Wedding portrait of Freddy Gottschalk and Barbara Joan Doble with guests; Welwyn Garden City, England.

Portrait includes a number of family members who were able to get to England before the war and who chose to remain there.

Plot size matters: interference from intergenotypic competition in plant phenotyping studies

Genetic and physiological studies often comprise genotypes diverse in vigour, size and flowering time. This can make the phenotyping of complex traits challenging, particularly those associated with canopy development, biomass and yield, as the environment of one genotype can be influenced by a neighbouring genotype. Limited seed and space may encourage field assessment in single, spaced rows or in small, unbordered plots, whereas the convenience of a controlled environment or greenhouse makes pot studies tempting. However, the relevance of such growing conditions to commercial field-grown crops is unclear and often doubtful. Competition for water, light and nutrients necessary for canopy growth will be variable where immediate neighbours are genetically different, particularly under stress conditions, where competition for resources and influence on productivity is greatest. Small hills and rod-rows maximise the potential for intergenotypic competition that is not relevant to a crop’s performance in monocultures. Response to resource availability will typically vary among diverse genotypes to alter genotype ranking and reduce heritability for all growth-related traits, with the possible exception of harvest index. Validation of pot experiments to performance in canopies in the field is essential, whereas the planting of multirow plots and the simple exclusion of plot borders at harvest will increase experimental precision and confidence in genotype performance in target environments.

MACHAL [Mitnadvei Hutz LaAretz] and Aliyah Bet Records, undated, 1930-2011

The MACHAL, the acronym for “Mitnadvei Hutz LaAretz” ("Volunteers from Abroad"), consisted of about 3500 men and women from over 40 countries from a variety of social and religious backgrounds who volunteered to fight for the establishment of Israel. This collection is unique in that it deals specifically with the experience of MACHAL and Aliyah Bet volunteers from Canada and the United States and others living in the United States. The collections consists of files on 500 volunteers, over 2000 original and reproduction photographs, numerous audio-visual material, books, manuscripts, and memoirs.

Tekijänoikeusjärjestöt, kilpailuoikeus ja tekijän suoja

Tapaukset, joissa tekijänoikeus on joutunut ristiriitaan kilpailuoikeuden tavoitteiden kanssa ovat yleistyneet niin Euroopan Unionin kuin sen jäsenvaltioiden oikeuskäytännössä. Tähän on syynä paitsi kilpailuoikeuden soveltamisalueen laajeneminen, myös viestinnän kehitys. Kilpailuoikeus on saanut roolin tiedon kulun vapauden puolustajana. Tekijöitä edustavien järjestöjen toiminta on 1990-luvulla ollut kilpailuviranomaisten erityisen kiinnostuksen kohteena. Työn keskeinen kysymys on, mitä kilpailuoikeuden soveltaminen järjestöjen toimintaan merkitsee tekijän suojan kannalta. Kilpailuoikeudellisessa tulkinnassa olennaista on, miten järjestön suhde yksittäiseen tekijään hahmotetaan, Horisontaalisessa suhteessa järjestöt voidaan rinnastaa tekijöiden ammattiliittoihin, joiden tarkoituksena on oikeuksien kollektiivinen suojaaminen suhteessa käyttäjiin. Kilpailuvirasto on tulkinnut järjestöjen toiminnan KRL 6§:n kieltämäksi hintayhteistyöksi. Kilpailuneuvosto on sen sijaan katsonut, että järjestöjen suhde yksittäiseen oikeudenhaltijaan on vertikaalinen. Tekijänoikeusjärjestöt ovat itsenäisiä elinkeinonharjoittajia, jotka ovat KRL 3§:n määräävässä markkinaasemassa. Samalla kilpailuneuvosto totesi, että tekijänoikeuslain tavoite ja tarkoitus on otettava huomioon järjestöjen toimintaa arvioitaessa. Tekijöitä edustavien ammattijärjestöjen ja viestintäyritysten välisiin työehtosopimuksiin on sisällytetty oikeuksien käyttöä koskevia määräyksiä. KRL 2. 1 § sulkee työmarkkinoita koskevat sopimukset lain soveltamisalueen ulkopuolelle. KHO on tuoreessa ratkaisussaan kuitenkin tulkinnut työehtosopimusmääräykset sellaiseksi vertikaaliseksi kilpailunrajoitukseksi, johon voidaan soveltaa KRL 9§:n yleissäännöstä. Ratkaisu merkinnee sitä, että KRL:n vaikutus ulottuu aiempaa selkeämmin myös työehtosopimusten tekijänoikeusmääräyksiin. Vertikaalinen näkökulma ohjaa arvioimaan järjestöjen toimintaa teosten leviämisen ja viestinnän kannalta. Yrityksen hallussa tekijänoikeus on kilpailukeino. Järjestöt ovat määräävässä markkina-asemassa suhteessa käyttäjiin ja tekijöihin. Kansallisen ja EY:n oikeuskäytännön valossa käydään läpi tapauksia, joissa järjestöjen on katsottu käyttäneen väärin asemaansa. Yhteisön oikeuskäytännön avulla pyritään hahmottamaan sellaisia tilanteita, joita Suomessa ei vielä ole ehtinyt esiintyä. Tietoverkkostrategiat ja pyrkimykset "informaation valtateiden" luomiseen korostavat osaltaan järjestöjen välittäjäroolia. Samalla digitaalitekniikan käyttöönotto horjuttaa vakiintunutta oikeuksien tasapainoa. Koska digitalisoituminen luo mahdollisuuksia nimenomaan yksittäisille tekijöille ja käyttäjille, on järjestöjen uudistettava lisensointi- ja sopimuskäytäntöjään. Myös julkisen vallan sääntelyä, joka koskee oikeuksien jakautumista tekijöiden, välittäjien ja loppukäyttäjien välillä on arvioitavauudesta näkökulmasta. Digitaalisessa ympäristössä järjestöjen toimintaa ja tekijän yksinoikeuden rajoituksia on entistä vaikeampi perustella markkinoiden toimintaan liittyvillä syillä. Avainsanat: Tekijänoikeusjärjestö, kilpailuoikeus, kollektiivinen sopiminen, digitalisoituminen

