Si and SixGe1-x NWs studied by Raman spectroscopy

Group IV nanostructures have attracted a great deal of attention because of their potential applications in optoelectronics and nanodevices. Raman spectroscopy has been extensively used to characterize nanostructures since it provides non destructive information about their size, by the adequate modeling of the phonon confinement effect. The Raman spectrum is also sensitive to other factors, as stress and temperature, which can mix with the size effects borrowing the interpretation of the Raman spectrum. We present herein an analysis of the Raman spectra obtained for Si and SiGe nanowires; the influence of the excitation conditions and the heat dissipation media are discussed in order to optimize the experimental conditions for reliable spectra acquisition and interpretation.

Raman spectrum of group IV nanowires: influence of temperature

Group IV semiconductor nanowires are characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The results are analyzed in terms of the heating induced by the laser beam on the nanowires. By solving the heat transport equation one can simulate the temperature reached by the NWs under the exposure to a laser beam. The results are illustrated with Si and Si1-xGex nanowires. Both bundles of nanowires and individual nanowires are studied. The main experimental conditions contributing to the nanowire heating are discussed

Laser Induced Heating of Group IV Nanowires

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are fundamental structures for nanoscale devices. The excitation of NWs with laser beams results in thermal effects that can substantially change the spectral shape of the spectroscopic data. In particular, the interpretation of the Raman spectrum is greatly influenced by excitation induced temperature. A study of the interaction of the NWs with the excitation laser beam is essential to interpret the spectra. We present herein a finite element analysis of the interaction between the laser beam and the NWs. The resultas are applied to the interpretation of the Raman spectrum of bundles of NWs

MicroRaman Spectroscopy of Si Nanowires: Influence of Size

Si Nanowires (NWs) were studied by Raman microspectroscopy. The Raman spectrum of the NWs reveals important thermal effects, which broaden and shift the one phonon Raman bands. The low thermal conductivity of the NWs and the low thermal dissipation are responsible for the temperature enhancement in the NW under the excitation with the laser beam. We have modeled, using finite element methods, the interaction between the laser beam and the NWs. The Raman spectrum of Si NWs is interpreted in terms of the temperature induced by the laser beam excitation, in correlation with finite element methods (fem) for studying the interaction between the laser beam and the NWs.

Germination ecology of the perennial Centaurium somedanum, a specialist species of mountain springs

To improve understanding of how a rare endemic species of Centaurium adapts to a specialized ecological niche, we studied the germination ecology of the mountain spring specialist, C. somedanum, a perennial species restricted to an unusual habitat for this genus. We conducted laboratory experiments with fresh seeds collected from two populations for three consecutive years, to investigate: (1) the effect of temperature and light ongermination; (2) the existence of seed dormancy; and (3) inter-population and inter-annual variation in germinability. Germination occurred only in the light and at relatively low temperatures (15?228C) with no differences between constant and alternating regimes, and a significant decrease at high temperatures (258C and 308C). We found non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy and variation in seed germinability depending on the year of seed collection. C. somedanum diverged from the common germination characteristics of the genus in: (1) its germination at lower temperatures, which contrasts with what is generally expected in wetland species but could be adaptive in the spring habitat; and (2) its morphophysiological dormancy, which we report here for the first time in the genus and which could be an adaptation to its mountain habitat.

Acuerdos de Iuntas Generales de este M.N. y M.L. Señorio de Vizcaya, celebrados en la Antigua de Guernica, los dias treze, catorze, quinze, diez y seis, diez y siete, y diez y ocho de iulio de este presente año de 1772.

Capitulares grab. xil.

Study of the temperature distribution in Si nanowires under microscopic laser beam excitation

The use of laser beams as excitation sources for the characterization of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) is largely extended. Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) are currently applied to the study of NWs. However, NWs are systems with poor thermal conductivity and poor heat dissipation, which result in unintentional heating under the excitation with a focused laser beam with microscopic size, as those usually used in microRaman and microPL experiments. On the other hand, the NWs have subwavelength diameter, which changes the optical absorption with respect to the absorption in bulk materials. Furthermore, the NW diameter is smaller than the laser beam spot, which means that the optical power absorbed by the NW depends on its position inside the laser beam spot. A detailed analysis of the interaction between a microscopic focused laser beam and semiconductor NWs is necessary for the understanding of the experiments involving laser beam excitation of NWs. We present in this work a numerical analysis of the thermal transport in Si NWs, where the heat source is the laser energy locally absorbed by the NW. This analysis takes account of the optical absorption, the thermal conductivity, the dimensions, diameter and length of the NWs, and the immersion medium. Both free standing and heat-sunk NWs are considered. Also, the temperature distribution in ensembles of NWs is discussed. This analysis intends to constitute a tool for the understanding of the thermal phenomena induced by laser beams in semiconductor NWs.

Metodología para una estrategia de desarrollo productivo agropecuario y forestal ecosostenible para el trópico seco de Centroamérica: aplicación al municipio de Santo Tomás del Nance

El llamado Trópico Seco de Centroamérica se caracteriza en general y en la Costa Pacífica, en particular, por albergar una elevada densidad de población eminentemente rural y agro dependiente, en este medio se han conjugado el incremento de los procesos de desertificación del territorio junto con la disminución de los rendimientos agropecuarios. Este fenómeno ha venido acelerándose en los últimos años a la par que ha sido agravado por otros factores económicos y políticos, generando creciente vulnerabilidad físico-ambiental y socioeconómica. La tesis pretende demostrar que la falta de un correcto manejo y usos del suelo es factor clave en la creciente pobreza campesina, también consideramos que esta situación es reversible empleando medios, técnicas y compromisos sociales que están a nuestro alcance y, por último, que es técnica y económicamente factible disponer de un modelo o estrategia eco productiva que posibilite el crecimiento económico de la población, manteniendo o incluso mejorando la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales (causa primera de la pobreza), y en particular el suelo y el agua. A pesar de las inversiones significativas en el agro durante los últimos 25 años, continúan creciendo a un ritmo alarmante los procesos de desertificación y de la pobreza rural relacionada. Entre un sin número de causas se destacan una baja voluntad política y la polarización entre gobiernos y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Por último, se destaca el hecho de que para revertir las actuales tendencias, es preciso fomentar la estrecha colaboración como un todo entre gobiernos centrales, gobiernos locales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil.