Dietary Strategies to Optimize Wound Healing after Periodontal and Dental Implant Surgery: An Evidence-Based Review

Methods to optimize healing through dietary strategies present an attractive option for patients, such that healing from delicate oral surgeries occurs as optimally as possible with minimal patient-meditated complications through improper food choices. This review discusses findings from studies that have investigated the role of diet, either whole foods or individual dietary components, on periodontal health and their potential role in wound healing after periodontal surgery. To date, research in this area has largely focused on foods or individual dietary components that may attenuate inflammation or oxidant stress, or foster de novo bone formation. These studies suggest that a wide variety of dietary components, including macronutrients and micronutrients, are integral for optimal periodontal health and have the potential to accelerate oral wound healing after periodontal procedures. Moreover, this review provides guidance regarding dietary considerations that may help a patient achieve the best possible outcome after a periodontal procedure.

Teoría de las penas legales

UANL

Teoría de las recompensas

UANL

Táctica de las asambleas legislativas

UANL

Tratados de legislacion civil y penal

UANL

Nutrigenomics for Global Health: Ethical Challenges for Underserved Populations

Nutrigenomics covers disparate fields of nutrition science and has been defined in many different ways. In fact, this emerging field of science has multiple facets, many of which do not generate the same ethical issues. In particular, different ethical issues emerge concerning the extent to which nutrigenomics may actually improve global health, i.e., in terms of worldwide improvement of health, reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders. Nutrigenomics raises many hopes and expectations on that score. However it remains unclear and controversial whether nutrigenomics studies and their actual or potential applications will actually benefit developing countries and their populations. Different forces may drive the choice of research priorities and shape the claims that are made when communicating the goals or the results of nutrigenomics studies and applications. This article proposes to assess expectations and claims in nutrigenomics, with respect to their respective potential impact on global health and the ethical issues they raise. Nutrigenomics is and should be more than premature claims and much debated promises about personalized nutritional interventions on individuals. Beyond questionable commercial claims, nutrigenomics is also knowledge about and recognition of the considerable impacts of underfeeding and malnutrition on the genome (and epigenome) integrity and stability. As such, nutrigenomics research is a valuable opportunity to revive and give strength to the debate about the unacceptable consequences of hunger and malnutrition worldwide, and to support a newly and potentially significant convergence in research priorities that could benefit both developed and developing countries.

Non-Consequentialist Utilitarianism

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Les impacts des stratégies patronales antisyndicales sur l’organisation des travailleurs

