Planering hur person- och kollektivtrafiken skall ordnas på området : Kaskö - Korsnäs - Kristinestad - Malax - Närpes

Planeringen av hur person- och kollektivtrafiken skall ordnas på området påbörjades i mars 2015. Planen var klar i september 2015. Arbetet syftade till att ge kommunerna och NTM-centralen ett verktyg varmed de i fortsättningen ska kunna säkerställa att planeringen av persontrafiken gemensamt processeras på ett så ändamålsenligt sätt som möjligt så att man därmed kan se till att utbudet är tillräckligt högklassigt och effektivt i framtiden. Under arbetet utreddes nuläget för kollektiv- och persontrafiken inom planeringsområdet genomgående. Dessutom diskuterades kommunernas beredskap för gemensam anskaffning av olika trafiktyper och olika långa avtalsperioder samt utveckling av samarbetet .Kollektivtrafiksexpert Anders Pulkkis på NTM-centralen i Södra Österbotten har deltagit i styrgruppsarbetet. Som utvecklingsåtgärder i arbetet klassificerades kollektivtrafikens turer i fyra klasser enligt lönsamhet. Klassificeringen användes som verktyg i identifieringen av turernas betydelse och planeringen av anskaffningarna. För kommunernas och NTM-centralens anskaffning av trafik fastställdes ett förlopp för åren 2015–2019. Som utvecklingsåtgärder har man även begrundat utveckling av organiseringen av kollektivtrafikplaneringen till exempel genom en regionlogistiker som är gemensam för kommunerna.

Sedentary behaviour and health with special reference to obesity and fatty liver in early midlife. The Cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study

Background: Physical inactivity and positive energy balance pose a risk to health. They increase the risk of obesity and associated non-communicable diseases. Recently, also sedentary behaviour has been associated with obesity and non-communicable diseases. Nevertheless, it has been unclear which type of sedentary behaviour is the most harmful. It is also unknown whether the relationship of sedentary behaviour with obesity is truly independent of other factors, for example physical activity and diet. Longitudinal data are limited, and the direction of causality and the mechanism of action are still unknown. Aims: The aim of this study was 1) to identify the type of sedentary behaviour having the strongest association with obesity, 2) to explore the causal relationship of sedentary behaviour and weight increase, and 3) to additionally, investigate the relationship of sedentary behaviour with fatty liver. These were studied in cross-sectional and/or longitudinal settings using data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Special emphasis was put on the evaluation of a wide range of other lifestyle factors and risks for obesity and fatty liver. Subjects: 2,060 subjects (aged 33-50 years in 2011, of which 55 % were female) from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study participating in follow-ups in 2001, 2007, and 2011. Measures: Self-reported time spent in various types of sedentary behaviour (I), or TV viewing time (I-III). Measured body weight, height and waist circumference (I-III), and genetic variants for high BMI (I). Fasting plasma concentrations of gamma-glutamyltransferase enzyme and triglyceride, calculated Fatty Liver Index (based on gamma-glutamyltransferase and triglyceride concentration, BMI and waist circumference), and the amount of intrahepatic fat measured with ultrasound (III). Self-reported leisure-time physical activity and active commuting, occupational physical activity, energy intake, diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, socioeconomic status, and sleep duration as possible confounders were considered (I-III). Results: TV viewing is the sedentary behaviour type that has the strongest association with obesity. Sedentary behaviour (TV viewing) precedes weight increase, and not the other way around. Sedentary behaviour (TV viewing) is associated with increased risk of fatty liver. Conclusions: Sedentary behaviour (especially high TV viewing time) is associated with increased risks of obesity and fatty liver. Intervention studies are needed to assess whether reduction of TV time would prevent obesity and fatty liver.

