obtained using a double-focusing magnetic mass spectrometer operated at 3.2 kV accelerating voltage. Molecular ions were the dominant species found in doubly charged spectra of lower molecular weight heterocydic compounds, whereas the spectra of the higher weight homologues were typified by abundant fragment ions from extensive decomposition. Measured doubly charged ionization and appearance energies ranged from 22.8 to 47.9 eV. Ionization energies were correlated with values calculated using self-consistent field–molecular orbital techniques. A multichannel diabatic curve-crossing model was developed to investigate the fundamental organic ion reactions responsible for development of doubly charged ion mass spectra. Probabilities for Landau–Zener type transitions between reactant and product curves were determined and used in the collision model to predict charge-transfer cross-sections, which compared favorably with experimental cross-sections obtained using time-of-flight techniques.

Doubly-charged gas phase cations

Unique features of doubly-charged stable organic ions are examined and the results correlated with experimental observations. Self-consistent field molecular orbital methods are used to compute structures and stabilities of CnH 2 2+ (n=2–9) ions which are prominent in electron impact ionization of hydrocarbon molecules. A simple curve crossing model is employed to rationalize charge transfer reactions of these ions.

Ability of the PM3 Quantum Mechanical Method to Model Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding between Neutral Molecules

The PM3 semiempirical quantum-mechanical method was found to systematically describe intermolecular hydrogen bonding in small polar molecules. PM3 shows charge transfer from the donor to acceptor molecules on the order of 0.02-0.06 units of charge when strong hydrogen bonds are formed. The PM3 method is predictive; calculated hydrogen bond energies with an absolute magnitude greater than 2 kcal mol-' suggest that the global minimum is a hydrogen bonded complex; absolute energies less than 2 kcal mol-' imply that other van der Waals complexes are more stable. The geometries of the PM3 hydrogen bonded complexes agree with high-resolution spectroscopic observations, gas electron diffraction data, and high-level ab initio calculations. The main limitations in the PM3 method are the underestimation of hydrogen bond lengths by 0.1-0.2 for some systems and the underestimation of reliable experimental hydrogen bond energies by approximately 1-2 kcal mol-l. The PM3 method predicts that ammonia is a good hydrogen bond acceptor and a poor hydrogen donor when interacting with neutral molecules. Electronegativity differences between F, N, and 0 predict that donor strength follows the order F > 0 > N and acceptor strength follows the order N > 0 > F. In the calculations presented in this article, the PM3 method mirrors these electronegativity differences, predicting the F-H- - -N bond to be the strongest and the N-H- - -F bond the weakest. It appears that the PM3 Hamiltonian is able to model hydrogen bonding because of the reduction of two-center repulsive forces brought about by the parameterization of the Gaussian core-core interactions. The ability of the PM3 method to model intermolecular hydrogen bonding means reasonably accurate quantum-mechanical calculations can be applied to small biologic systems.

Targeting p-Conjugated Multiple Donor-Acceptor Motifs Exemplified by Tetrathiafulvalene-Linked Quinoxalines and Tetrabenz bc,ef,hi,uv ovalenes: Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Characterization

An efficient synthetic approach to a symmetrically functionalized tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative with two diamine moieties, 2-[5,6-diamino-4,7-bis(4-pentylphenoxy)-1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidene]-4,7- bis(4-pentylphenoxy)-1,3-benzodithiole-5,6-diamine (2), is reported. The subsequent Schiff-base reactions of 2 afford large p-conjugated multiple donoracceptor (DA) arrays, for example, the triad 2-[4,9-bis(4-pentylphenoxy)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-2-ylidene]-4,9 -bis(4-pentylphenoxy)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-g]quinoxaline (8) and the corresponding tetrabenz[bc,ef,hi,uv]ovalene-fused pentad 1, in good yields and high purity. The novel redox-active nanographene 1 is so far the largest known TTF-functionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with a well-resolved 1H NMR spectrum. The electrochemically highly amphoteric pentad 1 and triad 8 exhibit various electronically excited charge-transfer states in different oxidation states, thus leading to intense optical intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) absorbances over a wide spectral range. The chemical and electrochemical oxidations of 1 result in an unprecedented TTF+ radical cation dimerization, thereby leading to the formation of [1+]2 at room temperature in solution due to the stabilizing effect, which arises from strong pp interactions. Moreover, ICT fluorescence is observed with large solvent-dependent Stokes shifts and quantum efficiencies of 0.05 for 1 and 0.035 for 8 in dichloromethane.

