Imaging techniques applied for detection of secretion, transgene delivery and G proteincoupled receptors in reproductive and endocrine cells in vivo and in vitro

Post-testicular sperm maturation occurs in the epididymis. The ion concentration and proteins secreted into the epididymal lumen, together with testicular factors, are believed to be responsible for the maturation of spermatozoa. Disruption of the maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis provides a promising strategy for generating a male contraceptive. However, little is known about the proteins involved. For drug development, it is also essential to have tools to study the function of these proteins in vitro. One approach for screening novel targets is to study the secretory products of the epididymis or the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are involved in the maturation process of the spermatozoa. The modified Ca2+ imaging technique to monitor release from PC12 pheochromocytoma cells can also be applied to monitor secretory products involved in the maturational processes of spermatozoa. PC12 pheochromocytoma cells were chosen for evaluation of this technique as they release catecholamines from their cell body, thus behaving like endocrine secretory cells. The results of the study demonstrate that depolarisation of nerve growth factor -differentiated PC12 cells releases factors which activate nearby randomly distributed HEL erythroleukemia cells. Thus, during the release process, the ligands reach concentrations high enough to activate receptors even in cells some distance from the release site. This suggests that communication between randomly dispersed cells is possible even if the actual quantities of transmitter released are extremely small. The development of a novel method to analyse GPCR-dependent Ca2+ signalling in living slices of mouse caput epididymis is an additional tool for screening for drug targets. By this technique it was possible to analyse functional GPCRs in the epithelial cells of the ductus epididymis. The results revealed that, both P2X- and P2Y-type purinergic receptors are responsible for the rapid and transient Ca2+ signal detected in the epithelial cells of caput epididymides. Immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) analyses showed the expression of at least P2X1, P2X2, P2X4 and P2X7, and P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors in the epididymis. Searching for epididymis-specific promoters for transgene delivery into the epididymis is of key importance for the development of specific models for drug development. We used EGFP as the reporter gene to identify proper promoters to deliver transgenes into the epithelial cells of the mouse epididymis in vivo. Our results revealed that the 5.0 kb murine Glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5) promoter can be used to target transgene expression into the epididymis while the 3.8 kb Cysteine-rich secretory protein-1 (CRISP-1) promoter can be used to target transgene expression into the testis. Although the visualisation of EGFP in living cells in culture usually poses few problems, the detection of EGFP in tissue sections can be more difficult because soluble EGFP molecules can be lost if the cell membrane is damaged by freezing, sectioning, or permeabilisation. Furthermore, the fluorescence of EGFP is dependent on its conformation. Therefore, fixation protocols that immobilise EGFP may also destroy its usefulness as a fluorescent reporter. We therefore developed a novel tissue preparation and preservation techniques for EGFP. In addition, fluorescence spectrophotometry with epididymal epithelial cells in suspension revealed the expression of functional purinergic, adrenergic, cholinergic and bradykinin receptors in these cell lines (mE-Cap27 and mE-Cap28). In conclusion, we developed new tools for studying the role of the epididymis in sperm maturation. We developed a new technique to analyse GPCR dependent Ca2+ signalling in living slices of mouse caput epididymis. In addition, we improved the method of detecting reporter gene expression. Furthermore, we characterised two epididymis-specific gene promoters, analysed the expression of GPCRs in epididymal epithelial cells and developed a novel technique for measurement of secretion from cells.

Debating as a classroom tool for adapting learning outcomes to the European higher education area

The creation of the European Higher Education Area has meant a number of significant changes to the educational structures of the university community. In particular, the new system of European credits has generated the need for innovation in the design of curricula and teaching methods. In this paper, we propose debating as a classroom tool that can help fulfill these objectives by promoting an active student role in learning. To demonstrate the potential of this tool, a classroom experiment was conducted in a bachelor’s degree course in Industrial Economics -Regulation and Competition-, involving a case study in competition policy and incorporating the techniques of a conventional debate -presentation of standpoints, turns, right to reply and summing up-. The experiment yielded gains in student attainment and positive assessments of the subject. In conclusion, the incorporation of debating activities helps students to acquire the skills, be they general or specific, required to graduate successfully in Economics.

