Life cycle of Ixodes luciae (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory

The life cycle of Ixodes luciae was evaluated for five consecutive generations in the laboratory. Wild mice Calomys callosus and laboratory rats Rattus norvegicus were used as hosts for larvae and nymphs. For adult ticks, opossums Didelphis aurita were used as hosts. Off-host developmental periods were observed in an incubator at 27A degrees C and 95% RH. The life cycle of I. luciae lasted 95-97 days, excluding prefeeding periods. C. callosus, one of the natural host species for I. luciae immature stages, was shown to be much more suitable than the artificial host R. norvegicus. Significantly (P < 0.05), more larvae and nymphs successfully fed on C. callosus than on R. norvegicus. When tick-na < ve C. callosus were exposed to three consecutive larval infestations at 24-day intervals, recovery of engorged larvae were greater in the second and third infestations, indicating that previous infestations did not induce acquired resistance to ticks. Larval feeding period typically varied from 5 to 10 days on R. norvegicus, but was significantly (P < 0.05), longer on C. callosus (range, 7-34 days). The majority (71.7%) of I. luciae adult females successfully fed and oviposited after exposed to D. aurita. Mean engorged weight (581.9 mg; range, 237.1-796.0 mg) of these females were much higher than those previously reported for other New World Ixodes species. Our results are in accordance to the current literature that appoints opossums Didelphidae and small rodents (e.g., C. callosus) natural hosts for I. luciae immature and adult stages, respectively.

A note on averting goats to a toxic but palatable plant, Leucaena leucocephala

Conditioned taste aversions are a useful tool to reduce livestock consumption of toxic plants. The forage legume Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) is both toxic and palatable. The objective of this study was to determine if goats could be aversively conditioned to avoid leucaena. Adult and juvenile female goats, naive to leucaena, were divided into control and averted groups. Animals were exposed to leucaena, and time(s) spent eating leucaena was measured. During initial conditioning with lithium chloride (LiCl), averted goats spent less time eating leucaena (P < 0.05) than did controls. The averted groups maintained their reduced consumption (P < 0.05) of leucaena compared to controls during open field tests when goats could chose between leucaena and sugar cane. In final tests (two tests per week), averted goats reduced (P < 0.05) the amount of time they spent eating leucaena compared to control animals, but the aversion eventually extinguished. Aversive conditioning was successful in greatly reducing, but not entirely eliminating goats` consumption of leucaena. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antibacterial efficacy of endodontic irrigating solutions and their combinations in root canals contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of irrigating solutions and their combinations against Enterococcus faecalis. Study design. One hundred ten single-rooted human teeth were inoculated with E. faecalis and incubated for 21 days. Teeth were divided according to the irrigant: Group I (GI), 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl); GII, 2.5% NaOCl + 10% citric acid; GIII, 2.5% NaOCl + apple cider vinegar; GIV, apple cider vinegar; GV, 2% chlorhexidine solution; GVI, 1% peracetic acid; GVII, saline solution. Microbiological samples were taken after root canal preparation and 7 days later. Data were submitted to ANOVA (5%). Results. All solutions promoted reduction of E. faecalis after instrumentation, but bacterial counts were higher in the final sample. GI, GV, and GVI had lower bacterial counts than the other groups. Conclusions. The irrigating solutions may present activity but do not eradicate E. faecalis in the root canal system. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011; 112:396-400)

SHED Differentiate into Functional Odontoblasts and Endothelium

Studies on mechanisms underlying the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells are critical for the understanding of the biology of odontogenesis and for dental tissue engineering. Here, we tested the hypothesis that stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) differentiate into functional odontoblasts and endothelial cells. SHED were seeded in tooth slice/scaffolds and implanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. SHED differentiated into functional odontoblasts that generated tubular dentin, as determined by tetracycline staining and confocal microscopy. These cells also differentiated into vascular endothelial cells, as determined by beta-galactosidase staining of LacZ-tagged SHED. In vitro, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced SHED to express VEGFR2, CD31, and VE-Cadherin (markers of endothelium) and to organize into capillary-like sprouts. VEGF induced ERK and AKT phosphorylation (indicative of differentiation), while inhibiting phosphorylation of STAT3 (indicative of `stemness`). Collectively, this work demonstrates that SHED can differentiate into angiogenic endothelial cells and odontoblasts capable of generating tubular dentin.

