Gender bias in the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study 2003 (TIMMS) for Canadian students /

This study is a secondary data analysis of the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study 2003 (TIMSS) to determine if there is a gender bias, unbalanced number of items suited to the cognitive skill of one gender, and to compare performance by location. Results of the Grade 8, math portion of the test were examined. Items were coded as verbal, spatial, verbal /spatial or neither and as conventional or unconventional. A Kruskal- Wallis was completed for each category, comparing performance of students from Ontario, Quebec, and Singapore. A Factor Analysis was completed to determine if there were item categories with similar characteristics. Gender differences favouring males were found in the verbal conventional category for Canadian students and in the spatial conventional category for students in Quebec. The greatest differences were by location, as students in Singapore outperformed students from Canada in all areas except for the spatial unconventional category. Finally, whether an item is conventional or unconventional is more important than whether the item is verbal or spatial. Results show the importance of fair assessment for the genders in both the classroom and on standardized tests.

Quadtree representation and compression of spatial data

Spatial data representation and compression has become a focus issue in computer graphics and image processing applications. Quadtrees, as one of hierarchical data structures, basing on the principle of recursive decomposition of space, always offer a compact and efficient representation of an image. For a given image, the choice of quadtree root node plays an important role in its quadtree representation and final data compression. The goal of this thesis is to present a heuristic algorithm for finding a root node of a region quadtree, which is able to reduce the number of leaf nodes when compared with the standard quadtree decomposition. The empirical results indicate that, this proposed algorithm has quadtree representation and data compression improvement when in comparison with the traditional method.

Identifying language needs of ESL students in a Canadian university based intensive English language program

This study investigated the needs of adult ESL learners intending to pursue higher education in Canada. Its chief purpose was to enable educators and administrators to design ESL programs that would prepare students to function at optimal levels in academic and social settings during their university studies. The study adopted a mixed research method that was predominantly qualitative in its orientation and narrative in its implementation. It focused on an Intensive English Language Program (IELP) offered at an Ontario university. Using a holistic approach, the study sought to represent the various perspectives of all the participants in the program: the students, the instructors, and the administrators. Analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data gathered from 17 students, 6 instructors, and 1 administrator in the IELP showed that to a large extent the academic needs ofESL learners in the IELP were generally not being met. Most notably, the study found that learners were not receiving sufficient training in speaking and listening skills, a factor that contributed to their sense of insecurity and lack of confidence in their ability to communicate successfully in academic and social settings. The study also revealed that the solutions to many of the problems it identified lay not in the classroom but in the way the ESL program was structured administratively. One major recommendation to come out of the study is that programs like the IELP should be restructured so as to give them greater flexibility in meeting individual needs. While the study labored under certain limitations and did not achieve all of its goals, it did succeed in creating awareness ofthe problems and in establishing a methodological approach that can serve as a framework within which future research may be conducted in this somewhat neglected area.

Introduction to engineering : a case study of an interdisciplinary course in Mathematics, Science and Technology

This thesis research was a qualitative case study of a single class of Interdisciplinary Studies: Introduction to Engineering taught in a secondary school. The study endeavoured to explore students' experiences in and perceptions of the course, and to investigate the viability of engineering as an interdisciplinary theme at the secondary school level. Data were collected in the form of student questionnaires, the researcher's observations and reflections, and artefacts representative of students' work. Data analysis was performed by coding textual data and classifying text segments into common themes. The themes that emerged from the data were aligned with facets of interdisciplinary study, including making connections, project-based learning, and student engagement and affective outcomes. The findings of the study showed that students were positive about their experiences in the course, and enjoyed its project-driven nature. Content from mathematics, physics, and technological design was easily integrated under the umbrella of engineering. Students felt that the opportunity to develop problem solving and teamwork skills were two of the most important aspects of the course and could be relevant not only for engineering, but for other disciplines or their day-to-day lives after secondary school. The study concluded that engineering education in secondary school can be a worthwhile experience for a variety of students and not just those intending postsecondary study in engineering. This has implications for the inclusion of engineering in the secondary school curriculum and can inform the practice of curriculum planners at the school, school board, and provincial levels. Suggested directions for further research include classroom-based action research in the areas of technological education, engineering education in secondary school, and interdisciplinary education.