Innovation – from individual intuition to collaborative innovation. The role of individual key actor in facilitation of innovation in large organization context

The objective of this research was to study the role of key individuals in facilitation of technology enabled bottom-up innovation in large organization context. The development of innovation was followed from the point of view of individual actor (key individual) in two cases, through three levels: individual, team and organization, by using knowledge creation and innovation models. This study provides theoretical synthesis and framework through which the study is driven. The results of the study indicate, that in bottom-up initiated innovations the role of key individuals is still crucial, but innovation today is collective effort and there acts several entrepreneurial key individuals: innovator, user champion and organizational sponsor, whose collaboration and developing interaction drives innovation further. The team work is functional and fluent, but it meets great problems in interaction with organization. The large organizations should develop its practices and ability to react on emerging bottom-up initiations, in order to embed innovation to organization and gain sustainable innovation. In addition, bottom-up initiated innovations are demonstrations of peoples knowing, tacit knowledge and therefore renewing of an organization.

Intervenció de l’educació musical per el desenvolupament de la creativitat a l’etapa d’educació primà ria

L’objecte d’estudi de la present recerca és que la creativitat ha d’estar present a l’escola, concretament a l’àrea d’Educació Musical, ja que permet potenciar i augmentar el pensament creatiu, les habilitats intel·lectuals, expressives i de creació musical dels alumnes a través d’activitats que fomenten la creativitat. Per això, aquesta recerca fa un anàlisi de com influeix desenvolupar activitats de creació musical a l’aula. El mètode qualitatiu de recollida de dades es fa a través de l’observació a l’aula i d’una entrevista als mestres de música, d’aquí s’extreuen els resultats mitjançant els indicadors de creativitat. Les dades interpretades es representen en gràfics acompanyats de les descripcions necessàries. Referent als resultats, es percep una tendència a què les pràctiques musicals creatives influeixen la creativitat.

The use of future-oriented knowledge in regional innovation processes: Research on knowledge generation, transfer and conversion

The importance of the regional level in research has risen in the last few decades and a vast literature in the fields of, for instance, evolutionary and institutional economics, network theories, innovations and learning systems, as well as sociology, has focused on regional level questions. Recently the policy makers and regional actors have also began to pay increasing attention to the knowledge economy and its needs, in general, and the connectivity and support structures of regional clusters in particular. Nowadays knowledge is generally considered as the most important source of competitive advantage, but even the most specialised forms of knowledge are becoming a short-lived resource for example due to the accelerating pace of technological change. This emphasizes the need of foresight activities in national, regional and organizational levels and the integration of foresight and innovation activities. In regional setting this development sets great challenges especially in those regions having no university and thus usually very limited resources for research activities. Also the research problem of this dissertation is related to the need to better incorporate the information produced by foresight process to facilitate and to be used in regional practice-based innovation processes. This dissertation is a constructive case study the case being Lahti region and a network facilitating innovation policy adopted in that region. Dissertation consists of a summary and five articles and during the research process a construct or a conceptual model for solving this real life problem has been developed. It is also being implemented as part of the network facilitating innovation policy in the Lahti region.