Effects of short-term acetaminophen and celecoxib treatment on orthodontic tooth movement and neuronal activation in rat

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been used for pain relief in orthodontics, but clinical studies reported that they may reduce tooth movement (TM). By other side, TM seems to activate brain structures related to nociception, but the effects of NSAIDs in this activation have not been studied yet. We analyzed the effect of short-term treatment with acetaminophen or celecoxib in the separation of rat upper incisors, as well as in neuronal activation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, following tooth movement. Thirty rats (400-420 g) were pretreated through oral gavage (1 ml/dose)with acetaminophen (200 mg/kg), celecoxib (50 mg/kg) or vehicle (carboxymethylcellulose 0.4%). After 30 min, they received an activated (30 g) orthodontic appliance for TM. In controls, this appliance was immediately removed after its introduction. Rats received ground food, and every 12 h, one of the drugs or vehicle. After 48 h, they were anesthetized, maxilla was radiographed, and were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were further processed for Fos immunohistochemistry. TM induced incisor distalization (p < 0.05) and neuronal activation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Treatment with both drugs did not affect tooth movement, but reduced c-fos expression in the caudalis subnucleus. No changes in c-fos expression were seen in the oralis and interpolaris subnuclei. We conclude that neither celecoxib nor acetaminophen seems to affect tooth movement, when used for 2 days, but both drugs are able to reduce the activation of brain structures related to nociception. Short-term treatment with celecoxib, thus, may be a therapeutic alternative to acetaminophen when the latter is contra indicated. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rapid maxillary expansion causes neuronal activation in brain structures of rats

A correlation between pain sensation and neuronal c-fos expression has been analyzed following experimental rapid maxillar expansion (RME). Adult male Wistar rats were anaesthetized and divided into three groups: animals that received an orthodontic apparatus, which was immediately removed after the insertion (control), animals that received an inactivated orthodontic apparatus (without force), and animals that received an orthodontic apparatus previously activated (140 g force). After 6, 24, 48, or 72 h, the animals were re-anaesthetized, and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. The brains were removed, fixed, and sections containing brain structures related to nociception were processed for Fos protein immunohistochemistry (IHC). The insertion of the orthodontic apparatus with 140 g was able to cause RME that could be seen by radiography. The IHC results showed that the number of activated neurons in the different nuclei changed according to the duration of appliance insertion and followed a temporal pattern similar to that of sensations described in clinics. The animals that received the orthodontic apparatus without force did not show RME but a smaller c-fos expression in the same brain structures. In conclusion, we demonstrate that orthodontic force used for palate disjunction activates brain structures that are related to nociception, and that this activation is related to the pain sensation described during orthodontic treatment. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Categorization and characterization of transcript-confirmed constitutively and alternatively spliced introns and exons from human

By spliced alignment of human DNA and transcript sequence data we constructed a data set of transcript-confirmed exons and introns from 2793 genes, 796 of which (28%) were seen to have multiple isoforms. We find that over one-third of human exons can translate in more than one frame, and that this is highly correlated with G+C content. Introns containing adenosine at donor site position +3 (A3), rather than guanosine (G3), are more common in low G+C regions, while the converse is true in high G+C regions. These two classes of introns are shown to have distinct lengths, consensus sequences and correlations among splice signals, leading to the hypothesis that A3 donor sites are associated with exon definition, and G3 donor sites with intron definition. Minor classes of introns, including GC-AG, U12-type GT-AG, weak, and putative AG-dependant introns are identified and characterized. Cassette exons are more prevalent in low G+C regions, while exon isoforms are more prevalent in high G+C regions. Cassette exon events outnumber other alternative events, while exon isoform events involve truncation twice as often as extension, and occur at acceptor sites twice as often as at donor sites. Alternative splicing is usually associated with weak splice signals, and in a majority of cases, preserves the coding frame. The reported characteristics of constitutive and alternative splice signals, and the hypotheses offered regarding alternative splicing and genome organization, have important implications for experimental research into RNA processing. The 'AltExtron' data sets are available at http://www.bit.uq.edu.au/altExtron/ and http://www.ebi.ac.uk/similar tothanaraj/altExtron/.