A tetrathiafulvalene-functionalized naphthalene diimide: synthesis, electrochemical and photophysical properties

A tetrathiafulvalene donor has been attached to the naphthalene diimide core via a rigid bridge affording a new planar molecular dyad. Its electronic properties have been studied experimentally by the combination of electrochemistry and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Various electronic excited charge-transfer states are generated in different oxidation states, leading to almost full absorption in the visible to near-IR region with high extinction coefficients. The observed electronic properties are explained on the basis of density-functional-theory. In particular, the oxidized radical species show a strong tendency to undergo aggregation, in which the long-distance attractive interactions overcome the electrostatic repulsions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Testing the TICT State Hypothesis: an Investigation into the Solvatochromic Behavior of 2-Naphthalenylmethylene Malononitrile

Towards the goal of investigating the possible Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT) state mechanism of fluorescence emission, two aromatic dicyanovinyl compounds, 2-(naphthalene-2-ylmethylene) malononitrile (DCN) and a rigidified analogue, 3,4-dihydrophenanthren-1(2H)-ylidene)malononitrile (RDCN) were synthesized and their absorption and steady-state fluorescence emission spectra characterized. The spectral characterization was divided into two studies: first, DCN and RDCN were characterized in liquid solvents of increasing polarity; second, DCN and RDCN were characterized in viscous solvents and rigid glass media. The absorption spectra for both DCN and RDCN in all solvents demonstrated little to no solvatochromism. Emission results for DCN and RDCN in liquid solvents of increasing polarity showed DCN possessing strong solvatochromism while RDCN showed much less solvatochromism. Using the Lippert-Mataga equation, the difference between the ground and excited state dipole moment for DCN was estimated to be 8.4 + 0.4 Debye and between ~3.0 to 5.0 Debye for RDCN. Quantum yield measurements for DCN and RDCN in hexane, diethyl ether and acetonitrile were less than 0.01 and independent of polarity for both both solvents, with DCN generally possessing a quantum yield 3-4 times greater than RDCN. Experiments in glass media for DCN and RDCN showed a lessening of their solvatochromic character in both polar and non-polar glasses. These data provide strong evidence for a link between molecular flexibility and solvatochromism. However, while these data are consistent with a TICT state hypothesis for the emission mechanism, an alternative mechanism proposed by Maroncelli et al.10 involving rotation about the dicyanovinyl double bond in the excited state remains a possibility as well.

