9-Fold Fresnel Köhler concentrator for increased uniform irradiance on high concentrations

Non-uniform irradiance patterns created by Concentrated Photovoltaics (CPV) concentrators over Multi-Junction Cells (MJC) can originate significant power losses, especially when there are different spectral irradiance distributions over the different MJC junctions. This fact has an increased importance considering the recent advances in 4 and 5 junction cells. The spectral irradiance distributions are especially affected with thermal effects on Silicone-on-Glass (SoG) CPV systems. This work presents a new CPV optical design, the 9-fold Fresnel Köhler concentrator, prepared to overcome these effects at high concentrations while maintaining a large acceptance angle, paving the way for a future generation of high efficiency CPV systems of 4 and 5 junction cells.

9-fold Fresnel-Kohler concentrator with Fresnel lens of variable focal point

Non-uniform irradiance patterns over Multi-Junction Cells gives rise to power losses, especially when considering spectral irradiance distributions over different junctions. Thermal effects on Silicone-on-Glass lenses affect spectral irradiance distributions. A new Photovoltaic Concentrator (CPV), formed by nine optical channels, each one with a Köhler configuration, has been designed to overcome these effects at high concentrations for a large acceptance angle. A Fresnel Lens with a Variable Focal Point is proposed to prevent optical crosstalk in multichannel systems. When integrated into the concentrator, improves the acceptance angle. These designs are designed to fulfill the expected requirements of four junction CPV systems.

Prototype emitter for use in subsurface drip irrigation: Manufacturing, hydraulic evaluation and experimental analyses

The current research aims to analyse theoretically and evaluate a self-manufactured simple design for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) emitter to avoid root and soil intrusion. It was composed of three concentric cylindrical elements: an elastic silicone membrane; a polyethylene tube with two holes drilled on its wall for water discharge; and a vinyl polychloride protector system to wrap the other elements. The discharge of the emitter depends on the change in the membrane diameter when it is deformed by the water pressure. The study of the operation of this emitter is a new approach that considers mechanical and hydraulic principles. Thus, the estimation on the membrane deformation was based on classical mechanical stress theories in composite cylinders. The hydraulic principles considered the solid deformation due to force based on water pressure and the general Darcy–Weisbach head-loss equation. Twenty emitter units, with the selected design, were handcrafted in a lathe and were used in this study. The measured pressure/discharge relationship for the emitters showed good agreement with that calculated by the theoretical approach. The variation coefficient of the handcrafted emitters was high compared to commercial emitters. Results from field evaluations showed variable values for the relative flow variation, water emission uniformity and relative flow rate coefficients, but no emitter was obstructed. Therefore, the current emitter design could be suitable for SDI following further studies to develop a final prototype.

Selectively filled photonic liquid crystal fibers = Fibras de cristal fotónico selectivamente llenas con cristal líquido