Peer-Led Team Learning as an Instructional Strategy for Secondary School Science

This study investigated the impact of an instructional learning strategy, peer-led team learning (PLTL), on secondary school students' conceptual understanding of biology concepts related to the topic of evolution. Using a mixed methods approach, data were gathered quantitatively through pre/posttesting using a repeated measures design and qualitatively through observations, questionnaires, and interviews. A repeated measures design was implemented to explore the impact of PLTL on students' understanding of concepts related to evolution and students' attitudes towards PLTL implementation. Results from quantitative data comparing pre/posttesting were not able to be compared through inferential statistics as a result of inconsistencies in the data due to a small sample size and design limitations; however, qualitative data identified positive attitudes towards the implementation of PLTL, with students reporting gains in conceptual understanding, academic achievement, and interdependent work ethic. Implications of these findings for learning, teaching, and the educational literature include understanding of student attitudes towards PLTL and insight into the role PLTL plays in improving conceptual understanding of biology concepts. Strategies are suggested to continue further research in the area of PLTL.

Automatic Inference of Graph Models for Complex Networks with Genetic Programming

Complex networks can arise naturally and spontaneously from all things that act as a part of a larger system. From the patterns of socialization between people to the way biological systems organize themselves, complex networks are ubiquitous, but are currently poorly understood. A number of algorithms, designed by humans, have been proposed to describe the organizational behaviour of real-world networks. Consequently, breakthroughs in genetics, medicine, epidemiology, neuroscience, telecommunications and the social sciences have recently resulted. The algorithms, called graph models, represent significant human effort. Deriving accurate graph models is non-trivial, time-intensive, challenging and may only yield useful results for very specific phenomena. An automated approach can greatly reduce the human effort required and if effective, provide a valuable tool for understanding the large decentralized systems of interrelated things around us. To the best of the author's knowledge this thesis proposes the first method for the automatic inference of graph models for complex networks with varied properties, with and without community structure. Furthermore, to the best of the author's knowledge it is the first application of genetic programming for the automatic inference of graph models. The system and methodology was tested against benchmark data, and was shown to be capable of reproducing close approximations to well-known algorithms designed by humans. Furthermore, when used to infer a model for real biological data the resulting model was more representative than models currently used in the literature.

Impact of a Youth Development Camp on Participants’ Skills, Attitudes, and Views Towards Science and Scientific Inquiry

This mixed-methods research study sought to determine the impact of an informal science camp—the Youth Science Inquiry Development Camp (YSIDC)—on participants’ science inquiry skills, through self-assessment, as well as their views and attitudes towards science and scientific inquiry. Pre and post data were collected using quantitative surveys (SPSI, CARS), a qualitative survey (VOSI-E), interviews, and researcher’s observations. Paired sample t-tests from the quantitative surveys revealed that the YSIDC positively impacted participants’ science inquiry skills and attitudes towards science. Interviews supported these findings and provided contextual reasons for these impacts. Implications from this research would suggest that informal and formal educational institutions can increase science inquiry skills and promote positive views and attitudes towards science and scientific inquiry by using non-competitive cooperative learning strategies with a mixture of guided and open inquiry. Suggested directions for further research include measuring science inquiry skills directly and conducting longitudinal studies to determine the lasting effects of informal and formal science programs.

Exploring the Current State of Grades 4 to 8 Science Education in Ontario

This study sought to explore the current state of Grades 4 to 8 science education in Ontario from the perspective of Junior/Intermediate (J/I) teachers. The study’s methodology was a sequential 2-phased mixed methods explanatory design denoted as QUAN (qual)  qual. Data were collected from an online survey and follow-up interviews. J/I teachers (N = 219) from 48 school boards in Ontario completed a survey that collected both quantitative and qualitative data. Interviewees were selected from the survey participant population (n = 6) to represent a range of teaching strategies, attitudes toward teaching science, and years of experience. Survey and interview questions inquired about teacher attitudes toward teaching science, academic and professional experiences, teaching strategies, support resources, and instructional time allotments. Quantitative data analyses involved the descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Qualitative data was coded inductively and deductively. Academic background in science was found to significantly influence teachers’ reported level of capability to teach science. The undergraduate degrees held by J/I science teachers were found to significantly influence their reported levels of capability to teach science. Participants identified a lack of time allocated for science instruction and inadequate equipment and facilities as major limitations on science instruction. Science in schools was reported to be of a “second-tiered” value to language and mathematics. Implications of this study include improving undergraduate and preservice experiences of elementary teachers by supporting their science content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge.

