Irish study on high-density schizophrenia families:field methods and power to detect linkage

Large samples of multiplex pedigrees will probably be needed to detect susceptibility loci for schizophrenia by linkage analysis. Standardized ascertainment of such pedigrees from culturally and ethnically homogeneous populations may improve the probability of detection and replication of linkage. The Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families (ISHDSF) was formed from standardized ascertainment of multiplex schizophrenia families in 39 psychiatric facilities covering over 90% of the population in Ireland and Northern Ireland. We here describe a phenotypic sample and a subset thereof, the linkage sample. Individuals were included in the phenotypic sample if adequate diagnostic information, based on personal interview and/or hospital record, was available. Only individuals with available DNA were included in the linkage sample. Inclusion of a pedigree into the phenotypic sample required at least two first, second, or third degree relatives with non-affective psychosis (NAP), one whom had schizophrenia (S) or poor-outcome schizo-affective disorder (PO-SAD). Entry into the linkage sample required DNA samples on at least two individuals with NAP, of whom at least one had S or PO-SAD. Affection was defined by narrow, intermediate, and broad criteria. The phenotypic sample contained 277 pedigrees and 1,770 individuals and the linkage sample 265 pedigrees and 1,408 individuals. Using the intermediate definition of affection, the phenotypic sample contained 837 affected individuals and 526 affected sibling pairs. Parallel figures for the linkage sample were 700 and 420. Individuals with schizophrenia from these multiplex pedigrees resembled epidemiologically sampled cases with respect to age at onset, gender distribution, and most clinical symptoms, although they were more thought-disordered and had a poorer outcome. Power analyses based on the model of linkage heterogeneity indicated that the ISHDSF should be able to detect a major locus that influences susceptibility to schizophrenia in as few as 20% of families. Compared to first-degree relatives of epidemiologically sampled schizophrenic probands, first-degree relatives of schizophrenic members from the ISHDSF had a similar risk for schizotypal personality disorder, affective illness, alcoholism, and anxiety disorder. With sufficient resources, large-scale ascertainment of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees is feasible, especially in countries with catchmented psychiatric care and stable populations. Although somewhat more severely ill, schizophrenic members of such pedigrees appear to clinically resemble typical schizophrenic patients. Our ascertainment process for multiplex schizophrenia families did not select for excess familial risk for affective illness or alcoholism. With its large sample ascertained in a standardized manner from a relatively homogeneous population, the ISHDSF provides considerable power to detect susceptibility loci for schizophrenia.

Truth Recovery and Transitional Justice: Deferring human rights issues

This book investigates why some societies defer the solution of transitional justice issues, such as the disappeared/missing, even after successful democratic consolidation. It also explains why the same societies finally decide to deal with these human rights issues. In short, it considers the interesting and understudied phenomenon of post-transitional justice. The prolonged silences in Spain, Cyprus and Greece contradict the experience of other countries -- such as South Africa, Bosnia, and Guatemala -- where truth recovery for disappeared/missing persons was a central element of the transition to peace and democracy. Despite democratization, the exhumation of mass graves containing the victims from the violence in Cyprus (1963-1974) and the Spanish civil war (1936-1939) was delayed until the early 2000s, when both countries suddenly decided to revisit the past. Cyprus and Spain are not alone: this is an increasing trend among countries trying to come to terms with past violence. Interestingly, despite similar background conditions, Greece is resisting the trend, challenging both theory and regional experience. Truth Recovery and Transitional Justice considers three interrelated issues. First, what factors can explain prolonged silence on the issue of missing persons in some transitional settings? Second, which processes can address the occasional yet puzzling transformation of victims’ groups from opponents of truth recovery to vocal pro-reconciliation pressure groups? Third, under which conditions is it better to tie victims’ rights to an overall political settlement? The book looks at Spain and Cyprus to show how they have attempted to bring closure to deep trauma by exhuming and identifying their missing, albeit under considerably different conditions. It then probes the generalizability of the conclusions on Spain and Cyprus by looking at the Greek experience; oddly, despite similar background conditions, Greece remains resistant to post-transitional justice norms. Interestingly, each case study takes a different approach to transitional justice.