An??lise da implementa????o do Programa Sistema Brasiliero de Tecnologia Sibratec Modalidade Extens??o Tecnol??gica

Este trabalho apresenta uma an??lise do processo de implementa????o do Programa Sistema Brasileiro de Tecnologia ??? SIBRATEC, programa do MCTI cujo objetivo geral ?? promover extens??o tecnol??gica para solucionar pequenos gargalos na gest??o tecnol??gica, adapta????o de produtos e processos e a melhoria da gest??o da produ????o das micro, pequenas e m??dias empresas, bem como desenvolver o fomento ?? expans??o do conhecimento cient??fico nas empresas.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o formato e a adequa????o dessa modalidade do programa a partir da contextualiza????o da implementa????o de pol??ticas que visam ao desenvolvimento da Ci??ncia Tecnologia e Inova????o ??? C T&I no Brasil, da caracteriza????o da pol??tica p??blica lan??adas e da coleta de dados, por meio de question??rio, sobre a percep????o dos coordenadores das redes apoiados pelo programa. A pesquisa permitiu concluir que o programa est?? alinhado ??s caracter??sticas da pol??tica atual de C T&I e que sua implementa????o ?? centrada na avalia????o ex-post. O programa foi considerado bastante adequado pelos coordenadores dos projetos de pesquisa apoiados. Em contrapartida, a continua????o do programa necessita de ajustes para que os objetivos previstos sejam alcan??ados em sua totalidade e a sistematiza????o da avalia????o do programa poder?? se constituir em uma ferramenta bastante ??til na gera????o dos subs??dios necess??rios para a tomada de decis??o sobre os novos rumos do Programa Sibratec

Cat??logo de cursos Enap - 2013

O cat??logo de cursos e atividades de aprendizagem da Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica (ENAP) tem como objetivo apoiar a escolha de a????es de desenvolvimento de compet??ncias de dirigentes p??blicos brasileiros

Meritocracia ?? brasileira: o que ?? desempenho no Brasil?

O artigo trata da quest??o da meritocracia e da avalia????o de desempenho no setor p??blico brasileiro e na sociedade sob uma perspectiva mais ampla, enfatizando a diferen??a entre a exist??ncia de sistemas meritocr??ticos formais e sua legitimidade social. Para a autora, o cerne desta discuss??o passa pelo entendimento da diferen??a entre sistemas meritocr??ticos e ideologia da meritocracia e pela compreens??o dos pressupostos culturais que est??o informando este debate. O artigo situa a quest??o da meritocracia em contextos mais amplos, como a teoria da administra????o, a perspectiva intercultural e a ??tica hist??ricosociol??gica, sem perder de vista as especificidades da sociedade brasileira.

A moderniza????o do estado e a ger??ncia p??blica

O artigo analisa a problem??tica da moderniza????o do Estado vista como um processo de constitui????o de cidadania e de otimiza????o dos recursos p??blicos. Os autores focalizam, por um lado, o atendimento aos usu??rios, a qualidade dos servi??os e a transpar??ncia. Por outro lado, a incorpora????o de t??cnicas de gest??o avan??adas ?? considerada indispens??vel para o aumento da efic??cia e da efici??ncia no setor p??blico. Os principais problemas discutidos no artigo incluem: racionalidade do setor p??blico racionalidade das empresas privadas; incentivos e motiva????o dos servidores p??blicos; rigidez dos procedimentos administrativos; margem de decis??o dos gestores; sistemas de acesso a informa????o; import??ncia da gest??o de pessoal e da valoriza????o do trabalho no setor p??blico; papel dos gerentes na moderniza????o das institui????es p??blicas; cargos de carreira, cargos de confian??a; mecanismos de recrutamento e reten????o e sistemas de capacita????o dos servidores p??blicos. Os autores concluem que, devido ??s inova????es constantes em mat??ria de ger??ncia p??blica, n??o existe hoje um perfil gerencial definitivo como resposta ??s necessidades do Estado. Pelo contr??rio, o que se observa ?? uma crescente complexidade da gest??o p??blica que continuar?? oscilando entre a pol??tica e a tecnocracia, entre a maior flexibilidade e as exig??ncias de controle, entre a ado????o das t??cnicas de gest??o e a recupera????o da tradi????o administrativa e a cultura da fun????o p??blica.

Educação física e os desafios da inclusão

Organizadores José Francisco Chicon, Graciele Massoli Rodrigues.

O esporte na cidade : capítulos de sua história em Vitória

Organizadores, Ivan Marcelo Gomes, Felipe Quintão de Almeida, Ueberson Ribeiro Almeida, Cláudia Emília Aguiar Moraes