Étude de l’évolution des aptitudes physiques durant la réadaptation fonctionnelle intensive (RFI) chez les blessés médullaires traumatiques

La récupération optimale des amplitudes articulaires (AAs) et de la force musculaire est un objectif crucial de la réadaptation fonctionnelle intensive (RFI) à la suite d’une lésion médullaire (LM). Le but de la présente étude était de documenter les changements d’AAs des membres supérieurs durant la RFI chez des individus (n = 197) ayant subi une LM et d’établir le lien avec l’autonomie fonctionnelle. Les données (AA, force musculaire, spasticité, déficiences secondaires, autonomie fonctionnelle) ont été collectées à l’admission et au congé de la RFI. Des analyses descriptives, des tests d’association entre les changements d’AAs et des variables indépendantes (douleur, spasticité, déficiences secondaires, force) et des analyses multivariées ont été utilisées. Les individus ayant une paraplégie présentent peu de déficit d’AAs à l’épaule comparés à ceux ayant une tétraplégie. Parmi ces derniers, une majorité présente des AAs sous les valeurs de normalité en fin de RFI. Le groupe D, établi selon l’évaluation de l’American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA D) présente des pertes d’AAs plus importante qu’attendue. La douleur au niveau articulaire est un facteur influençant les changements d’AAs, particulièrement dans ce groupe. La force musculaire chez les personnes ayant une tétraplégie sévère (ASIA ABC) est plus faible que celle du groupe ayant une lésion moins sévère (ASIA D). Généralement, le gain de force corrèle avec le gain d’AA. La force musculaire, les AAs et le nombre de déficiences secondaires sont les principaux éléments influençant l’autonomie fonctionnelle. En conclusion, la perte d’AA est plus importante à l’articulation de l’épaule et, pour plusieurs individus, malgré un gain significatif, les AAs n’atteignent pas les valeurs de référence au congé de la RFI. La force musculaire et certaines déficiences secondaires sont des éléments à considérer pour expliquer les pertes d’AAs et d’autonomie fonctionnelle. Les études futures devront clarifier certains aspects dont l’atteinte de la rotation médiale qui semble montrer un patron différent de récupération en comparaison des autres mouvements de l’épaule. De plus, les études devront montrer si ces changements et résultats sont maintenus après le congé de la RFI.

Family members' perceptions of nurse caring behaviours in the intensive care unit

La présence de membres de la famille dans les milieux de soins critiques a augmentée graduellement au cours des dernières années. La présente recherche visait à décrire la perception que les membres de la famille avait eu à l’égard des comportements de caring des infirmières lors de leur visite aux soins intensifs. Plus spécifiquement, ce projet avait pour but d’explorer les différences entre les perceptions de membres de la famille dont le proche était hospitalisé pour une blessure traumatique versus une maladie grave non-traumatique. Les différences ont aussi été examinées selon certaines caractéristiques personnelles d’un membre de la famille soit leur genre, leur expérience antérieure de visites aux soins intensifs, leur âge et leur perception de la gravité du problème de santé de leur proche. Le cadre de référence de cette étude était basé sur les facteurs caratifs proposés par Watson (1985). L’importance et la satisfaction des membres de la famille à l’égard des comportements de caring de la part des infirmières ont été mesurées par les versions française et anglaise adaptées du Caring Behaviors Assessment (CBA) (Cronin & Harrison, 1988). Les données ont été analysées en utilisant les techniques d’analyse MANOVA et des tests de corrélation de Pearson. En général, les résultats indiquent que les membres de la famille rapportent des degrés d’importance et de satisfaction similaires selon que leur proche était hospitalisé pour une blessure traumatique ou une maladie grave non-traumatique. Peu de différences émergent selon les caractéristiques personnelles des membres de la famille. Un coefficient de corrélation significatif (0.36, p = 0.012) existe entre la perception des membres de la famille de la gravité du problème de santé, et l’importance de la dimension ‘réponses aux besoins’. Par ailleurs, les comportements de caring regroupés dans la dimension ‘réponses aux besoins’ ont été perçus comme étant les plus importants et les membres de familles étaient très satisfaits des comportements de caring des infirmières. Cette étude fournit des pistes pour l’enseignement, la clinique et la recherche et met en lumière la perception des membres de la famille des soins infirmiers humains chez des proches hospitalisés dans une unité de soins intensifs.