New and Alternative Social Movements in Spain: The Left, Identity and Globalizing Processes

This collection offers a diachronic analytical study of new and alternative social movements in Spain from the democratic transition to the first decade of the 21st century, paying attention to anti-war mobilizations and the use of new technologies as a mobilizing resource. New and alternative social movements are studied through the prism of identified linkages among the left, movement identities and global processes in the Spanish context. Weight is given to certain important historical aspects, like Spain’s relatively recent authoritarian past, and certain value-added factors, such as the weak associationalism and materialism exhibited by the Spanish public. These are complemented by exploring insights offered by key theoretical approaches on social movements (political opportunities structures, resource mobilization). The volume covers established social movement cases (gender, peace, environmental movements) as well as those with a more explicit connection to the current context of global contestation (squatters’ and anti-globalization movements).

Full characterization of the quantum linear-zigzag transition in atomic chains

A string of repulsively interacting particles exhibits a phase transition to a zigzag structure, by reducing the transverse trap potential or the interparticle distance. Based on the emergent symmetry Z2 it has been argued that this instability is a quantum phase transition, which can be mapped to an Ising model in transverse field. An extensive Density Matrix Renormalization Group analysis is performed, resulting in an high-precision evaluation of the critical exponents and of the central charge of the system, confirming that the quantum linear-zigzag transition belongs to the critical Ising model universality class. Quantum corrections to the classical phase diagram are computed, and the range of experimental parameters where quantum effects play a role is provided. These results show that structural instabilities of one-dimensional interacting atomic arrays can simulate quantum critical phenomena typical of ferromagnetic systems.

WS02.7 Initial and chronic MRSA infection in cystic fibrosis

Objectives Chronic MRSA infection, which affects approximately 26% of CF patients in the USA, is associated with declining lung function and poor outcomes (Dasenbrook, 2010). Anaerobic niches have been described within the CF lung, potentially influencing the virulence of MRSA. This study aims to compare initial and chronic CF MRSA isolates, following aerobic and anaerobic culture. Methods Isolates, obtained from CF sputum at first isolation [“early” (n = 10)] or up to 5 years later, during chronic infection [“late” (n = 15)] were cultured in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Differences in virulence were compared using the Galleria mellonella infection model. Biofilm formation of each isolate was assessed following staining with crystal violet. Production of Δ-haemolysin (Δ-hly), a surrogate marker for expression of the virulence regulator agr, was determined by haemolysis assay. Results MRSA grown in anaerobic conditions had significantly increased virulence in the G. mellonella model (p = 0.007), increased biofilm formation (p = 0.006) and increased Δ-hly production (p<0.0001). No significant difference between Δ-hly production or biofilm formation were observed between early and late isolates; however late isolates were found to be more virulent in the G. mellonella model (p = 0.0002). Conclusion These results suggest that an anaerobic environment, as found in the CF lung, may increase virulence of MRSA and aid in the establishment of chronic infection. Further clinical studies are required to determine how these phenotypic changes are associated with transition to chronic infection and patient outcome.

Care Leavers’ Experiences of Transition and Turning Points: Findings from a Biographical Narrative Study

This paper reports on the findings of a PhD research project that set out to explore how young people leaving out of home care experienced and made sense of their transition to adulthood. Using the Biographical Narrative Interpretative Method, in-depth accounts were collected and analysed for eight care leavers. The data suggest that in addition to care leavers living their lives as a series of biographical events, their ‘care career’, they also experience changes in the way they make sense of their lives which form a ‘subjective pathway’. Influenced by the literature on resilience, the research had anticipated that ‘turning point’ events would play a significant role in the young people’s subjective pathways. But the findings show a more gradual, phased shifting of subjectivity. It is suggested that legislation, policy, services and care practices need to facilitate this more drawn out ‘subjective pathway’. Attachment, resilience and humanistic social psychology are proposed as useful theoretical underpinnings for that work

Violence and Commemoration in the New Northern Ireland: Space, Memory and Management