El presente trabajo de Tesis se ha centrado en el diseño, fabricación y caracterización de dispositivos basados en fibras de cristal fotónico infiltrado selectivamente con cristales líquidos, polímeros y una mezcla de ambos. Todos los dispositivos son sintonizables, y su área de aplicación se centra en comunicaciones ópticas y sensores. La manipulación y fusionado de fibras fotónicas, el llenado selectivo de determinadas cavidades y la alineación recíproca de fibras mantenedoras de polarización son tareas muy específicas y delicadas para las que se requieren protocolos muy estrictos. Previo a la fabricación de dispositivos ha sido necesaria por tanto una tarea de sistematización y creación de protocolos de fabricación. Una vez establecidos se ha procedido a la fabricación y caracterización de dispositivos. Los dispositivos fabricados se enumeran a continuación para posteriormente detallar una a una las singularidades de cada uno. • Interferómetros intermodales hechos a partir de una porción de fibra fotónica soldada entre dos fibras estándar, bien monomodo o PANDA (mantenedora de polarización). Estos interferómetros han sido sumergidos o bien llenados selectivamente con cristales líquidos para así sintonizar la señal interferométrica guiada a través de la fibra. • Infiltración de fibras fotónicas con cristales líquidos colestéricos con especial énfasis en la fase azul (blue phase) de estos materiales. Las moléculas de cristal líquido se autoalinean en volumen por lo que la infiltración de fibras fotónicas con estos cristales líquidos es muy interesante, pues es conocida la dificultad de alinear apropiadamente cristales líquidos dentro de cavidades micrométricas de las fibras fotónicas. • Grabación de redes holográficas de forma selectiva en las cavidades de una fibra fotónica. Estas redes holográficas, llamadas POLICRYPS (POlymer-LIquid CRYstal-Polymer Slices), son redes fabricadas a base de franjas de polímero y cristal líquido alineado perpendicularmente a dichas franjas. Las franjas son a su vez perpendiculares al eje de la fibra como lo puede ser una red de Bragg convencional. El cristal líquido, al estar alineado perpendicularmente a dichos franjas y paralelo al eje de la fibra, se puede conmutar aplicando un campo eléctrico externo, modificando así el índice efectivo de la red. Se puede fabricar por lo tanto una red de Bragg sintonizable en fibra, muy útil en comunicaciones ópticas. • Llenado selectivo de fibras fotónicas con polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS), un polímero de tipo silicona. Si se realiza un llenado selectivo asimétrico se puede inducir birrefringencia en la fibra. El índice de refracción del PDMS tiene una fuerte dependencia térmica, por lo que se puede sintonizar la birrefringencia de la fibra. • Estudio teórico de llenado selectivo de fibras fotónicas con PDMS dopado con nanopartículas de plata de 5, 40 y 80 nm. Estas nanopartículas poseen un pico de absorción en torno a los 450 nm debido a resonancias superficiales localizadas de plasmones (LSPR). La resonancia del plasmon tiene una fuerte dependencia con el índice de refracción del material colindante, y al ser éste PDMS, la variación de índice de refracción se ve amplificada, obteniendo una absorción sintonizable. Se ha propuesto la fabricación de polarizadores sintonizables usando esta técnica. Como ya se ha dicho, previamente a la fabricación ha sido necesaria la protocolización de diversos procedimientos de fabricación de alta complejidad, así como protocolizar el proceso de toma de medidas para optimizar los resultados. Los procedimientos que han requerido la formulación de protocolos específicos han sido los siguientes: • Llenado selectivo de cavidades en una fibra fotónica. Dichas fibras tienen generalmente un diámetro externo de 125 μm, y sus cavidades son de entre 5 y 10 μm de diámetro. Se han desarrollado tres técnicas diferentes para el llenado/bloqueado selectivo, pudiéndose combinar varios protocolos para la optimización del proceso. Las técnicas son las siguientes: o Llenado y bloqueado con un prepolímero. Dicho prepolímero, también llamado adhesivo óptico, está inicialmente en estado líquido y posee una cierta viscosidad. Las cavidades de la fibra fotónica que se desea llenar o bloquear poseen un diámetro diferente al resto, por lo que en el proceso de llenado aparecen dos frentes de llenado dependientes de su diámetro. A mayor diámetro, mayor velocidad de llenado. Polimerizando cuando existe dicha diferencia en los frentes se puede cortar por medio, obteniendo así una fibra parcialmente bloqueada. o Colapsamiento de las cavidades de menor diámetro mediante aplicación de calor. El calor producido por un arco voltaico de una soldadora de fibra estándar fusiona el material exterior de la fibra produciendo el colapsamiento de las cavidades de menor diámetro. En esta técnica también es necesaria una diferencia de diámetros en las cavidades de la fibra. o Bloqueo una a una de las cavidades de la fibra fotónica con adhesivo óptico. Este procedimiento es muy laborioso y requiere mucha precisión. Con este sistema se pueden bloquear las cavidades deseadas de una fibra sin importar su diámetro. • Alineación de una fuente de luz linealmente polarizada con una fibra mantenedora de polarización ya sea PANDA o fotónica. Así mismo también se han alineado entre sí fibras mantenedoras de polarización, para que sus ejes rápidos se fusionen paralelos y así el estado de polarización de la luz guiada se mantenga. • Sistematización de toma de medidas para caracterizar los interferómetros modales. Éstos son altamente sensibles a diversas variables por lo que el proceso de medida es complejo. Se deben aislar variables de forma estrictamente controlada. Aunque todos los dispositivos tienen en común el llenado selectivo de cavidades en una fibra fotónica cada dispositivo tiene sus peculiaridades, que van a ser explicadas a continuación. ABSTRACT The present Thesis has been centered in the design, fabrication and characterization of devices based on photonic crystal fibers selectively filled with liquid crystals, polymers and a mixture of both. All devices are tunable and their work field is optical communications and sensing The handling and splicing of photonic crystal fibers, the selective filling of their holes and the aligning of polarization maintaining fibers are very specific and delicate tasks for which very strict protocols are required. Before the fabrication of devices has therefore been necessary task systematization and creation of manufacturing protocols. Once established we have proceeded to the fabrication and characterization of devices. The fabricated devices are listed below and their peculiarities are detailed one by one: • Intermodal interferometers made with a portion of photonic crystal fiber spliced between two optical communication fiber pigtails, either single mode or PANDA (polarization-maintaining) fiber. These interferometers have been submerged or selectively filled with liquid crystals to tune the interferometric guided signal. • Infiltration of photonic fibers with cholesteric liquid crystals with special emphasis on their blue phase (blue phase). The liquid crystal molecules are self-aligning in volume so the infiltration of photonic fibers with these liquid crystals is very interesting. It is notoriously difficult to properly align liquid crystals within micron cavities such as photonic fibers. • Selectively recording of holographic gratings in the holes of photonic crystal fibers. These holographic gratings, called POLICRYPS (POlymer-LIquid CRYstal-Polymes Slices), are based on walls made of polymer and liquid crystal aligned perpendicular to them. These walls are perpendicular to the axis of the fiber as it can be a conventional Bragg grating. The liquid crystal is aligned perpendicular to the walls and parallel to the fiber axis, and can be switched by applying an external electric field and thus change the effective index of the grating. It is thus possible to manufacture a tunable Bragg grating fiber, useful in optical communications. •Asymmetrically selective filling of photonic crystal fibers with a silicone polymer like called polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to induce birefringence in the fiber. The refractive index of PDMS has temperature dependence, so that the birefringence of the fiber can be tuned. • Theoretical study of photonic crystal fibers selectively filled with PDMS doped with silver nanoparticles of 5, 40 and 80 nm. These nanoparticles have an absorption peak around 450 nm due to localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR). Plasmon resonance has a strong dependence on the refractive index of the adjacent material, and as this is PDMS, the refractive index variation is amplified, obtaining a tunable absorption. Fabrication of tunable polarizers using this technique has been proposed. Before starting the fabrication, it has been necessary to optimize several very delicate procedures and different protocols have been designed. The most delicate procedures are as follows: • Selective filling of holes in a photonic crystal fiber. These fibers generally have an outer diameter of 125 μm, and their holes have a diameter around between 5 and 10 μm. It has been developed three different techniques for filling / selective blocking, and they can be combined for process optimization. The techniques are: o Filling and blocked with a prepolymer. This prepolymer also called optical adhesive is initially in liquid state and has a certain viscosity. The holes of the photonic crystal fiber that are desired to be filled or blocked should have a different diameter, so that in the filling process appear two different fronts depending on the hole diameter. The holes with larger diameter are filled faster. Then the adhesive is polymerized when there is such a difference on the front. A partially blocked fiber is obtained cutting between fronts. o Collapsing of holes of smaller diameter by application of heat. The heat produced by an arc of a standard fusion splicer fuses the outer fiber material producing the collapsing of the cavities of smaller diameter. In this technique also you need a difference of diameters in the fiber holes. o Blocking one by one the holes of photonic crystal fiber with optical adhesive. This procedure is very laborious and requires great precision. This system can block unwanted cavities regardless fiber diameter. • Aligning a linearly polarized light source with a polarization-maintaining fiber (either a PANDA fiber as a photonic crystal fiber). It is needed also an aligning between polarization-maintaining fibers, so that their fast axes parallel merge and that is state of polarization of light guided is maintained. • Systematization of taking measurements to characterize the modal interferometers. These are highly sensitive to several variables so the measurement process is very complicated. Variables must be fixed in a very controlled manner. Although all devices have the common characteristic of being selectively filled PCFs with some kind of material, each one has his own peculiarities, which are explained below.