The role of extracellular matrix macromolecules in cancer and diabetic macroangiopathy – with special reference to decorin and hyaluronan

The central role of extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules in diseases such as cancer and atherosclerotic vascular diseases including diabetic macroangiopathy is indisputable. Decorin and hyaluronan (HA) represent vital ECM macromolecules in the microenvironment of cells and are centrally involved in human cancer and cardiovascular biology. In cancer, decorin is considered to play a tumor suppressive role. However, there is some discrepancy whether malignant cells express it. Regarding HA, its contribution to the development of atherosclerotic vascular diseases has been well established. Nevertheless, the precise role of HA in arterial narrowing associated with diabetes is not known. The present study focused on two vital ECM macromolecules, namely decorin and HA. First, decorin expression was studied in human tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the effect of adenovirus-mediated decorin transduction on selected cancer cell lines was investigated. The results invariably showed that cancer cells completely lacked decorin expression. The study also demonstrated that transducing cancer cells with decorin adenoviral vector markedly inhibited their malignant behavior. In line with this, a strong induction of decorin expression in normal human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but not in abnormal hESCs was observed during their differentiation. Secondly, the significance of HA in the development of diabetic macroangiopathy in response to hyperglycemia was evaluated. Results showed that the synthesis of HA by vascular smooth muscle cells was significantly increased in response to high glucose concentration. This increase was associated with the diminished ability of the cells to contract collagen-rich matrix suggesting that HA participates in the disturbed vascular remodeling of diabetic patients. The results of this study support endeavours to develop novel ECM macromolecule -based therapies targeting cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Model to Build a Service Quality Centric Customer Reference Portfolio in a Software as a Service Company

The goal of the master’s thesis was to develop a model to build a service quality centric customer reference portfolio for a software as a service company. The case company is Meltwater Finland Oy that leverages customer references externally but there is no systematic model to produce good quality customer references that are in line with the company strategy. The project was carried out as a case study, where the primary source of information were seventeen internal interviews with the employees of the case company. The theory part focuses on customer references as assets and service quality in software as a service industry. In the empirical part the research problem is solved. As a result of the case study, the model to build a service quality centric customer reference portfolio was created and further research areas were suggested.

Oppisopimuskoulutus yritysten tuottamana koulutuspalveluna: tavoitteista vaikutuksiin