Valtion taiteilijatuki taiteilijan määrittelijänä : Määrittelyvallan ehtoja ja ulottuvuuksia pohjoismaisen tukimallin suomalaisessa muunnelmassa

The dissertation studies state support for artists in the context of the societal process of producing definitions of the artist. It examines the dimensions of and conditions for the power of definition inherent in the Nordic model of artists' support. The dissertation consists of a summary in Finnish and five articles published in English. The theoretical framework is based on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the fields of cultural production and the concept of artistic classification systems introduced by Paul DiMaggio. The framework also makes use of the analyses by Per Mangset and Dag Solhjell of the relationship between Norwegian artistic fields and the state policy of supporting art. The study assumes that an examination of the formulation and content of the policy of support is insufficient, and extends the analysis to the implementation of the policy both at the level of the structures of decision making and at the level of actual decisions and their impacts. The analysis of the economic dimension of the definition power of artists' support uses register-based data on artists' financial situation. Survey data is used in studying the attitudes of Finnish artists toward state support for artists. The analysis of the Nordic policy of supporting artists uses data based on documents and interviews concerning the formulation and implementation of the policy in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The cross-country comparison contributes to identifying the specific features of the Finnish policy of supporting artists from the point of view of its potential power of definition. The study concludes that the legitimating arguments, goals and means of the policy of supporting artists, as well as the structures and actions of the bodies implementing the policy, have an impact on the formulation of definitions of the artist. For example, a relevant factor in this context seems to be the way in which the relationship between various fields of art and the system of support is organized. According to the comparative analysis, the greater the correspondence between the administrative structures of decision making and the organizational structure of artistic fields, the greater the resistance to change regarding the artistic categories produced. By contrast, those structures of decision making which require negotiations and compromises between various interests have produced artistic categories that have been more inclined to change. The development of the Finnish system of artists' support over the past few decades can be described as a slow expansion towards new areas of art. However, the demarcations and hierarchies between various fields of art have not lost their significance, and state support for artists still concentrates on the same areas as it did when the policy of supporting artists was established. State support always contains an element of power. According to the study, the Nordic policy of supporting artists has both the material and symbolic power to participate in the production of societal definitions of the artist. The legitimating arguments, goals and means of the Finnish artists' support, as well as the criteria for granting it, strengthen the symbolic dimension of this power also in terms of the symbolic capital valued by the artistic fields. In this sense, it can be said that the state is one of the actors in the Finnish fields of art. The symbolic dimension of the definition power of artists' support is, however, in the last instance derived from the artistic fields, and reinforces on its part the definition power of these fields.

Complexity of collaborative work in residential aged care facilities: An analysis of information exchange for medication management

Information exchange (IE) is a critical component of the complex collaborative medication process in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). Designing information and communication technology (ICT) to support complex processes requires a profound understanding of the IE that underpins their execution. There is little existing research that investigates the complexity of IE in RACFs and its impact on ICT design. The aim of this study was thus to undertake an in-depth exploration of the IE process involved in medication management to identify its implications for the design of ICT. The study was undertaken at a large metropolitan facility in NSW, Australia. A total of three focus groups, eleven interviews and two observation sessions were conducted between July to August 2010. Process modelling was undertaken by translating the qualitative data via in-depth iterative inductive analysis. The findings highlight the complexity and collaborative nature of IE in RACF medication management. These models emphasize the need to: a) deal with temporal complexity; b) rely on an interdependent set of coordinative artefacts; and c) use synchronous communication channels for coordination. Taken together these are crucial aspects of the IE process in RACF medication management that need to be catered for when designing ICT in this critical area. This study provides important new evidence of the advantages of viewing process as a part of a system rather than as segregated tasks as a means of identifying the latent requirements for ICT design and that is able to support complex collaborative processes like medication management in RACFs. © 2012 IEEE.