Efficient estimation using the characteristic function : theory and applications with high frequency data

The attached file is created with Scientific Workplace Latex

Technique de visualisation pour l’identification de l’usage excessif d’objets temporaires dans les traces d’exécution

De nos jours, les applications de grande taille sont développées à l’aide de nom- breux cadres d’applications (frameworks) et intergiciels (middleware). L’utilisation ex- cessive d’objets temporaires est un problème de performance commun à ces applications. Ce problème est appelé “object churn”. Identifier et comprendre des sources d’“object churn” est une tâche difficile et laborieuse, en dépit des récentes avancées dans les tech- niques d’analyse automatiques. Nous présentons une approche visuelle interactive conçue pour aider les développeurs à explorer rapidement et intuitivement le comportement de leurs applications afin de trouver les sources d’“object churn”. Nous avons implémenté cette technique dans Vasco, une nouvelle plate-forme flexible. Vasco se concentre sur trois principaux axes de con- ception. Premièrement, les données à visualiser sont récupérées dans les traces d’exécu- tion et analysées afin de calculer et de garder seulement celles nécessaires à la recherche des sources d’“object churn”. Ainsi, des programmes de grande taille peuvent être vi- sualisés tout en gardant une représentation claire et compréhensible. Deuxièmement, l’utilisation d’une représentation intuitive permet de minimiser l’effort cognitif requis par la tâche de visualisation. Finalement, la fluidité des transitions et interactions permet aux utilisateurs de garder des informations sur les actions accomplies. Nous démontrons l’efficacité de l’approche par l’identification de sources d’“object churn” dans trois ap- plications utilisant intensivement des cadres d’applications framework-intensive, inclu- ant un système commercial.

Articulated Model Registration of MRI/X-Ray Spine Data

This paper presents a method based on articulated models for the registration of spine data extracted from multimodal medical images of patients with scoliosis. With the ultimate aim being the development of a complete geometrical model of the torso of a scoliotic patient, this work presents a method for the registration of vertebral column data using 3D magnetic resonance images (MRI) acquired in prone position and X-ray data acquired in standing position for five patients with scoliosis. The 3D shape of the vertebrae is estimated from both image modalities for each patient, and an articulated model is used in order to calculate intervertebral transformations required in order to align the vertebrae between both postures. Euclidean distances between anatomical landmarks are calculated in order to assess multimodal registration error. Results show a decrease in the Euclidean distance using the proposed method compared to rigid registration and more physically realistic vertebrae deformations compared to thin-plate-spline (TPS) registration thus improving alignment.

L’égalité des sexes n’a rien à voir avec la science!

Cet article critique un livre récemment écrit dont l’objectif est de défendre l’égalité des sexes en niant l’existence de différences entre les femmes et les hommes. La première partie de l’article affirme que l’égalité des sexes est une valeur sociale qui ne se réduit pas au fait que les femmes et les hommes se distinguent à certains égards. Les chercheurs qui défendent leurs valeurs ou croyances personnelles à partir des recherches font un abus de pouvoir qui affecte à la fois leur crédibilité et celle de la science. La seconde partie démontre que les différences sexuelles mises à jour jusqu’à maintenant, parfois petites parfois grandes, méritent d’être mieux comprises, même si les hommes et les femmes ont davantage de points communs qu’ils ne présentent de différences. Les chercheurs tiennent rarement compte du contexte lorsqu’ils mesurent les différents traits et comparent des scores plutôt que de comparer les processus développementaux impliqués dans l’adaptation des femmes et des hommes à leur environnement. Les processus développementaux qu’il nous faut découvrir impliquent nécessairement une interaction entre l’environnement et les prédispositions biologiques.