Process intensification: From optimised flow patterns to microprocess technology

This thesis is focused on process intensification. Several significant problems and applications of this theme are covered. Process intensification is nowadays one of the most popular trends in chemical engineering and attempts have been made to develop a general, systematic methodology for intensification. This seems, however, to be very difficult, because intensified processes are often based on creativity and novel ideas. Monolith reactors and microreactors are successful examples of process intensification. They are usually multichannel devices in which a proper feed technique is important for creating even fluid distribution into the channels. Two different feed techniques were tested for monoliths. In the first technique a shower method was implemented by means of perforated plates. The second technique was a dispersion method using static mixers. Both techniques offered stable operation and uniform fluid distribution. The dispersion method enabled a wider operational range in terms of liquid superficial velocity. Using dispersion method, a volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient of 2 s-1 was reached. Flow patterns play a significant role in terms of the mixing performance of micromixers. Although the geometry of a T-mixer is simple, channel configurations and dimensions had a clear effect on mixing efficiency. The flow in the microchannel was laminar, but the formation of vortices promoted mixing in micro T-mixers. The generation of vortices was dependent on the channel dimensions, configurations and flow rate. Microreactors offer a high ratio of surface area to volume. Surface forces and interactions between fluids and surfaces are, therefore, often dominant factors. In certain cases, the interactions can be effectively utilised. Different wetting properties of solid materials (PTFE and stainless steel) were applied in the separation of immiscible liquid phases. A micro-scale plate coalescer with hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces was used for the continuous separation of organic and aqueous phases. Complete phase separation occurred in less than 20 seconds, whereas the separation time by settling exceeded 30 min. Fluid flows can be also intensified in suitable conditions. By adding certain additives into turbulent fluid flow, it was possible to reduce friction (drag) by 40 %. Drag reduction decreases frictional pressure drop in pipelines which leads to remarkable energy savings and decreases the size or number of pumping facilities required, e.g., in oil transport pipes. Process intensification enables operation often under more optimal conditions. The consequent cost savings from reduced use of raw materials and reduced waste lead to greater economic benefits in processing.

eLab, a Personal Learning Environment for the Green Open Innovation Platform

Open Innovation is a relatively new concept which involves a change of paradigm in the R+D+i processes of companies whose aim is to create new technologies or new processes. If to this change, we add the need for innovation in the new green and sustainability economy, and we set out to create a collaborative platform with a learning space where this can happen, we will be facing an overwhelming challenge which requires the application of intelligent programming technologies and languages at the service of education.The aim of the Green IDI (Green Open Innovation) ¿ Economic development and job creation vector in SMEs, based on the environment and sustainability project is to create a platform where companies and individual researchers can perform open innovation processes in the field of sustainability and the environment.The Green IDI (Green Open Innovation) project is funded under the program INNPACTO by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain and is being developed through a consortium formed by the following institutions: GRUPO ICA; COMPARTIA; GRUPO INTERCOM; CETAQUA and the Instituto de Investigación en Inteligencia Artificial (IIIA) from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Also the consortium include FUNDACIÓ PRIVADA BARCELONA DIGITAL; PIMEC and UNIVERSITAT OBERTA DE CATALUNYA (UOC).Sustainability and positive action for the environment are considered the principle vector of economic development for companies. As Nicolás Scoli says (2007) ¿in short, preventing unnecessary consumption and the efficient consumption of resources means producing greater wealth with less. Both effects lead to reduced pollution linked to production and consumption¿.The Spanish Sustainable Development Strategy (EEDS) plan defends consumption and sustainable production linked to social and economic development by adhering to the commitment not to endanger ecosystems and abolishing the idea that economic growth is directly proportional to the deterioration of the environment.Uniting the Open Innovation and New Green Economy concepts leads to the "Green Open Innovation¿ Platform creation project.This article analyses the concept of open innovation and defines the importance of the new green and sustainable economy. Lastly, it proposes the creation of eLab. The eLab is defined as an Open Green Innovation Platform personal and collaborative education space which is fed by the interactions of users and which enables innovation processes based on new green economy concepts to be carried out.The creation of a personal learning environment such as eLab on the Green Open Innovation Platform meets the need to offer a collaborative space where platform users can improve their skills regarding the environment and sustainability based on collaborative synergies through Information and Communication Technologies.

