Damage accumulation in gallium nitride irradiated with various energetic heavy ions

In this work a study of damage production in gallium nitride via elastic collision process (nuclear energy deposition) and inelastic collision process (electronic energy deposition) using various heavy ions is presented. Ordinary low-energy heavy ions (Fe+ and Mo+ ions of 110 keV), swift heavy ions (Pb-208(27+) ions of 1.1 MeV/u) and slow highly-charged heavy ions (Xen+ ions of 180 keV) were employed in the irradiation. Damage accumulation in the GaN crystal films as a function of ion fluence and temperature was studied with RBS-channeling technique, Raman scattering technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For ordinary low-energy heavy ion irradiation, the temperature dependence of damage production is moderate up to about 413 K resulting in amorphization of the damaged layer. Enhanced dynamic annealing of defects dominates at higher temperatures. Correlation of amorphization with material decomposition and nitrogen bubble formation was found. In the irradiation of swift heavy ions, rapid damage accumulation and efficient erosion of the irradiated layer occur at a rather low value of electronic energy deposition (about 1.3 keV/nm(3)),. which also varies with irradiation temperature. In the irradiation of slow highly-charged heavy ions (SHCI), enhanced amorphization and surface erosion due to potential energy deposition of SHCI was found. It is indicated that damage production in GaN is remarkably more sensitive to electronic energy loss via excitation and ionization than to nuclear energy loss via elastic collisions.

The reaction route and active site of catalytic decomposition of hydrazine over molybdenum nitride catalyst

The catalytic properties of the passivated, reduced passivated, and fresh bulk molybdenum nitride for hydrazine decomposition were evaluated in a microreactor. The reaction route of hydrazine decomposition over molybdenum nitride catalysts seems to be the same as that of Ir/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts. Below 673 K, the hydrazine decomposes into N-2 and NH3. Above 673 K, the hydrazine decomposes into N-2 and NH3 first, and then the produced NH3 further dissociates into N-2 and H-2. From the in situ FT-IR spectroscopy, hydrazine is adsorbed and decomposes mainly on the Mo site of the Mo2N/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In situ IR spectroscopic studies on molybdenum nitride catalysts: active sites and surface reactions

Recent IR spectroscopic studies on the surface properties of fresh Mo2N/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst are presented in this paper. The surface sites of fresh Mo2N/gamma-Al2O3, both Modelta+ (0<δ<2) and N sites, are probed by CO adsorption. Two characteristic IR bands were observed at 2045 and 2200 cm(-1), due to linearly adsorbed CO on Mo and N sites, respectively. The surface N sites are highly reactive and can react with adsorbed CO to form NCO species. Unlike adsorbed CO on reduced passivated one, the adsorbed CO on fresh Mo2N/gamma-Al2O3 behaves similarly to that of group VIII metals, suggesting that fresh nitride resembles noble metals. It is found that the surface of Mo nitrides slowly transformed into sulfide under hydrotreating conditions, which could be the main reason for the activity drop of molybdenum nitride catalysts in the presence of sulfur-containing species. Some surface reactions, such as selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene, isomerization of 1-butene, and hydrodesulfurization of thiophene, were studied on both fresh and reduced passivated Mo2N/gammaAl(2)O(3) catalysts using IR spectroscopy. The mechanisms of these reactions are proposed. The adsorption and reaction behaviors of these molecules on fresh molybdenum nitride also resemble those on noble metals, manifesting the unique properties of fresh molybdenum nitride catalysts. Mo and N sites are found to play different roles in the adsorption and catalytic reactions on the fresh Mo2N/gammaAl(2)O(3) catalyst. Generally, Mo sites are the main active sites for the adsorption and reactions of adsorbates; N sites are not directly involved in catalytic reactions but they modify the electronic properties of Mo sites.

Microcalorimetric and IR spectroscopic studies of CO adsorption on molybdenum nitride catalysts

The adsorption of CO on both nitrided and reduced passivated Mo(2)N catalysts in either alumina supported or unsupported forms was studied by adsorption microcalorimetry and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The CO is adsorbed on nitrided Mo(2)N catalysts on three different surface sites: 4-fold vacancies, Mo(delta+) ( 0 < delta < 2) and N sites, with differential heats of CO adsorption decreasing in the same order. The presence of the alumina-support affects the energetic distribution of the adsorption sites on the nitrided Mo(2)N, i.e. weakens the CO adsorption strength on the different sites and changes the fraction of sites adsorbing CO in a specific form, revealing that the alumina supported Mo(2)N phase shows lower electron density than pure Mo(2)N. On reduced passivated Mo(2)N catalysts the CO was found to adsorb mainly on Mo(4+) sites, although some slightly different surface Mo(delta+) d (0 < delta < 2) sites are also detected. The nature, density and distribution of surface sites of reduced passivated Mo(2)N/gAl(2)O(3) were similar to those on reduced MoO(3)/gamma-Al(2)O(3).