On June 27th 2012, the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland and former IRA commander, Martin McGuinness shook hands with Queen Elizabeth II for the first time at an event in Belfast. For many the gesture symbolised the consolidation of Northern Ireland's transition to peace, the meeting of cultures and traditions, and hope for the future. Only a few weeks later however violence spilled onto the streets of north and west Belfast following a series of commemorative parades, marking a summer of hostilities. Those hostilities spread into a winter of protest, riot and discontent around flags and emblems and a year of tensions and commemorative-related violence marked again by a summer of rioting and protest in 2013. Outwardly these examples present two very different pictures of the 'new' Northern Ireland; the former of a society moving forward and putting the past behind it and the latter apparently divided over and wedded to different constructions of the past. Furthermore they revealed two very different 'places', the public handshake in the arena of public space; the rioting and fighting occurring in spaces distanced from the public sphere. This paper has also illustrated the difficulties around the ‘public management’ of conflict and transition as many within public agencies struggle with duties to uphold good relations and promote good governance within an environment of political strife, hostility and continuing violence.

This paper presents the key findings and implications of an exploratory project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, explored the phenomenon of commemorative-related violence in Northern Ireland. We focus on 1) why the performance or celebration of the past can sometimes lead to violence in specific places; 2) map and analyse the levels of commemorative related violence in the past 15 years and 3) look at the public management implications of both conflict and transition at a strategic level within the public sector.

Investigating Fractured Flow from Orthopaedics to Rehabilitation

Patients often spend time as inpatients in hospitals outside their home area because of the need to access specialist services. If there is a need for ongoing care after the need for specialist care has passed, patients are transferred (or ‘repatriated’) back to the inpatient care of a hospital in their local Health and Social Care Trust. The need for bed space in specialist units means that there is pressure for this transition to occur in a timely way. We investigated the flow of patients through a trauma and orthopaedics unit using the 6M Design® framework and Vitals Charts® in order to investigate concerns about delayed repatriation. We found that repatriation was part of a complex system that had interdependent components. There was considerable variation in the number of discharges (to any destination) by day of week, with a reduction on Saturdays and Sundays. Understanding that the pressure for quicker repatriation was really due to high work-in-progress led us to model the effects of strategies to address the high work-in-progress. We found that, because only a small proportion of patients require repatriation, expediting the repatriation process by one day for each patient would only reduce WIP by an average of 1.6 patients. Reducing the average length of stay for all trauma and orthopaedics inpatients by one day would reduce the WIP by 10 patients, which would make a much greater impact on the problem of high bed occupancy. Though the smooth and timely repatriation of patients to rehabilitation units is desirable, it is unlikely that efforts to achieve this will have a substantial impact on the problem of high WIP, so other strategies will be required. We will model the effects of strategies to reduce variation in daily discharges by the day of week in a future essay.

Paramountcy, family rights and contested adoption: does contact with birth relatives balance the scales?

This article combines practitioner insight and research evidence to chart how principles of partnership and paramountcy have led to birth family contact becoming the expected norm following contested adoption from care in Northern Ireland. The article highlights how practice has adapted to the delay in proposed reforms to adoption legislation resulting in the evolution of increasingly open adoption practices. Adoption represents an irrevocable transfer of parental responsibility from birth to adoptive parents and achieves permanence and legal security for children in care who cannot return to their birth family. Its enduring effect, however, makes public adoption a contentious field of child welfare practice, particularly when contested by birth parents. This article explores how post-adoption contact may be viewed as reconciling the uneasy interface between paramountcy principles and parental rights to respect for family life. The article highlights the complexity of adoptive kinship relationships following contested adoption from care, and how contact presents unique challenges that mitigate against meaningful and sustainable connections between the child and their birth relatives. In conclusion, a call is made for sensitive negotiation and support of contact arrangements, and the development of practice models that are informed by an understanding of the workings of adoptive kinship.