Sistemas radiolarios: geometrías y arquitecturas derivadas

Uno de los temas más importantes dentro del debate contemporáneo, es el que se refiere a la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de la sociedad tal y como la entendemos hoy. El ser humano está recuperando la sensibilidad perdida que le concebía como una pieza más dentro del ciclo natural de la vida. Por fin hemos entendido que no podemos ser auto suficientes e independientes del entorno natural que nos rodea. Más allá del respeto y del cuidado, está abierta la puerta del conocimiento infinito que nos brinda la naturaleza a todos los niveles y a todas las escalas. Dentro de la disciplina arquitectónica han existido ejemplos como Antoni Gaudí o Frei Otto que han referenciado su obra en el mundo Natural, encontrando en él las estrategias y bases para el diseño arquitectónico. Sin embargo han sido una minoría dentro del enorme elenco de arquitectos defensores del ángulo recto. En las últimas décadas, la tendencia está cambiando. No nos referimos tanto a la sensibilidad creciente por conseguir una mayor eficiencia energética que ha llevado a una puesta en valor de la arquitectura vernácula, trasladando su sabiduría a las estrategias bioclimáticas. Nos referimos a un caso específico dentro del amplio abanico de formas arquitectónicas que han aparecido gracias a la incorporación de las herramientas computacionales en el diseño y la producción. Las arquitecturas que nos interesan son las que aprovechan estas técnicas para analizar e interpretar las estrategias complejas y altamente eficientes que encontramos en la naturaleza, y trasladarlas a la disciplina arquitectónica. Esta tendencia que se enmarca dentro de la Biomímesis o Biomimética es conocida con el nombre de Bioarquitectura. La presente tesis trata de morfología y sobre todo de morfogénesis. El término morfología se refiere al estudio de una forma concreta que nos permite entender un caso específico, nuestro foco de atención se centra sin embargo en la morfogénesis, es decir, en el estudio de los procesos de generación de esas formas, para poder reproducir patrones y generar abanicos de casos adaptables y reconfigurables. El hecho de estudiar la forma no quiere decir que ésta sea una tesis “formalista” con la connotación peyorativa y gestual que se le suele atribuir a este término. La investigación concibe el concepto de forma como lo hace el mundo natural: forma como síntesis de eficiencia. No hay ninguna forma natural gratuita, que no cumpla una función determinada y que no se desarrolle con el mínimo material y gaste la mínima energía posible. Este afán por encontrar la “forma eficaz” es lo que nos hace traspasar la frontera de la arquitectura formalista. El camino de investigación morfológica se traza, como el título de la tesis indica, siguiendo el hilo conductor concreto de los radiolarios. Estos microorganismos unicelulares poseen unos esqueletos tan complejos que para poder entender su morfología es necesario establecer un amplio recorrido que abarca más de 4.000 años de conocimiento humano. Desde el descubrimiento de los sólidos platónicos, poliedros que configuran muchas de las formas globales de estos esqueletos; hasta la aplicación de los algoritmos generativos, que permiten entender y reproducir los patrones de comportamiento que existen detrás de los sistemas de compactación y teselación irregular de los esqueletos radiolarios. La tesis no pretende plantear el problema desde un punto de vista biológico, ni paleontológico, aunque inevitablemente en el primer capítulo se realiza un análisis referenciado del estado del conocimiento científico actual. Sí se analizan en mayor profundidad cuestiones morfológicas y se tratan los diferentes posicionamientos desde los cuales estos microorganismos han servido de referencia en la disciplina arquitectónica. Además encontramos necesario analizar otros patrones naturales que comparten estrategias generativas con los esqueletos radiolarios. Como ya hemos apuntado, en el segundo capítulo se aborda un recorrido desde las geometrías más básicas a las más complejas, que tienen relación con las estrategias de generación de las formas detectadas en los microorganismos. A su vez, el análisis de estas geometrías se intercala con ejemplos de aplicaciones dentro de la arquitectura, el diseño y el arte. Finalizando con un cronograma que sintetiza y relaciona las tres vías de investigación abordadas: natural, geométrica y arquitectónica. Tras los dos capítulos centrales, el capítulo final recapitula las estrategias analizadas y aplica el conocimiento adquirido en la tesis, mediante la realización de diferentes prototipos que abarcan desde el dibujo analítico