Perustutkimus palveluinnovaatioprosessissa rahoitusalalla

Palveluinnovaatioprosessi voidaan jakaa 5 eri vaiheeseen: strategiasidonnaisuus, perustutkimus, suorituskyvyn analysointi, systeemimuutokset sekä kaupallistaminen. Tästä palveluinnovaatioprosessista voidaan johtaa perustutkimusprosessi rahoitusalalle: strategiasidonnaisuus, ideoiden luonti ja karsinta, suorituskyvyn analysointi, differointimahdollisuuksien kartoittaminen ja palveluinnovaation myynti yritysjohdolle sekä osakkaille. Strategiasidonnaisuudella varmistetaan, että yritys pysyy omalla osaamisalueellansa hyödyntämällä omia ydinkompetenssejaan. Perustutkimus osana palveluinnovaatioprosessia selvittää oleellisimmat tiedot markkinatilanteesta sekä toimii ohjaavana että karsivana tekijänä uuden tuotteen jatkotoimenpiteille. Yrityksen kyvykkyyksien mittaaminen perustutkimusta varten on oleellinen vaihe uuden palvelun vaatimien liiketoiminnallisten muutosten määrittämiseksi. Tuotedifferoinnilla voidaan luoda kilpailullista etua tuotteiden puolesta homogeenisilla markkinoilla, joissa kilpailu tapahtuu pääosin hinnoittelussa. Rahoitusalalla tuotedifferointi voi muodostua haastavaksi kuluttajien suhtautuessa konservatiivisesti uusiin tuotteisiin. Makroekonomisten tekijöiden perusteella voidaan päätellä, että suomalaiset kuluttajat ottavat lainaa tulevaisuudessakin. Asuntolaina on ollut lainamarkkinoilla luottokannan kasvun veturina ja tästä syystä uudet asuntolainan kaltaiset tuotteet voisivat olla menestyksekkäitä. Kilpailu asuntolainamarkkinoilla kulminoituu kolmen hallitsevan kilpailijan ympärille: Osuuspankki, Sampo Pankki ja Nordea. Asuntolainan kaltainen käänteinen asuntolaina voisi olla menestys markkinoilla, jos sitä pystyttäisiin differoimaan kylliksi. Markkinapotentiaali pelkälle käänteiselle asuntolainalle on tällä hetkellä liian alhainen. GE Money Finland ei myöskään pysty tarjoamaan tuotetta yhtä kilpailulliseen hintaan kuin kilpailijansa. GE Money Finlandin tulisi edellä mainituista syistä johtuen pyrkiä differoimaan käänteisen asuntolainan kaltaista tuotettaan Heloc, jotta se menestyisi markkinoilla.

Does social capital reinforce technological inputs in the creation of knowledge? Evidence from the Spanish regions

In this paper we seek to verify the hypothesis that trust and cooperation between individuals, and between them and public institutions, can encourage technological innovation and the adoption of knowledge. Additionally, we test the extent to which the interaction of social capital with human capital and R&D expenditures improve their effect on a region’s ability to innovate. Our empirical evidence is taken from the Spanish regions and employs a knowledge production function and longitudinal count data models. Our results suggest that social capital correlates positively with innovation. Further, our analysis reveals a powerful interaction between human and social capital in the production of knowledge, whilst the complementarity with R&D efforts would seem less clear.

Inter organizational learning within and by innovation networks

The thesis deals with the phenomenon of learning between organizations in innovation networks that develop new products, services or processes. Inter organizational learning is studied especially at the level of the network. The role of the network can be seen as twofold: either the network is a context for inter organizational learning, if the learner is something else than the network (organization, group, individual), or the network itself is the learner. Innovations are regarded as a primary source of competitiveness and renewal in organizations. Networking has become increasingly common particularly because of the possibility to extend the resource base of the organization through partnerships and to concentrate on core competencies. Especially in innovation activities, networks provide the possibility to answer the complex needs of the customers faster and to share the costs and risks of the development work. Networked innovation activities are often organized in practice as distributed virtual teams, either within one organization or as cross organizational co operation. The role of technology is considered in the research mainly as an enabling tool for collaboration and learning. Learning has been recognized as one important collaborative process in networks or as a motivation for networking. It is even more important in the innovation context as an enabler of renewal, since the essence of the innovation process is creating new knowledge, processes, products and services. The thesis aims at providing enhanced understanding about the inter organizational learning phenomenon in and by innovation networks, especially concentrating on the network level. The perspectives used in the research are the theoretical viewpoints and concepts, challenges, and solutions for learning. The methods used in the study are literature reviews and empirical research carried out with semi structured interviews analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The empirical research concentrates on two different areas, firstly on the theoretical approaches to learning that are relevant to innovation networks, secondly on learning in virtual innovation teams. As a result, the research identifies insights and implications for learning in innovation networks from several viewpoints on organizational learning. Using multiple perspectives allows drawing a many sided picture of the learning phenomenon that is valuable because of the versatility and complexity of situations and challenges of learning in the context of innovation and networks. The research results also show some of the challenges of learning and possible solutions for supporting especially network level learning.