Promoção de comportamentos saudáveis e prevenção da SIDA no ensino superior

No processo de transição para o ensino superior, o jovem é confrontado com novas experiências como o restabelecimento de relações mais íntimas, a autonomização em relação à família e contactos sociais mais alargado. A infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (VHI) e Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA) representa um dos maiores problemas sócio-sanitários a nível mundial pelo que nesta fase de transição devemos promover comportamentos saudáveis através da educação para a saúde. São objectivos do estudo: Caracterizar as fontes de informação/conhecimentos a que recorrem os estudantes do ensino superior para esclarecimentos na área da SIDA; Identificar o nível de conhecimentos em relação à infecção VIH/sida; Classificar as estratégias da educação para a saúde já aplicadas, recursos utilizados e avaliação efectuada; analisar os aspectos psicológicos face à percepção da educação para a saúde. Participaram 2002 estudantes (60.7% raparigas) com idades entre os 17 a 68 anos, (M=21.76 ± 4.43), dos primeiros e últimos anos do ensino superior das zonas Norte e Centro do país. O protocolo de recolha de informação inclui dados pessoais e académicos, a escala de fontes de informação/conhecimentos sobre SIDA, escala de avaliação de educação para a saúde na área da SIDA construídas para o efeito, escala de saúde e relacionamento, medidas de motivação para pôr em prática comportamentos preventivos relativos à SIDA, escala de eficácia percepcionada dos comportamentos preventivos da SIDA e escala de comportamentos preventivos. Os estudantes recorrem maioritariamente à leitura de material informativo para obter informações/conhecimentos sobre SIDA. Cerca de 37% tem boa informação/conhecimentos sobre SIDA sendo os jovens até aos 25 anos e os que frequentam cursos na área da saúde que apresentam índices mais elevados. São os alunos do primeiro ano e da área da saúde que apresentam melhor percepção na avaliação da educação para a saúde, embora 36.4% da amostra avaliasse como inadequada a educação para a saúde na área da SIDA. Verificamos que existem várias formas de efectuar educação para a saúde direccionada para o jovem, mas nem todas apresentam o mesmo grau de eficácia, pois como observamos a mudança de comportamentos e atitudes dos jovens, tendem a valorizar mais a informação fornecida pela comunicação social. Pensamos que são necessárias alterações nos modelos de Educação para a saúde no âmbito do VIH/sida, pois estas não estão a revelar um nível de eficácia satisfatório. Por outro lado, não há em Portugal, uma Educação para a Saúde estruturada e organizada que motive os jovens à mudança de comportamentos, pois apesar de muitos deles terem conhecimentos, não alteram os comportamentos de risco.

O primeiro ensino clínico no percurso formativo do estudante de enfermagem

A formação do estudante de enfermagem em ensino clínico reveste-se de uma importância singular pelo contacto e vivência de situações em contexto, por lhe proporcionar a aquisição, o desenvolvimento e a consolidação de conhecimentos e competências em vários domínios, assim como de socialização com a profissão. O primeiro ensino clínico pelas actividades em contexto com os profissionais de saúde e os utentes é um período de transição particularmente marcante em termos formativos. Nele frequentemente acontece a ruptura nas suas concepções de formação e de aprendizagem, tornando-se num momento de confronto com uma formação que prepara para a incerteza e imprevisibilidade. Nesta investigação pretendemos compreender o que acontece neste período de aprendizagem, partindo da seguinte questão central de investigação: Que significado tem o primeiro ensino clínico no percurso formativo do estudante de enfermagem? O estudo desta questão exigiu o recurso a uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa baseada na estratégia estudo de caso na sua vertente multicasos. Seleccionámos três casos de estudo respectivamente do 1º, do 2º e 3º anos do Curso de Licenciatura em Enfermagem de três planos de estudos de Escolas Superiores de Enfermagem. O caso é constituído por um grupo de estudantes no primeiro ensino clínico hospitalar, enfermeiros e docentes que os orientam. Desenvolvemos uma etnometodologia em que privilegiámos a observação no terreno com participação directa do investigador, recolha documental, entrevistas etnográficas e semi-estruturadas aos vários intervenientes. A análise da informação reunida processou-se pela análise de conteúdo dos dados obtidos num percurso recursivo entre as várias fontes com apoio do programa informático Nvivo 7. Concluímos que o primeiro ensino clínico: é um período de formação estruturante, com forte impacto pela transição que se opera na postura do estudante perante a aprendizagem, pelas propriedades (trans)formativas que as vivências em contexto encerram, independentemente do ano do Curso em que este acontece; a preparação prévia dos estudantes modeliza os domínios da aprendizagem e a profundidade em que ocorre; aprendem de um modo fragmentado sem conseguirem integrar os vários domínios do conhecimento na acção; os estudantes do 1º ano dão mais significado à destreza e rapidez na realização de intervenções prescritas e à aplicação dos princípios teóricos aprendidos; a orientação dos enfermeiros, tutores e docentes é fundamental na mobilização, para a acção, dos conhecimentos teóricos ou na sua aquisição; a vivência das situações em contexto e o ambiente relacional estão entre os factores mais influentes; a prática orientada com atenção individualizada, questionamento, análise e reflexão em díade supervisor-aluno, são fundamentais no desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico; ser supervisor deve ser assumido pelo docente e pelo enfermeiro ou tutor como um trabalho de articulação e proximidade com e no contexto onde o ensino clínico decorre; a resposta adequada às funções específicas de supervisão exige participação activa de equipas de enfermagem mais preparadas e hierarquicamente apoiadas; o docente pelo conhecimento dos estudantes, dos fins e objectivos da formação, pelos desafios e exigência que coloca tem um papel insubstituível. No percurso da investigação novas questões emergiram nomeadamente no que se prende com: os modelos de articulação entre instituições de saúde e escolares; com a formação dos supervisores e; o papel dos pares no início da aprendizagem dos estudantes em contexto clínico.