Työpaikoilla tapahtuvan koulutuksen merkitys korostuu yhteiskunnassa kaikilla tasoilla nyt ja tulevaisuudessa. Tämä väitöstutkimus määrittelee oppisopimuskoulutuksen yritysten tuottamana koulutuspalveluna osana ammatillista tutkintoon johtavaa koulutusta, jota tuotetaan työpaikoilla ja yrityksissä. Väitöstutkimuksessa tarkastellaan niitä tavoitteita, joita yrityksissä oppisopimuskoulutukseen liittyy ja vaikutuksia, joita koulutusta tuottamalla yrityksessä syntyy. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat eri alojen pienet ja keskisuuret yritykset (pk-yritykset), jotka ovat tuottaneet oppisopimuskoulutusta ja joilla on siitä vuosien kokemus. Lisäksi tutkimukseen osallistui pk-yrityksiä, joille oppisopimuskoulutus ja siihen liittyvä toiminta on vierasta. Tutkimus tuo uutta tietoa vain vähän tutkittuun aikuisten oppisopimuskoulutukseen, mutta ei sulje pois nuorten oppisopimuskoulutukseen liittyviä kysymyksiä. Tutkimus yhdistää oppisopimuskoulutuksen ja koulutuksen tuottamisen yrityksissä, mikä uudistaa sekä oppisopimuskoulutukseen, ammatilliseen koulutukseen, palvelun tuottamiseen että osaamiseen liittyvää teoreettista viitekehystä. Lisäksi tutkimus tuo yrityksille sekä oppisopimuskoulutuksen hallinnollisille tahoille palvelun tuottamisen ja siihen liittyvien tavoitteiden ja vaikutusten näkökulman. Väitöstutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys perustuu ja jakautuu kolmeen osaan: palveluun ja sen tuottamiseen, osaamispääomiin ja niiden eri muotoihin sekä vaikutuksiin palvelutuotannossa. Teoreettinen viitekehys kuvaa monimuotoisesti oppisopimuskoulutuksen ilmiötä, jonka olemus muuttuu sen mukaan, miten, kuka tai mikä taho sitä arvioi tai tarkastelee. Väitöstutkimus on empiiriseltä luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen tutkimus, jonka aineisto on kerätty teemahaastatteluilla vuoden 2013 lopulla ja vuoden 2014 alussa. Aineisto on analysoitu sisällönanalyysillä aineistolähtöisesti. Tutkimusote pohjautuu abduktiiviseen päättelyyn. Tutkimustulokset esitetään ja luokitellaan niin tavoitteiden kuin vaikutusten osalta inhimillisen, rakenteellisen ja suhdepääoman kautta. Tutkimuksen mukaan oppisopimuskoulutuksen vaikutukset nähdään positiivisina ja neutraaleina, eikä alakohtaisia eroja vaikutusten osalta juuri ole. Myönteisten vaikutusten saavuttamiseen liittyy tärkeänä osana arvon luomisen ja tuottamisen kokemus molemmilla koulutukseen osallistuvilla osapuolilla. Lisäksi myönteisten vaikutusten taustalla ovat yrityksen sitoutuminen sekä työn ja koulutuksen johtamisosaaminen. Yrityksissä on tärkeää, että imago kouluttajana on hyvä. Oppisopimuskoulutuksen tuottamisesta syntyneet vaikutukset ovat asetettuja tavoitteita laajemmat, erityisesti rakenteelliseen pääomaan liittyvien vaikutusten osalta. Oppisopimuskoulutuksen vaikuttavuus yrityksessä syntyy asetettujen tavoitteiden ja vaikutusten välisestä suhteesta. Kokonaisuutena voidaan todeta, että oppisopimuskoulutuksen vaikuttavuus ja suorituskyky yrityksissä ovat hyvät, vaikka koulutuksen laatu vaihtelee jonkin verran. Oppisopimuskoulutuksen käynnistäminen, aloittaminen ja tuottaminen liittyvät usein niin sanottuihin oppisopimusagentteihin eli sellaisiin kehityshakuisiin henkilöihin, joilla jossakin elämäntilanteessa on ollut myönteisiä kokemuksia oppisopimuskoulutuksen mahdollisuuksista. Tutkimuksen mukaan oppisopimuskoulutuksen kustannukset koostuvat työsuhteesta, tietopuolisen koulutuksen aikaisesta työstä poissaolosta sekä ohjauksesta ja arvioinnista, mutta koulutusta pidetään taloudellisesti kannattavana. Oppisopimuskoulutuksen tuottamista estävät pääasiassa viestinnän ja tiedottamisen puute, koulutusmahdollisuuden tunnistamatta jääminen, yritysten heikko koulutuskulttuuri sekä epäselvät mielikuvat ja käsitykset. Nuorten oppisopimuskoulutuksen toteuttamisen hidasteina ovat tutkimuksen mukaan työsuhteeseen ja talouteen liittyvät seikat, nuorten kasvun vaiheeseen sisältyvät tekijät sekä monenlaiset pedagogiset ja eettiset kysymykset. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että nuori on käsitteenä ja viiteryhmänä epämääräinen. Ammatillisen koulutuksen ja oppisopimuskoulutuksen eri muodot ja monet käsitteet myös aiheuttavat epäselvyyttä molemmissa tutkimuksen konteksteissa eli yrityksissä, joissa oppisopimuskoulutusta tuotetaan sekä yrityksissä, joissa sitä ei tuoteta.

"I like my beer cold, my TV loud, and my homosexuals flaming!" : preference for stereotype consistency as a function of a person x situation interaction /

The study centers on the power of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) as predictors of prejudice against stereotypical and nonstereotypical homosexuals under the threat of death and the threat of uncertainty. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an individual difference variable that measures the tendency for individuals to unquestionably follow those perceived to be authorities. Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) is an individual difference variable that measures the degree to which an individual prefers inequality among social groups. The RWA and SDO Scales are considered to be two of the strongest predictors of prejudice, such as prejudice against homosexuals. The study focuses on the unique predictive power of these two variables in predicting prejudice against homosexuals. The study also examines the role of situational threat in prejudice, specifically the threat of death (mortality salience) and the threat of uncertainty (uncertainty salience). Competing predictions from theories involving the threat of death (Terror Management Theory) and the threat of uncertainty (Uncertainty Management Theory) are also tested. The preference for expected information in the form of stereotypes concerning male homosexuals (that is, a stereotypical or non-stereotypical homosexual) were tested. The difference between the predictive power ofRWA and SDO was examined by measuring how these variables predict liking of a stereotypical or non-stereotypical homosexual under the threat of death, the threat of uncertainty, or a control condition. Along with completing a measure for RWA and a measure for SDO, participants were asked to think of their own death, of their being uncertain or about watching television then were asked to read about a week in the life of either a stereotypical or non-stereotypical male homosexual. Participants were then asked to evaluate the individual and his essay. Based on the participants' evaluations, results from 180 heterosexual university students show that RWA and SDO are strong predictors for disliking of a stereotypical homosexual under the threat of uncertainty and disliking of a non-stereotypical homosexual under the threat of death. Furthermore, however, results show that RWA is a particularly strong predictor of disliking of a stereotypical homosexual under the threat of uncertainty, whereas SDO is an exceptionally strong predictor of disliking of the non-stereotypical homosexual under the threat of death. This further adds to the notion that RWA and SDO are indeed unique predictors of prejudice. Implications are also explored, including the fact that the study simuhaneously examined the role of individual difference variables and situational threat variables, as well as exploratory analysis on Dominating Authoritarians.