Computational Techniques for Spectral Image Analysis

Multispectral images are becoming more common in the field of remote sensing, computer vision, and industrial applications. Due to the high accuracy of the multispectral information, it can be used as an important quality factor in the inspection of industrial products. Recently, the development on multispectral imaging systems and the computational analysis on the multispectral images have been the focus of a growing interest. In this thesis, three areas of multispectral image analysis are considered. First, a method for analyzing multispectral textured images was developed. The method is based on a spectral cooccurrence matrix, which contains information of the joint distribution of spectral classes in a spectral domain. Next, a procedure for estimating the illumination spectrum of the color images was developed. Proposed method can be used, for example, in color constancy, color correction, and in the content based search from color image databases. Finally, color filters for the optical pattern recognition were designed, and a prototype of a spectral vision system was constructed. The spectral vision system can be used to acquire a low dimensional component image set for the two dimensional spectral image reconstruction. The data obtained by the spectral vision system is small and therefore convenient for storing and transmitting a spectral image.

Applying collective intelligence to idea evaluation at the front end of innovation

The study focuses on the front end of innovation process. Due to changes in innovation policies and paradigms customers, users and shopfloor employees are becoming increasingly important sources of knowledge. New methods are needed for processing information and ideas coming from multiple sources more effectively. The aim of this study is to develop an idea evaluation tool suitable for the front end of innovation process and capable of utilizing collective intelligence. The study is carried out as a case study research using constructive research approach. The chosen approach suits well for the purposes of the study. The constructive approach focuses on designing new constructs and testing them in real life applications. In this study a tool for evaluating ideas emerging from the course of everyday work is developed and tested in a case organization. Development of the tool is based on current scientific literature on knowledge creation, innovation management and collective intelligence and it is tested in LUT Lahti School of Innovation. Results are encouraging. The idea evaluation tool manages to improve performance at the front end of innovation process and it is accepted in use in the case organization. This study provides insights on what kind of a tool is required for facilitating collective intelligence at the front end of innovation process.

The impact of FTAs on MENA trade in agricultural and industrial products

This paper analyses the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on Middle East and North African Countries (MENA) trade for the period 1994-2010. The analysis distinguishes between industrial and agricultural trade to take into account the different liberalisation schedules. An augmented gravity model is estimated using up-to-date panel data techniques to control for all time-invariant bilateral factors that influence bilateral trade as well as for the so-called multilateral resistance factors. We also control for the endogeneity of the agreements and test for self-selection bias due to the presence of zero trade in our sample. The main findings indicate that North-South-FTAs and South-South- FTAs have a differential impact in terms of increasing trade in MENA countries, with the former being more beneficial in terms of exports for MENA countries, but both showing greater global market integration. We also find that FTAs that include agricultural products, in which MENA countries have a clear comparative advantage, have more favourable effects for these countries than those only including industrial products. JEL code: F10, F15