Catalytic decomposition of hydrazine over supported molybdenum nitride catalysts in a monopropellant thruster

The catalytic decomposition of hydrazine over a series of MoNx/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts with different Mo loadings was investigated in a monopropellant thruster (10 N). When the Mo loading is equal to or higher than the monolayer coverage of MoO3 on gamma-Al2O3, the catalytic performance of the supported molybdenum nitride catalyst is close to that of the conventionally used Ir/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. The MoNx/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst with a loading of about 23wt% Mo (1.5 monolayers) shows the highest activity for hydrazine decomposition. There is an activation process for the MoNx/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts at the early stage of hydrazine decomposition, which is probably due to the reduction of the oxide layer formed in the passivation procedure.

巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmegaterium)突变株Bn,B5的生物学特性及在Vc二步发酵中的伴生作用

对选出的巨大芽孢杆菌突变株Bn ,B5进行了生物学特性及发酵条件的研究 ,发现它们具耐低 pH和抗高浓 2KGA特性。可促进氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌生长 ,使其延迟期缩短 ,产酸增加。适宜的通气量下 ,摇瓶糖酸转化率提高 10 %～ 14% ;当发酵 pH为 6 .2～ 6 .6时 ,转化率提高 2 0 %～ 30 %

First Principles Investigation on the Ultra-Incompressible and Hard TaN

The structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of TaN were investigated by use of the density functional theory (DFT). Eight structures were considered, i.e.. hexagonal WC TaN, NiAs, wurtzite, and CoSn structures. cubic NaCl. zinc-blende and CsCl structures. The results indicate that TaN in TaN-type structure is the most stable at ambient conditions among the considered structures. Above 5 GPa, TaN in WC-type structure becomes energetically the most stable phase. They are also stable both thermodynamically and mechanically. TaN in WC-type has the largest shear Modulus 243 GPa and large bulk modulus 337 GPa among the considered structures. The Volume compressibility is slightly larger than diamond, but smaller than c-BN at pressures from 0 to 100 GPa. The compressibility along the c axis is smaller than the linear compressibility of both diamond and c-BN.

Luminescent Boron-Contained Ladder-Type pi-Conjugated Compounds

Four diboron-contained ladder-type pi-conjugated compounds 1-4 were designed and synthesized. Their thermal, photophysical, electrochemical properties, as well as density functional theory calculations, were fully investigated. The single crystals of compounds 1 and 3 were grown, and their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Both compounds have a ladder-type g-conjugated framework. Compounds I and 2 possess high thermal stabilities, moderate solid-state fluorescence quantum yields, as well as stable redox properties, indicating that they are possible candidates for emitters and charge-transporting materials in electroluminescent (EL) devices. The double-layer device with the configuration of [ITO/NPB (40 nm)/1 or 2 (70 nm)/LiF (0.5 nm)/Al (200 nm)] exhibited good EL performance with the maximum brightness exceeding 8000 cd/m(2).

Facile synthesis and photoluminescence of europium ion doped LaF3 nanodisks

LaF3 : Eu3+ (5.0 mol-% EU3+) nanodisks with perfect crystallinity were successfully synthesized by a simple method. The synthesis was carried out in an aqueous solution at room temperature without the use of templates or organic additives, The mechanism of formation of the nanodisks was explored, and the fluoride source (KBF4) is believed to play a key role in controlling the morphology of the final product. Furthermore, the size of the disk can be simply moderated by varying the concentration of the initial reactants. The room-temperature photoluminescence of LaF3 : Eu3+ with different morphologies and sizes were also investigated, and the results indicate that the emission intensity of the product is strongly affected by their size, shape, and other factors.

Hexagonal nanodisks of cadmium hydroxide and oxide with nanoporous structure

In this work we demonstrate that hexagonal nanodisks of cadmium hydroxide with nanoporous structures could be fabricated by a facile hydrothermal treatment without using any templates or organic additives. With this method, the length of the hexagonal edge and thickness of the nanodisks can be adjusted through controlling the experimental conditions such as the pH value of the mother liquor and the initial concentration of the cadmium ion. On the basis of our experimental observations and understandings of the nanocrystal growth, the formation of the nanodisks is believed to mainly originate from the oriented attachment of small particles. Furthermore, the hexagonal Cd(OH)(2) nanodisks can be converted to CdO semiconductors with similar morphology by calcinations.

White organic electroluminescence based on a new boron complex

A bright blue boron complex BPh2(pybm) containing 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole ligand was designed and synthesized by using N, N-bidentate ligand instead of N, O-bidentate one such as 8-quinolinol. For three-layer LED devices with the configuration of ITO/NPB/BPh2(pybm)/Alq(3)/LiF/Al, the white light emission covering the whole visible region from 400 to 750 nm with the maximum brightness of 110 cd/m(2) and the luminous efficiency of 0.8 cd/A was observed.