Quantum modeling of bioconjugated nanomaterials

In recent years, the bio-conjugated nanostructured materials have emerged as a new class of materials for the bio-sensing and medical diagnostics applications. In spite of their multi-directional applications, interfacing nanomaterials with bio-molecules has been a challenge due to somewhat limited knowledge about the underlying physics and chemistry behind these interactions and also for the complexity of biomolecules. The main objective of this dissertation is to provide such a detailed knowledge on bioconjugated nanomaterials toward their applications in designing the next generation of sensing devices. Specifically, we investigate the changes in the electronic properties of a boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) due to the adsorption of different bio-molecules, ranging from neutral (DNA/RNA nucleobases) to polar (amino acid molecules). BNNT is a typical member of III-V compounds semiconductors with morphology similar to that of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) but with its own distinct properties. More specifically, the natural affinity of BNNTs toward living cells with no apparent toxicity instigates the applications of BNNTs in drug delivery and cell therapy. Our results predict that the adsorption of DNA/RNA nucleobases on BNNTs amounts to different degrees of modulation in the band gap of BNNTs, which can be exploited for distinguishing these nucleobases from each other. Interestingly, for the polar amino acid molecules, the nature of interaction appeared to vary ranging from Coulombic, van der Waals and covalent depending on the polarity of the individual molecules, each with a different binding strength and amount of charge transfer involved in the interaction. The strong binding of amino acid molecules on the BNNTs explains the observed protein wrapping onto BNNTs without any linkers, unlike carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Additionally, the widely varying binding energies corresponding to different amino acid molecules toward BNNTs indicate to the suitability of BNNTs for the biosensing applications, as compared to the metallic CNTs. The calculated I-V characteristics in these bioconjugated nanotubes predict notable changes in the conductivity of BNNTs due to the physisorption of DNA/RNA nucleobases. This is not the case with metallic CNTs whose transport properties remained unaltered in their conjugated systems with the nucleobases. Collectively, the bioconjugated BNNTs are found to be an excellent system for the next generation sensing devices.

Multimetallic complexes based on phosphine- and phosphine oxide- appended p-hydroquinones

Presented here, is the work done with a series of binucleating ligands based on phosphine and phosphine oxide appended p-hydroquinones and their reactions towards various metals sources. The long term goal of the project was to produce coordination polymers that would have novel electronic, magnetic, and optical properties which would be of use in the field of molecular electronics. Binucleating ligands contained a p-hydroquinone motif in which various phosphine- and phosphine oxide substituents have been placed in the ortho position relative to each of the hydroxy position were synthesized. A previously published synthetic method for such lugands utilized n-BuLi to form a phenyl lithium intermediate which was quenched with chlorodiphenylphosphine. This technique was also used to produce a ligand with diisopropylphosphine groups. Phosphine ligands, containing the same structural motif, were also generated using LDA as the lithiating agent. This technique was found to be higher yielding. Phosphine chalcogenide ligands were accessed by further oxidizing the low valent phosphorous centers with either hydrogen peroxide or with elemental sulfur. These ligands were characterized using multinuclear NMR, low and high resolution mass spectroscopy, FTIR, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Their electrochemical properties were explored with cyclic voltammetry. The phosphine appended ligands were used in the synthesis of a several bimetallic complexes. It was found that the ligands readily reacted with NiCp2 and NiCp*2, displacing one of the cyclopentadiene (Cp) or pentamethylcyclopentadiene (Cp*) rings. A cyclopentadiene complexes, containing diisopropylphine, was readily oxidized by[FeCp2]PF6 to give a NMR silent mixed valence complex. Cyclic voltammetry of these complexes showed a number of reversible waves with a large potential separation. The mixed valence compounds also showed a large absorbance band in the NIR region which was assigned to be an intervalence charge transfer. The cyclic voltammetry and NIR spectroscopy suggest that these systems are very capable of efficient metal-to-metal charge transfer. These complexes were characterized by multinuclear NMR, single crystal X-ray diffraction, UV/VIS-NIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The phosphine oxide ligands were reacted with a variety of different metal sources but limited success was gained in obtaining single crystals, allowing structural characterization of these compounds. Single crystals were obtained from products generated by reacting the diphenylphosphine oxide ligand with (Bipy)Cu(NO3)2 and Cu(NO3)2. In all cases the ligand had been further oxidized to a 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone motif. In the reaction between the diphenylphosphine oxide ligand and (Bipy)Cu(NO3)2 it was found that the phosphine oxide moiety was involved with intermolecular coordination leading to the formation of a one-dimensional polymer composed of a series of bimetallic complexes tethered together. When NaSbF6 was present in the reaction with (Bipy)Cu(NO3)2 a unique tetrametallic complex was formed. Here the phospine oxide moiety was oriented so that two bimetallic complexes were bound together. If only Cu(NO3)2 was present, a two-dimensional polymeric sheet was formed where the ligand was present in two different coordination modes. The electronic properties of these complexes remained to be assessed.