Long-term results of operative treatment for Hirschsprung's disease and internal anal sphincter achalasia

The aim of the study was to evaluate long-term results of operative treatment for Hirschsprung's disease(HD) and internal anal sphincter achalasia. Fecal continence and quality of life were evaluated by a questionnaire in 100 adult patients who had undergone surgery for HD, during 1950-75. Fecal continence was evaluated using a numerical scoring described by Holschneider. Fifty-four of the 100 patients underwent clinical examination, rigid sigmoidoscopy and manometric evaluation. In anorectal manometry basal resting pressure(BRP)and maximal squeeze pressure(MSP) were measured and voluntary sphincter force(VSF) was calculated by subtracting the BRP from MSP. The results of operative treatment for adult HD were compared with the results of the patients operated in childhood. In adult HD the symptoms are such mild that the patients attain adolescence or even adulthood. The patients with HD and cartilage-hair-hypoplasia were specifically evaluated. The outcome of the patients with internal anal sphincter achalasia operated on by myectomy was evaluated by a questionnaire and continence was evaluated using a numerical scoring described by Holschneider. Of the 100 patients operated on for HD 38 patients had completely normal bowel habits. A normal or good continence score was found in 91 our of 100 patients. Nine patients had fair continence. One of the patients with fair continence had Down's syndrome and two were mentally retarded for other reasons. Only one patient suffered from constipation. In anorectal manometry the difference in BRP between patients with normal and good continence was statistically significant, whereas the difference between good and fair continence groups was not statistically significant. The differences on MSP and VSF between patient groups with different continence outcome were not statistically significant. The differences between patient groups and normal controls were statistically significant in BRP and MSP. In VSF there was not statistically significant difference between the patients and the normal controls. The VSF reflects the working power of the muscles including external sphincter, levator ani and gluteal muscles. The patients operated at adult age had as good continence as patients operated in childhood. The patients with HD and cartilage-hair-hypoplasia had much more morbidity and mortality than non-cartilage-hair-hypoplasia HD patients. The mortality was as high as 38%. In patients with internal anal sphincter achalasia the constipation was cured or alleviated by myectomy whereas a significant number suffered from soiling-related social problems.

Geant4 Hadronic Cascade Models and CMS Data Analysis : Computational Challenges in the LHC era

This work belongs to the field of computational high-energy physics (HEP). The key methods used in this thesis work to meet the challenges raised by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) era experiments are object-orientation with software engineering, Monte Carlo simulation, the computer technology of clusters, and artificial neural networks. The first aspect discussed is the development of hadronic cascade models, used for the accurate simulation of medium-energy hadron-nucleus reactions, up to 10 GeV. These models are typically needed in hadronic calorimeter studies and in the estimation of radiation backgrounds. Various applications outside HEP include the medical field (such as hadron treatment simulations), space science (satellite shielding), and nuclear physics (spallation studies). Validation results are presented for several significant improvements released in Geant4 simulation tool, and the significance of the new models for computing in the Large Hadron Collider era is estimated. In particular, we estimate the ability of the Bertini cascade to simulate Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) hadron calorimeter HCAL. LHC test beam activity has a tightly coupled cycle of simulation-to-data analysis. Typically, a Geant4 computer experiment is used to understand test beam measurements. Thus an another aspect of this thesis is a description of studies related to developing new CMS H2 test beam data analysis tools and performing data analysis on the basis of CMS Monte Carlo events. These events have been simulated in detail using Geant4 physics models, full CMS detector description, and event reconstruction. Using the ROOT data analysis framework we have developed an offline ANN-based approach to tag b-jets associated with heavy neutral Higgs particles, and we show that this kind of NN methodology can be successfully used to separate the Higgs signal from the background in the CMS experiment.

Transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV

Measurements of inclusive charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions are presented for proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the LHC commissioning in December 2009. For non-single-diffractive interactions, the average charged-hadron transverse momentum is measured to be 0.46 +/- 0.01 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 0.9 TeV and 0.50 +/- 0.01 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 2.36 TeV, for pseudorapidities between -2.4 and +2.4. At these energies, the measured pseudorapidity densities in the central region, dN(charged)/d(eta) for |eta|