tradicional, a la fabricación digital y el diseño paramétrico, pasando por modelos analógicos de escayola, barras metálicas, resina, silicona, látex, etc. ABSTRACT One of the most important issues in the contemporary debate, is the one concerning the long-term sustainability of society as we understand it today. The human being is recovering the lost sensitivity that conceived us as part of the natural cycle of life. We have finally understood that we cannot be self-sufficient and independent of the natural environment which surrounds us. Beyond respect and care, we’ll find that the gateway to the infinite knowledge that nature provides us at all levels and at all scales is open. Within the architectural discipline, there have been remarkable examples such as Antoni Gaudí or Frei Otto who have inspired their work in the natural world. Both, found in nature the strategies and basis of their architectural designs. However, they have been a minority within the huge cast of architects defenders of the right angle. In recent decades, the trend is changing. We are not referring to the growing sensitivity in trying to achieve energy efficiency that has led to an enhancement of vernacular architecture, transferring its wisdom to bioclimatic strategies. We refer to a specific case within the wide range of architectural forms that have appeared thanks to the integration of computer tools in both design and production processes. We are interested in architectures that exploit these techniques to analyse and interpret the complex and highly efficient strategies found in nature, and shift them to the discipline of architecture. This trend, which is being implemented in the framework of the Biomimicry or biomimetics, is called Bioarchitecture. This thesis deals with morphology and more specifically with morphogenesis. Morphology is the study of a concrete form that allows us to understand a specific case. However, our focus is centered in morphogenesis or, in other words, the study of the processes of generation of these forms, in order to replicate patterns and generate a range of adaptable and reconfigurable cases. The fact of studying shapes does not mean that this is a “formalistic” thesis with the pejorative connotation that is often attributed to this term. This study conceives the concept of shape as Nature does: as a synthesis of efficiency. There is no meaningless form in nature. Furthermore, forms and shapes in nature play a particular role and are developed with minimum energetic consumption. This quest to find the efficient shape is what makes us go beyond formalistic architecture. The road of morphological investigation is traced, as the title of the thesis suggests, following the thread of radiolaria. These single-cell microorganisms possess very complex skeletons, so to be able to understand their morphology we must establish a wide spectrum which spans throughout more than 4.000 years of human knowledge. From the discovery of the platonic solids, polyhedrons which configure a huge range of global shapes of these skeletons, through the application of generative algorithms which allow us to understand and recreate the behavioral patterns behind the systems of compression and irregular tessellation of the radiolarian skeletons. The thesis does not pretend to lay out the problem from a biological, paleontological standpoint, although inevitably the first chapter is developed through an analysis in reference to the current state of the science. A deeper analysis of morphological aspects and different positionings is taken into account where these microorganisms have served as reference in the architectonic discipline. In addition we find necessary to analyse other natural patterns which share generative strategies with radiolarian skeletons. Aforementioned, in the second chapter an itinerary of the most basic geometries to the more complex ones is addressed. These are related, in this chapter, to the generative strategies of the shapes found in microorganisms. At the same time, the analysis of these geometries is placed among examples of applications inside the fields of architecture, design and the arts. To come to an end, a time chart synthesizes and relates the three investigation paths addressed: natural, geometrical and architectonic. After the two central chapters, the final chapter summarises the strategies analysed and applies the knowledge acquired throughout the thesis. This final chapter is shaped by the realization of different prototypes which range from traditional analytical drawings, to digital fabrication and parametric design, going through plaster analogical models, metal bars, resin, silicone, latex, etc.