The effectiveness of interpretive methods in informal educational facilities : an experimental study with reference to marine parks

Interpretation has been used in many tourism sectors as a technique in achieving building hannony between resources and human needs. The objectives of this study are to identify the types of the interpretive methods used, and to evaluate their effectiveness, in marine parks. This study reviews the design principles of an effective interpretation for marine wildlife tourism, and adopts Drams' five design principles (1997) into a conceptual framework. Enjoyment increase, knowledge gain, attitude and intention change, and behaviour modification were used as key indicators in the assessment of the interpretive effectiveness of the Vancouver Aquarium (VA) and Marineland Canada (MC). Since on-site research is unavailable, a virtual tour is created to represent the interpretive experiences in the two study sites. Self-administered questionnaires are used to measure responses. Through comparing responses to the questionnaires (pre-, post-virtual tours and follow-up), this study found that interpretation increased enjoyment and added to respondents' knowledge. Although the changes in attitudes and intentions are not significant, the findings indicate that attitude and intention changes did occur as a result of interpretation, but only to a limited extent. Overall results suggest that more techniques should be added to enhance the effectiveness of the interpretation in marine parks or self-guiding tours, and with careful design, virtual tours are the innovative interpretation techniques for marine parks or informal educational facilities.

Kierkegaard : the temporality of becoming a self

Introduction In Difference and Repetition, Deleuze compares and contrasts Kierkegaard's and Nietzsche's ideas of repetition. He argues that neither of them really give a representation of repetition. Repetition for them is a sort of selective task: the way in which they determine what is ethical and eternal. With Nietzsche, it is a theater of un belie f. ..... Nietzsche's leading idea is to found the repetition in the etemal return at once on the death of God and the dissolution of the self But it is a quite different alliance in the theater of faith: Kierkegaard dreams of alliance between a God and a self rediscovered. I Repetition plays a theatrical role in their thinking. It allows them to dramatically stage the interplay of various personnae. Deleuze does give a positive account ofKierkegaard's "repetition"; however, he does not think that Kierkegaard works out a philosophical model, or a representation of what repetition is. It is true that in the book Repetition, Constantin Constantius does not clearly and fully work out the concept of repetition, but in Sickness Unto Death, Kierkegaard gives a full explanation of the self and its temporality which can be connected with repetition. When Sickness Unto Death is interpreted according to key passages from Repetition and The Concept of Anxiety, a clear philosophical concept of repetition can be established. In my opinion, Kierkegaard's philosophy is about the task of becoming a self, and I will be attempting to show that he does have a model of the temporality of self-becoming. In Sickness Unto Death, Kierkegaard explains his notions of despair with reference to sin, self, self-becoming, faith, and repetition. Despair is a sickness of the spirit, of the self, and accordingly can take three forms: in despair not to be conscious of having a self (not despair in the strict sense); in despair not to will to be oneself; in despair to will to be oneself2 In relation to this definition, he defines a self as "a relation that relates itself to itself and in relating itself to itself relates to another.''3 Thus, a person is a threefold relationship, and any break in that relationship is despair. Despair takes three forms corresponding to the three aspects of a self s relation to itself Kierkegaard says that a selfis like a house with a basement, a first floor, and a second floor.4 This model of the house, and the concept of the stages on life's way that it illustrates, is central to Kierkegaard's philosophy. This thesis will show how he unpacks this model in many of his writings with different concepts being developed in different texts. His method is to work with the same model in different ways throughout his authorship. He assigns many of the texts to different pseudonyms, but in this thesis we will treat the model and the related concepts as being Kierkegaard's and not only the pseudonyms. This is justified as our thesis will show this modelremains the same throughout Kierkegaard's work, though it is treated in different ways by different pseudonyms. According to Kierkegaard, many people live in only the basement for their entire lives, that is, as aesthetes ("in despair not to be conscious of having a self'). They live in despair of not being conscious of having a self They live in a merely horizontal relation. They want to get what they desire. When they go to the first floor, so to speak, they reflect on themselves and only then do they begin to get a self In this stage, one acquires an ideology of the required and overcomes the strict commands of the desired. The ethical is primarily an obedience to the required whereas the aesthetic is an obedience to desire. In his work Fear and Trembling (Copenhagen: 1843), Johannes de Silentio makes several observations concerning this point. In this book, the author several times allows the desired ideality of esthetics to be shipwrecked on the required ideality of ethics, in order through these collisions to bring to light the religious ideality as the ideality that precisely is the ideality of actuality, and therefore just as desirable as that of esthetics and not as impossible as the ideality of ethics. This is accomplished in such a way that the religious ideality breaks forth in the dialectical leap and in the positive mood - "Behold all things have become new" as well as in the negative mood that is the passion of the absurd to which the concept "repetition" corresponds.s Here one begins to become responsible because one seeks the required ideality; however, the required ideality and the desired ideality become inadequate to the ethical individual. Neither of them satisfy him ("in despair not to will to be oneself'). Then he moves up to the second floor: that is, the mystical region, or the sphere of religiousness (A) ("despair to will to be oneself). Kiericegaard's model of a house, which is connected with the above definition ofdespair, shows us how the self arises through these various stages, and shows the stages of despair as well. On the second floor, we become mystics, or Knights of Infinite Resignation. We are still in despair because we despair ofthe basement and the first floor, however, we can be fiill, free persons only ifwe live on all the floors at the same time. This is a sort of paradoxical fourth stage consisting of all three floors; this is the sphere of true religiousness (religiousness (B)). It is distinguished from religiousness (A) because we can go back and live on all the floors. It is not that there are four floors, but in the fourth stage, we live paradoxically on three at once. Kierkegaard uses this house analogy in order to explain how we become a self through these stages, and to show the various stages of despair. Consequently, I will be explaining self-becoming in relation to despair. It will also be necessary to explain it in relation to faith, for faith is precisely the overcoming of despair. After explaining the becoming of the self in relation to despair and faith, I will then explain its temporality and thereby its repetition. What Kierkegaard calls a formula, Deleuze calls a representation. Unfortunately, Deleuze does not acknowledge Kierkegaard's formula for repetition. As we shall see, Kierkegaard clearly gives a formula for despair, faith, and selfbecoming. When viewed properly, these formulae yield a formula for repetition because when one hasfaith, the basement, firstfloor, and secondfloor become new as one becomes oneself The self is not bound in the eternity ofthe first floor (ethical) or the temporality of the basement (aesthete). I shall now examine the two forms of conscious despair in such a way as to point out also a rise in the consciousness of the nature of despair and in the consciousness that one's state is despair, or, what amounts to the same thing and is the salient point, a rise in the consciousness of the self The opposite to being in despair is to have faith. Therefore, the formula set forth above, which describes a state in which there is not despair at all, is entirely correct, and this formula is also the formula for faMi in ^elating itself to itself and in willing to be itself, the self rests transparently in the power that established it.

The surficial geology, sedimentology and geochemistry of the late glacial sediments and Paleozoic bedrock in the Campbellford area, Ontario, with special reference to the Dummer Complex /

