The postantibiotic effect in the treatment of experimental meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in rabbits

The relevance of a postantibiotic effect in the treatment of pneumococcal meningitis was evaluated in a rabbit model. After administration of a single intravenous bolus of ampicillin at various dosages, such an effect was observed in all animals. The duration of this effect in vivo (2.5-18 hr) was consistently longer than that in vitro (1-4.3 hr); however, in rabbits the postantibiotic effect was eliminated by the administration of intravenous plus intracisternal beta-lactamase. In an assessment of the potential therapeutic benefit of the postantibiotic effect, the efficacy to two regimens of treatment with different intervals between doses was compared. One group of animals received ampicillin every 4 hr and another every 12 hr. With sufficiently high doses, drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid exceeded the minimal bactericidal concentration for most of the 4-hr interval but for only about one-third of the 12-hr interval. The rate of cure was similar for the two regimens and approximated 100% when peak drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid exceeded the minimal bactericidal concentration by at least 10-fold.

Camel Streptococcus agalactiae populations are associated with specific disease complexes and acquired the tetracycline resistance gene tetM via a Tn916-like element

Camels are the most valuable livestock species in the Horn of Africa and play a pivotal role in the nutritional sustainability for millions of people. Their health status is therefore of utmost importance for the people living in this region. Streptococcus agalactiae, a Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is an important camel pathogen. Here we present the first epidemiological study based on genetic and phenotypic data from African camel derived GBS. Ninety-two GBS were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), capsular polysaccharide typing and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We analysed the GBS using Bayesian linkage, phylogenetic and minimum spanning tree analyses and compared them with human GBS from East Africa in order to investigate the level of genetic exchange between GBS populations in the region. Camel GBS sequence types (STs) were distinct from other STs reported so far. We mapped specific STs and capsular types to major disease complexes caused by GBS. Widespread resistance (34%) to tetracycline was associated with acquisition of the tetM gene that is carried on a Tn916-like element, and observed primarily among GBS isolated from mastitis. The presence of tetM within different MLST clades suggests acquisition on multiple occasions. Wound infections and mastitis in camels associated with GBS are widespread and should ideally be treated with antimicrobials other than tetracycline in East Africa.

Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of group B streptococci in pregnant women: results from a Swiss tertiary centre.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the rates of penicillin, clindamycin and erythromycin resistance and the serotype distribution among isolates of group B streptococcus (GBS) obtained from pregnant women at the University Hospital of Bern in Switzerland. METHODS We prospectively collected screening samples for GBS colonisation at the University Women's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, between March 2009 and August 2010. We included 364 GBS isolates collected from vaginal, cervical or vaginal-perianal swabs at any gestation time. The minimal inhibitory concentrations for penicillin, clindamycin and erythromycin were established using Etest with 24 hours of incubation, and inducible clindamycin resistance was tested with double disk diffusion tests. Serotyping was done with a rapid latex agglutination test or, if not conclusive, with polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) testing. We looked for significant associations between resistance patterns, age groups, serotype and ethnicity. RESULTS All isolates were susceptible to penicillin. Resistance rates were 14.5% for erythromycin and 8.2% for clindamycin. Of 364 isolates, 5.8% were susceptible to clindamycin but not to erythromycin, although demonstrating inducible clindamycin resistance. Hence, the final reported clindamycin resistance rate was 14%. Serotype III was the most frequent serotype (29%), followed by V (25%) and Ia (19%). Serotype V was associated with erythromycin resistance (p = 0.0007). In comparison with all other ethnicities, patients from Asia showed a higher proportion of erythromycin and clindamycin resistance (p = 0.018). No significant association between resistance patterns and age groups was found. CONCLUSION In pregnant women with GBS colonisation, penicillin is the antibiotic of choice for intrapartum prophylaxis to prevent neonatal early-onset GBS sepsis. In women with penicillin allergy and at high risk for anaphylactic reaction, clindamycin may be an alternative. The resistance rate for clindamycin at our institution was 14%; therefore, susceptibility must be tested before administration.