O tempo das reformas : o papel da companhia de Jesus no enfrentamento com ideais protestantes na Europa do Sul : uma proposta pedagógica

Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino da História e da Geografia no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Supporting Completion of an Online Continuing Professional Development Programme For Newly Qualified Practitioners: a Qualitative Evaluation

Background: Development programmes to support newly qualified practitioners gain confidence in their first professional role often show varied levels of engagement, due to competing priorities and demands. In Scotland, the Flying Start NHS® programme uses a structured programme of online and work-based learning with associated mentoring, to support individuals through an often difficult transition to become capable, confident practitioners. . Whilst the programme was generally well received, the factors leading to widely varying completion rates between professions and organisations were not well understood. Aim: to identify the factors leading to successful completion of Flying Start, a transition programme for newly qualified practitioners. Method: A qualitative approach was adopted to gather data from two groups of participants. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with strategic and management level participants (n=23), from five health boards in Scotland. Semi-structured interviews (n=22) and focus groups (n=11) were conducted with practitioners within 6 months either side of completing the programme. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using framework analysis. Results: Four key themes related to successful completion emerged from the analysis: organisational support; the format of the programme; understanding completion; motivation and incentives to complete. Factors leading to successful completion were identified at programme, organisational and individual level. These included clear communication and signposting, up-to-date and relevant content, links with continuing professional development frameworks, effective leadership, mentor and peer support, setting clear standards for assessment, and facilitating appropriate IT access. Conclusions: A strong strategic commitment to embedding a development programme for newly qualified practitioners can ensure the necessary support is available to encourage timely completion. The mentor’s role - to provide face-to-face support - is identified as a key factor in completion and is achieved through setting attainable targets, monitoring progress, and providing motivation. However organisational structures that facilitate the mentoring relationship are also necessary.

Adaptação na transição do pré-escolar para o 1º ano de escolaridade : delineamento e avaliação da eficácia de um programa de intervenção

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia da Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2015

Visual Approaches to Property Law Pedagogy

Purpose - To consider a more visual approach to property law teaching practices. This will be achieved by exploring the existence of ‘visual learners’ as a student body, evaluating the use of more visual teaching techniques in academic practice, recognising the historic dominance of text in legal education, and examining the potential for heightening visual teaching practices in the teaching of property law. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews and analyses some of the available literature on visual pedagogy, and visual approaches to legal education, but also introduces an amount of academic practitioner analysis. Findings – This paper evidences that, rather than focusing on the categorisation of ‘visual learner’, the modern academic practitioner should employ the customary use of more visual stimuli; consequently becoming a more ‘visual teacher’. This paper demonstrates that these practices, if performed effectively, can impact upon the information literacy of the whole student body: It also proffers a number of suggestions as to how this could be achieved within property law teaching practices. Practical implications – The paper will provide support for early-career academic practitioners, who are entering a teaching profession in a period of accelerated and continual change, by presenting an overview of pedagogic practices in the area. It will also provide a stimulus for those currently teaching on property law modules and support their transition to a more visual form of teaching practice. Originality/value – This paper provides a comprehensive overview of visual pedagogy in legal education, and specifically within that of property law, which has not been conducted elsewhere.