Idea- ja innovaatioporfolion hallinta

Tässä kandidaatintyössä tarkastellaan idea- ja innovaatioportfolion hallintaa, portfoliojohtamista sekä näihin soveltuvia erilaisia menetelmiä yrityksen näkökulmasta. Tavoitteena on luoda yleiskatsaus yleisimpiin käytettyihin menetelmiin ja viitekehyksiin. Lähteinä työssä on käytetty sähköisiä tietokantoja ja alan kirjallisuutta. Käytetyimmät portfolion hallintamenetelmät voidaan jakaa neljään ryhmään: taloudelliset ja rahamääräiset mittarit, liiketoimintastrategiat, portfoliokartat tai kupla-diagrammit, scorecard:it eli pisteytystaulukot sekä tarkistuslistat. Idea- ja innovaatioportfolion hallinnan tavoitteena on luoda yrityksen kannalta mahdollisimman tehokas ja tuottava portfolio, joka on kuitenkin linjassa yrityksen strategian kanssa. Portfolion projekteille jaettavissa olevat resurssit ovat niukat, joten resurssien jakoon ja tehokkaaseen hyödyntämiseen tulee kiinnittää huomiota. Portfolion tasapainottamiseksi on hyvä tarkastella kehitys- ja tutkimusprojektien määrää, kokoa ja riskiä. Teknologiatiekartta on yrityksen strateginen työkalu, jolla se voi suunnata toimintaansa kohti sen visiota. Teknologiatiekartta koostuu yrityksen valitsemista markkinoista, niille suunnatuista tuotteista tai palveluista, sekä näiden vaatimista tuotekehitysprojekteista ja teknologioista. Projektien etenemistä voidaan tarkastella stage-gate -mallin avulla. Stage-gate jakaa projektin porteilla eri vaiheisiin. Jokaisen portin läpäistäkseen projektin tulee täyttää sille asetetut vaatimukset. Menetelmät eivät takaa menestystä, vaan yrityksen on valittava itselleen sopivat menetelmät siten, että ne tukevat portfoliojohtamista ja sopivat yhteen yrityskulttuurin kanssa. Pelkkä mittareihin tuijottaminen ei riitä, vaan niiden taakse on myös osattava katsoa ja huomioida yrityksen strategia.

XML-tekniikoihin perustuva ajurimalli LabView-pohjaiseen testausympäristöön

XML-muotoista tiedonesitystapaa hyödynnetään yhä enemmän esitettäessä rakenteellista tietoa. Tarkoituksena on antaa yleishyödyllinen ja uudelleenkäytettävä tapa jakaa yleistä tietoa erilaisten rajapintojen yli. XML-tekniikoita käytetään myös korjaamaan aiemmin tehdyissä sovellutuksissa esiintyneitä puutteita ja parantamaan niiden toimintaa. Tässä diplomityössä esitellään Telestelle LabView-pohjaiseen testaussovellusympäristöön suunniteltava ajuriuudistus. Työssä paranneltiin aiempaa ajurimallia soveltamalla siihen XML-tekniikoita hyödyntäviä toimintoja. Tarkoituksena oli vähentää testaussovelluskehityksessä vaadittavaa ohjelmointityötä korvaamalla sovelluksiin kovakoodatut ominaisuudet XML-pohjaisilla konfiguraatiotiedostoilla. Järjestelmän pohjana on yleiskäyttöinen ajuri, joka käyttää Telesten omaa EMS-protokollaa kommunikoinnissaan testattavien tuotteiden kanssa. Ajurimalli käyttää XML-pohjaisia konfiguraatiotiedostoja määrittelemään testattavien tuotteiden ominaisuuksia. XML-skeematiedostoilla esitetään ajurin käyttämän kommunikaatioprotokollan viestityypit ja niiden rakenteet. Työn tuloksena onnistuttiin luomaan uudenlainen XML-tekniikoita hyödyntävä ajurimalli. Yhteen yhteiseen ajuriin perustuva malli yhdenmukaistaa testaussovelluksien toteuttamista ja vähentää tarvittavaa ohjelmointityötä. Ajurin käyttöä helpotettiin toteuttamalla testaussovelluksien kehitysympäristöön erityinen editori, jolla voidaan helposti luoda ajuria käyttäviä toimintoja.