Cost-effectiveness of universal prophylaxis in pregnancy with prior group B streptococci colonization.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the costs and outcomes of rescreening for group B streptococci (GBS) compared to universal treatment of term women with history of GBS colonization in a previous pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A decision analysis model was used to compare costs and outcomes. Total cost included the costs of screening, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), treatment for maternal anaphylaxis and death, evaluation of well infants whose mothers received IAP, and total costs for treatment of term neonatal early onset GBS sepsis. RESULTS: When compared to screening and treating, universal treatment results in more women treated per GBS case prevented (155 versus 67) and prevents more cases of early onset GBS (1732 versus 1700) and neonatal deaths (52 versus 51) at a lower cost per case prevented ($8,805 versus $12,710). CONCLUSION: Universal treatment of term pregnancies with a history of previous GBS colonization is more cost-effective than the strategy of screening and treating based on positive culture results.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of hyperpigmented group B Streptococci.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes invasive infections in neonates, older adults and patients with comorbidities. β-hemolysin/cytolysin is an important GBS virulence factor. It is encoded by the cyl operon and confers GBS hemolytic activity. Isolates displaying hyperpigmentation are typically hyperhemolytic. Comparison of clonally identical isolates displaying different levels of pigmentation has shown transcriptional dysregulation due to mutations in components of the control of the virulence S/R (CovS/R) regulatory system. In addition, hyperpigmented isolates show decreased CAMP factor and decreased capsule thickness. In analogy to findings in group A Streptococcus, a pivotal role of CovS/R has been proposed in the host-pathogen interaction of invasive GBS infection. However, corresponding investigations on multiple clinical GBS isolates have not been performed. We prospectively collected hyperpigmented isolates found in a diagnostic laboratory and performed phenotypic, molecular and transcriptional analyses. In the period from 2008 to 2012, we found 10 isolates obtained from 10 patients. The isolates reflected both invasive pathogens and colonizers. In three cases, clonally identical but phenotypically different variants were also found. Hence, the analyses included 13 isolates. No capsular serotype was found to be significantly more frequent. Bacterial pigments were analyzed via spectrophotometry and for their hemolytic activity. Data obtained for typical absorbance spectra peaks correlated significantly with hemolytic activity. Molecular analysis of the cyl operon showed that it was conserved in all isolates. The covR sequence displayed mutations in five isolates; in one isolate, the CovR binding site to cylX was abrogated. Our results on clinical isolates support previous findings on CovR-deficient isogenic mutants, but suggest that - at least in some clinical isolates - for β-hemolysin/cytolysin and CAMP factor production, other molecular pathways may be involved.

Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) block copolymers for calcium phosphate mineralization and biofilm inhibition.

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has long been used as an additive in toothpaste, partly because it reduces biofilm formation on teeth. It does not, however, reduce the formation of dental calculus or support the remineralization of dental enamel or dentine. The present article describes the synthesis of new block copolymers on the basis of PEO and poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) blocks using atom transfer radical polymerization. The polymers have very large molecular weights (over 10(6) g/mol) and are highly water-soluble. They delay the precipitation of calcium phosphate from aqueous solution but, upon precipitation, lead to relatively monodisperse hydroxyapatite (HAP) spheres. Moreover, the polymers inhibit the bacterial colonization of human enamel by Streptococcus gordonii, a pioneer bacterium in oral biofilm formation, in vitro. The formation of well-defined HAP spheres suggests that a polymer-induced liquid precursor phase could be involved in the precipitation process. Moreover, the inhibition of bacterial adhesion suggests that the polymers could be utilized in caries prevention.

Granular layer in the periplasmic space of gram-positive bacteria and fine structures of Enterococcus gallinarum and Streptococcus gordonii septa revealed by cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections.

High-resolution structural information on optimally preserved bacterial cells can be obtained with cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections. With the help of this technique, the existence of a periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and the thick peptidoglycan layer of the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was recently shown. This raises questions about the mode of polymerization of peptidoglycan. In the present study, we report the structure of the cell envelope of three gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Enterococcus gallinarum). In the three cases, a previously undescribed granular layer adjacent to the plasma membrane is found in the periplasmic space. In order to better understand how nascent peptidoglycan is incorporated into the mature peptidoglycan, we investigated cellular regions known to represent the sites of cell wall production. Each of these sites possesses a specific structure. We propose a hypothetic model of peptidoglycan polymerization that accommodates these differences: peptidoglycan precursors could be exported from the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space, where they could diffuse until they would interact with the interface between the granular layer and the thick peptidoglycan layer. They could then polymerize with mature peptidoglycan. We report cytoplasmic structures at the E. gallinarum septum that could be interpreted as cytoskeletal elements driving cell division (FtsZ ring). Although immunoelectron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy studies have demonstrated the septal and cytoplasmic localization of FtsZ, direct visualization of in situ FtsZ filaments has not been obtained in any electron microscopy study of fixed and dehydrated bacteria.