Identification of a Ca2+/H+ Antiport in the Plant Chloroplast Thylakoid Membrane1

To assess the availability of Ca2+ in the lumen of the thylakoid membrane that is required to support the assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II, we have investigated the mechanism of 45Ca2+ transport into the lumen of pea (Pisum sativum) thylakoid membranes using silicone-oil centrifugation. Trans-thylakoid Ca2+ transport is dependent on light or, in the dark, on exogenously added ATP. Both light and ATP hydrolysis are coupled to Ca2+ transport through the formation of a transthylakoid pH gradient. The H+-transporting ionophores nigericin/K+ and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone inhibit the transport of Ca2+. Thylakoid membranes are capable of accumulating up to 30 nmol Ca2+ mg−1 chlorophyll from external concentrations of 15 μm over the course of a 15-min reaction. These results are consistent with the presence of an active Ca2+/H+ antiport in the thylakoid membrane. Ca2+ transport across the thylakoid membrane has significant implications for chloroplast and plant Ca2+ homeostasis. We propose a model of chloroplast Ca2+ regulation whereby the activity of the Ca2+/H+ antiporter facilitates the light-dependent uptake of Ca2+ by chloroplasts and reduces stromal Ca2+ levels.

Recuperação de enxofre elementar a partir de águas residuárias em reatores anaeróbio/microaerado

O objetivo desse projeto de pesquisa foi avaliar a redução do sulfato e promover a remoção do sulfeto, por via de conversão a enxofre elementar, em reatores combinados anaeróbio/microaerado. Para tanto foram utilizados três sistemas com objetivos específicos. A primeira configuração foi um reator anaeróbio de leito fixo e ordenado integrado a um reator microaerado com membrana externa (ABFSB-RME) com o qual se avaliou a influência do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e da presença de biomassa aderida na remoção do sulfeto. A segunda configuração avaliada foi um reator UASB com um reator microaerado de membrana helicoidal externa (UASB-RMHE), com o qual se avaliou a formação de biofilme no interior da membrana e a alteração do pH para a remoção do sulfeto em sua fase gasosa. A terceira configuração foi um reator anaeróbio de leito fixo e ordenado combinado a um reator microaerado com membrana helicoidal e submersa ao meio liquido (ABFSB-RMHS) com a finalidade de avaliar a remoção do sulfeto com aplicação de fluxo de ar no interior da membrana e avaliar a influência do TDH na eficiência de conversão do sulfeto. Os resultados indicam que a troca periódica das membranas tem influência na eficiência da conversão do sulfeto para o sistema ABFSB-RME. O sistema UASB-RMHE apresentou dados de remoção de sulfeto estáveis durante 35 dias, com remoção de até 90%, porém a retro lavagem da membrana é essencial para o aumento da vida útil do sistema A alteração do pH provocou a deslocamento de equilíbrio do sulfeto, e apresentou remoção do sulfeto no biogás de 98% para pH 7,5 e 50% para pH 7,0. O sistema ABFSB-RMHS propiciou remoção estável de sulfeto e a formação em camadas de enxofre elementar ao redor da membrana que se rompiam permitindo, assim, a sedimentação e recuperação do material sólido. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa mostraram que os sistemas apresentam viabilidade e potencial no tratamento de águas ricas em compostos de enxofre e para a recuperação de enxofre elementar, além de apresentar versatilidade por meio de variáveis operacionais, com as quais se podem obter o controle e aperfeiçoamento do sistema.

Avaliação de indicadores biológicos na validação de processos de esterilização de isoladores por peróxido de hidrogênio

A resistência de cinco microrganismos presentes na microbiota da área de produção estéril (Cristalização Estéril), frente a ação do gás de peróxido de hidrogênio foi determinada e o valor O obtido para cada microrganismo foi comparado ao valor D do Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 exposto ao mesmo agente. Os microrganismos testados foram Bacillus sp, M. luteus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus sp e Penicillium sp. Este teste tinha a finalidade de comprovar que a resistência do Bacillus stearothermophilus é maior quando da exposição ao peróxido de hidrogênio se comparada a outros microrganismos presentes na área produtiva. A metodologia consistiu da inoculação de 0,01 mL da suspensão de cada microrganismo na contagem de 102UFC/0,01 mL em cupons de aço inoxidável, previamente esterilizados por calor seco e posterior exposição ao gás de peróxido de hidrogênio. O experimento demonstrou que o valor D obtido para o Bacillus stearothermophilus ésuperior aos obtidos para os outros microrganismos em teste comprovando que a escolha deste microrganismo para o desafio contra o peróxido de hidrogênio é apropriada. Também executou-se o teste que visava garantir que o aço inoxidável é o material de suporte mais recomendado para este fim, utilizando-se suportes de diversos materiais normalmente encontrados no interior dos isoladores (PVC, aço inoxidável, CKC, teflon, polipropileno, látex, silicone, Hypalon, vidro, nylon, saco de alumínio) com 0,01 mL de inóculo de Bacillus stearothermophilus na contagem de 102UFC/O,01 mL, o que foi devidamente comprovado.