The Dummer Complex extends 180 km along the Precambrian - Paleozoic contact from Tamworth to Lake Simcoe. It is composed of coarse, angular Paleozoic clasts in discontinuous, pitted, hummocky deposits. Deposits are usually separated by bare or boulder strewn bedrock, but have been found in the southern drumlinized till sheet. Dummer Complex deposits show rough alignment with ice-flow. Eskers cross-cut many of the deposits. Dummer sediment subfacies are defined on the basis of dominant coarse grain size and lithology, which relate directly to the underlying Paleozoic formation. Three subglacial tills are identified based on the degree of comminution and distance of transport; the immature facies of the Dummer Complex; the mature facies of the drumlinized till sheet and; the submature facies which is transitional. Carbonate geochemistry was used for till-bedrock correlation in various grain sizes. Of the 3 Paleozoic formations underlying the Dummer Complex, the Gull River Fm. is geochemically distinctive from the Bobcaygeon and Verulam Formations using Ca, Mg, Sr, Cu, Mn, Fe and Na. The Bobcaygeon Fm. and Verulam Fm. can be differentiated using Ca and the Sr/Ca ratio. The immature facies from 1.0 phi and finer is dominated by the non-carbonate, long distance transported component which decreases slightly downice. The submature till facies contains more long distance material than the immature facies. Sr and Mn can be used to correlate the Gull River immature till facies to the underlying bedrock the other subfacies could not be distinguished from each other or their respective source formation. This method proved to be ineffective for sediments with greater than 35% non-carbonate component, due to leaching of elements by the dissolving acid.The Dummer Complex is produced subglacially , as the compressional ice encounters the permeable Paleozoic carbonates. The increased shear strength of the ice and pore pressures in the carbonates results in the basal ice zones becoming debris ladden. Cleaner ice overrides the basal debris . laden dead ice which then acts as the glacier bed. During retreat, the Simcoe lobe stagnates as flow is cut-off by the Algonquin Highlands.

For the love of a barking lady: an exploration of mental illness in the light of Max Scheler's "Invisible person"

N/A

The person inside the nurse : the professional socialization of baccalaureate nursing students

The goal ofthis research was to gain an understanding ofthe process ofprofessional socialization by accessing role meaning ofstudents engaged in a BScN program. Students from each ofthe four years and faculty members from the school ofnursing volunteered as participants. G. Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Theory provided the framework to determine awareness and constructed meanings. A reflective tool, called LifeMapping, was adapted and utilized to relate student experiences within education that have attributed to nurse role meaning. Focus group interviews verified data interpretation. Students are informed oftheir choice to study nursing through part-time and volunteer work, secondary school cooperative placements. Descriptions reveal that choices are tested and both positive and negative aspects ofthe role observed. Bipolar images of good and bad nurses seem to be context-related. These images may establish biases in choices related to learning experiences. The person inside ofeach aspiring nurse interprets, revises and understands experiences to incorporate individual meaning into their value and belief structures. Students are aware ofchanges and descnbe them as developments that occur personally up to Year ill and role-image changes that begin in Year II. The major difficulty that students encountered was descnbed as negative attitudes towards their anticipated role. Humanistic-interactionist philosophies are echoed in student accounts of learning experiences. Growth and role development corresponds to process factors of small group, problem-base learning.

A five factor model of grief : a q-methodological study /

Q-methodology permitted 41 people to communicate their perspective of grief. In an attempt to clarify the research to date and to allow those who have experienced this human journey to direct the scientists, 80 statements were chosen to present to the participants based on the research from academic and counselling sources. Five different perspectives emerged from the Q-sorts and factor analysis. Each perspective was valuable for the understanding of different groups of mourners. They were interpreted using questionnaire data and interview information. They are as follows: Factor 1- Growth Optimism; Factor 2 - Schema Destruction and Negative Affect; Factor 3- Identification with the Deceased Person; Factor 4- Intact World view with High Clarity and High Social Support; Factor 5- Schema Destruction with High Preoccupation and Attention to Emotion. Some people grow in the face of grief, others hold on to essentially the same schemas and others are devastated by their loss. The different perspectives reported herein supply clues to the sources of these differing outcomes. From examination of Factor 1, it appears that a healthy living relationship helps substantially in the event of loss. An orientation toward emotions that encourages clarity, exemplified by Factor 4, without hyper-vigilance to emotion may be helpful as well. Strategies for maintaining schematic representations of the world with little alteration include: identification with the values of the deceased person, as in Factor 3 and reliance on social support and/or God as demonstrated by Factor 4. When the relationship had painful periods, social support may be accessed to benefit some mourners. When the person's frame of reference or higher order schemas are assaulted by the events of loss, the people most at risk for traumatic grief seem to be those with difficult relationships as indicated by Factor 5 individuals. When low social support, high attention to emotion with low clarity and little belief that feelings can be altered for the better are also attributes of the mourner devastating grief can result. In the end, there are groups of people who are forced to endure the entire process of schema destruction and devastation. Some appear to recover in part and others appear to stay in a form of purgatory for many years. The results of this study suggest that, those who experience devastating grief may be in the minority. In the future interventions could be more specifically addressed if these perspectives are replicated in a larger, more detailed study.