Grupo de discusión en línea. En: Jornadas Bibliotecolocológicas: Modalidades de acceso y trasferencia de la información en contextos actuales

Presentación del Grupo de Discusión en línea "Bibliomisioneros"

Baremación de un test de aptitud física en sujetos de la segunda etapa de E.G.B.

Una de mis muchas preocupaciones en el campo de la enseñanza, es y será, el sistema o procedimiento de evaluación a utilizar. Las observaciones efectuadas en mi localidad (Salamanca) me llevaron a la conclusión de que en un alto porcentaje de centros escolares, los profesores, guiados por unos criterios siempre personales, calificaban a sus alumnos con métodos totalmente subjetivos. Continuando con las observaciones a nivel provincial, los hechos son más evidentes, estamos acostumbrados a administrar programas y actividades, cuya evaluación se basa en la asistencia, la victoria o la derrota, etc. En octubre de 1977, el Consejo Superior de Deportes a través de su Delegación Provincial en Salamanca, inició un Plan Experimental de Promoción Físico-Deportiva Escolar, con la participación de más de medio centenar de centros de E.G.B. correspondiente a la capital y 11 localidades de la provincia. Se me propuso la dirección del mismo y con la colaboración de otros compañeros, comenzamos a elaborar su administración. Fué entonces, cuando al abordar nuevamente el problema de la evaluación, nos propusimos en un primer intento, que fuera lo más objetiva posible, para lo cual determinamos las medidas que teníamos que efectuar de cara a la consecución de los objetivos prefijados. La falta de personas especializadas y las dudas en cuanto a la autenticidad y objetividad en la recogida de los datos, nos obligó a desestimar las muestras recogidas y a plantearnos nuevamente el problema. En septiembre de 1979, después de estudiados todos los aspectos que más nos interesaban para la buena marcha del trabajo, nos dedicamos fundamentalmente a la formación y preparación del grupo de jueces (ocho personas especializadas), al objeto de conseguir una uniformidad de criterios a la hora de la aplicación de las pruebas. La finalidad del trabajo es establecer "standars" de la población escolar de los colegios nacionales de Educación General Básica de la localidad de Salamanca, en las edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 14 años, en forma de tablas de percentiles, basados en la edad y sexo, de forma que en el futuro nos sirvan: a) Como baremo calificador, ya que - hay que establecer con justeza los niveles a alcanzar. - nos podemos fiar de la justa interpretación que se dé a las respuestas del examinando, ya que son elementos de la máxima objetividad -el cronómetro y el metro-, los que interpretan y valoran dichas respuestas. b) Como elemento básico, para las futuras planificaciones del mencionado Plan Experimental. Al valorar el conjunto de una serie de pruebas motoras, los profesores, tendrán un índice determinador, que les servirá como fundamento de trabajo a desarrollar en el futuro. c) Como estudio comparativo entre otras poblaciones. En el Capitulo I, expongo brevemente, los fundamentos teóricos sobre el estudio de la medida y evaluación de la aptitud física, pues lo considero imprescindible para un buen enfoque del trabajo en general. El Capitulo II, se refiere a la metodología empleada: determinación de la muestra, justificación de la batería de pruebas empleada, instrumentos de medida y técnicas de aplicación. Los resultados de las medidas obtenidas, los hemos elaborado estadísticamente con los siguientes criterios: 1) trabajar con datos agrupados. 2) la tabulación, la hemos realizado formando el mayor número de intervalos posible, al objeto de únicamente confeccionar una tabla de frecuencias para cada prueba en las cuatro edades. Las medidas estadísticas que hemos obtenido han sido: Medidas de tendencia central (media); Medidas de dispersión (desviación típica); Al objeto de que los resultados estén más claros, hemos realizado las gráficas de distribución de frecuencias, para cada prueba y edad. En el Capitulo IV, hacemos un análisis de los resultados obtenidos por prueba y edad, al mismo tiempo que los compara con datos correspondientes a niños de las mismas edades de muestras obtenidas en otros países.

Elogio del B. Juan de Ribera, Patriarca de Antioquía, Arzobispo y Virey de Valencia

Sign. : A-G4, H5

Vida del B. Nicolás Factor ... de Menores observantes de N. P. S. Francisco de Valencia

Índice

Compendio de la vida del B. Juan de Ribera, patriarca de Antioquia, arzobispo y virrey de Valencia

Sign.: []1, A-B8, C4

Compendio de la vida del B. Juan de Ribera, patriarca de Antioquía, arzobispo y virey [sic] de Valencia

Datos tomados de Palau, II, 26555