Alteraciones oculares y visuales en personas que trabajan con ordenador y son usuarias de lentes de contacto: una revisión bibliográfica

Fundamentos: El elevado número de personas que trabajando con ordenador utiliza lentes de contacto plantea la cuestión sobre si la suma de estos dos factores de riesgo para la salud visual puede originar un agravamiento del Síndrome Visual Informático. El objetivo de esta revisión es sintetizar el conocimiento científico sobre las alteraciones oculares y visuales relacionadas con la exposición a ordenador en usuarios de lentes de contacto. Métodos: Revisión de artículos científicos (2003-2013) en español e inglés, realizando una búsqueda bibliográfica, en Medline a través de PubMed y en Scopus. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial aportó 114 trabajos, después de aplicar criterios de inclusión/exclusión se incluyeron seis artículos. Todos ellos ponen de manifiesto que las alteraciones al utilizar el ordenador son más frecuentes en las personas usuarias de lentes de contacto, con prevalencias que oscilan de 95,0% al 16,9% que en las que no utilizan lentes de contacto, cuya prevalencia va del 57,5% al 9,9% y con una probabilidad cuatro veces mayor de padecer ojo seco [OR: 4,07 (IC 95%: 3,52-4,71)]. Conclusiones: Las personas usuarias de ordenador padecen más alteraciones oculares y visuales cuando además son usuarias de lentes de contacto, pero los estudios son escasos y poco contundentes. Se precisan nuevas investigaciones que analicen la influencia según los tipos de lentes y sus condiciones de uso, tanto en la sintomatología como en la calidad de la lágrima y la superficie ocular. Las lentes de hidrogel de silicona son las que se asocian a mayor confort.

Monitorização do ensino de prótese total no pré-clínico da clínica de reabilitação oral II

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

Diferentes métodos de tratamento de superfície de um novo material nano-cerâmico/resina (Lava™ Ultimate): estudo in vitro da resistência adesiva

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

An electric discharge as a trap for diffusion pump vacuum systems /

An electrical discharge is used as a trap for a diffusion pump using DC-704 silicone pump fluid. The discharge cracks the pump fluid vapor thus taking it out of the system. In the process much hydrogen and some other lighter gases are evolved.

Experimental studies on the accuracy of wax patterns used in investment casting

Investment casting is often used to produce fully functional prototype components from sacrificial patterns. These patterns (prototypes) may be made using specialized rapid prototyping techniques such as stereolithography or three-dimensional printing. When multiple functional prototypes are required, interim tools for making wax patterns are employed. The objective of this research work was to determine the precision and accuracy of wax patterns produced using several prototype tools. Linear contraction was used to determine the accuracy as a function of the wax injection parameters used in low-pressure injection moulding. Wax patterns were produced using polyurethane and silicone rubber tools. It has been shown that the accuracy of patterns from both tools is similar. However, silicone tools produce patterns with much higher contraction than those produced by polyurethane tools. Unconstrained patterns dimensions contracted as much as 3.44 +/- 0.40 per cent and 1.70 +/- 0.60 per cent for silicone and polyurethane tools respectively. The constrained dimensions contracted by 2.20 +/- 0.20 per cent in the case of silicone tools and 1.40 +/- 0.20 per cent in the case of polyurethane tools.

A randomized, controlled trial to determine the efficacy of paper tape in preventing hypertrophic scar formation in surgical incisions that traverse Langer's skin tension lines

Background: How a scar is managed postoperatively influences Its cosmetic outcome. After Suture removal, scars are susceptible to skin tension, which may be the trigger for hypertrophic scarring. Paper tape to support the scar may reduce multidirectional forces and prevent hypertrophic scarring. Methods: Seventy patients who had under gone cesarean section at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital were randomized to treatment and control groups. Patients in the control group received no postoperative intervention. Patients in the treatment group applied paper tape to their scars for 12 weeks. Scars were assessed at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months after surgery using Ultrasound to measure intradermal scar volume. Scars were also assessed using the International Clinical Recommendations. Results: Paper tape significantly decreased scar volume by a mean of 0.16 cm(3), (95 percent confidence Interval, 0.00 to 0.29 cm(3)) At 12 weeks after surgery, 41 percent of the control group developed hypertrophic scars compared with none in the treatment group (exact test, p = 0.003). In the treatment group, one patient developed a hypertrophic scar and four developed stretched scars only after the tape was removed. The odds of developing a hypertrophic scar were 13.6 times greater in the control than in the treatment group (95 percent confidence interval, 3.6 to 66.9). Of the 70 patients randomized, 39 completed the study. Four patients in the treatment group developed a localized red rash beneath the tape. These reactions were minor and transient and resolved without medical intervention. Conclusions: The development of hypertrophic and stretched scars in the treatment group only after the tape was removed suggests that tension acting on a scar is die trigger for hypertrophic scarring. Paper tape is likely to be an effective modality for the prevention of hypertrophic scarring through its ability to eliminate scar tension.