L’utilisation de stratégies antisyndicales est un phénomène de plus en plus préconisé par l’acteur patronal (Bronfenbrenner, 2009b). Une piste d’explication de cette croissance serait liée à l’idéologie de gestion se basant sur une amertume inhérente à l’idée de partager le pouvoir avec une tierce partie représentant des travailleurs (Dundon et al., 2006). Dans le but de faire régner cette idéologie et de conserver un environnement de travail sans présence syndicale, des multinationales se sont même positionnées ouvertement contre la syndicalisation, que l’on pense à Wal-Mart, Mc Donald’s ou Disney (Dundon et al., 2006). Avec cette puissance que les multinationales détiennent actuellement, il ne fait nul doute qu’elles exercent une influence auprès des dirigeants des plus petites entreprises (Dundon et al., 2006), ce qui pourrait expliquer ce recours accru aux stratégies antisyndicales, que ce soit avant ou après l’accréditation syndicale. Mais qu’en est-il de l’antisyndicalisme de l’acteur patronal en sol canadien? Pour certains, les employeurs canadiens pratiqueraient davantage une stratégie d’acceptation du syndicalisme comparativement à nos voisins du sud à cause notamment de la plus forte présence syndicale historique dans le système des relations industrielles canadien, des tactiques syndicales canadiennes différentes (Thomason & Pozzebon, 1998) et des lois encadrant davantage les droits d’association et de négociation collective (Boivin, 2010; Thomason & Pozzebon, 1998). Des travaux montrent cependant une réelle volonté de la part des employeurs canadiens à avoir recours à des stratégies d’opposition à la syndicalisation (Bentham, 2002; Martinello & Yates, 2002; Riddell, 2001). Selon les auteurs Martinello et Yates (2002), six pour cent (6 %) des employeurs ontariens couverts dans le cadre de leur étude n’auraient adopté aucune tactique pour éviter ou éliminer le syndicat : quatre-vingt-quatorze pour cent (94 %) des employeurs couverts ont ainsi utilisé différentes tactiques pour s’opposer au syndicalisme. C’est donc dire que l’opposition patronale face au mouvement syndical révélée par l’utilisation de diverses stratégies antisyndicales est aussi présente chez les employeurs canadiens. Peu d’études canadiennes et québécoises ont pourtant enrichi la littérature au sujet de ce phénomène. De manière générale, les travaux effectués sur la question, anglo-saxons et surtout américains, font principalement état du type de stratégies ainsi que de leur fréquence d’utilisation et proposent souvent une méthodologie basée sur une recension des décisions des tribunaux compétents en la matière ou l’enquête par questionnaire. Face à ces constats, nous avons visé à contribuer à la littérature portant sur les stratégies antisyndicales et nous avons construit un modèle d’analyse nous permettant de mieux cerner leurs effets sur les travailleurs et les syndicats. Notre recherche se démarque également de la littérature de par les démarches méthodologiques qu’elle propose. Nous avons en effet réalisé une recherche de nature qualitative, plus spécifiquement une étude de cas d’une entreprise multiétablissement du secteur du commerce au détail. Notre modèle d’analyse nous permet de dégager des constats quant aux effets de l’utilisation des stratégies patronales antisyndicales auprès des travailleurs visés et du syndicat visé, que ce soit sur les intérêts individuels, les intérêts collectifs ainsi que sur les intérêts du syndicat tels que proposés par Slinn (2008b). Également, nous cherchions à comprendre dans quelle mesure les stratégies antisyndicales contribuent à diminuer (effet paralysant) ou à augmenter (effet rebond) la propension à la syndicalisation des travailleurs visés par les stratégies, tout en tenant compte de la propension des travailleurs d’autres succursales qui n’étaient pas visés directement par cette utilisation (effet d’entraînement). Pour atteindre nos objectifs de recherche, nous avons procédé en trois phases. La phase 1 a permis de faire la recension de la littérature et de formuler des propositions théoriques à vérifier sur le terrain. La phase 2 a permis de procéder à la collecte de données grâce aux entrevues semi-dirigées réalisées à deux niveaux d’analyse : auprès de représentants syndicaux et de travailleurs. Au cours de la phase 3, nous avons procédé à la retranscription des entrevues effectuées et nous avons analysé les principaux résultats obtenus. La méthode de l’appariement logique (Yin, 2009) a été utilisée pour comparer les phénomènes observés (données issues du terrain) aux phénomènes prédits (constats de la littérature et propositions théoriques). À la suite de la réalisation de la phase 3, nous constatons que la campagne de peur a été celle qui a été la plus utilisée en réaction à la menace de présence syndicale avec les tactiques dites coercitives qui la composent : la fermeture de deux succursales, un discours devant un auditoire captif, la diffusion d’une vidéo interne, etc. De ce fait, un sentiment de peur généralisé (86 % des répondants) s’attaquant aux intérêts collectifs a été perçu à la suite de l’utilisation des tactiques antisyndicales. Par conséquent, nous avons pu observer l’effet de ces tactiques sur les travailleurs visés et sur le syndicat : elles auraient en effet gelé la propension de travailleurs d’autres succursales à se syndiquer (64 % des répondants) et donc freiné la campagne syndicale en cours. Nous constatons également que bon nombre de tactiques ont été déployées à la suite de l’accréditation syndicale en s’attaquant aux intérêts individuels. Mentionnons, pour n’en citer que quelques-uns, que les travailleurs feraient face à une plus forte discipline (72 % des répondants), qu’ils seraient victimes d’intimidation ou de menaces (80 % des répondants) et que ces tactiques provoquèrent des démissions à cause de l’ambiance de travail alourdie (50 % des répondants).

Three Component Mannich Reaction and 1,5-Benzodiazepine Synthesis Catalyzed by a Tetranitrile-Silver Complex

This manuscript describes the first example of silver ion complex of a dendritic tetranitrile ligand catalyzed one-pot three component Mannich reaction and 1,5-benzodiazepine synthesis. The catalyst can be separated from the products by a change in the solvent. The catalyst is reusable.

Economic evaluation of proposed pure and mixed stands in Central Vietnam highlands

In comparison with mixed forest stands, the cultivation of pure plantations in Vietnam entails serious ecological consequences such as loss of biodiversity and higher rate of soil erosion. The economic evaluation is elaborated between pure plantations and mixed forests where the fast-growing tree species are mixed with slow growing tree species which are planted in stripes separating the segments with fast-growing tree species (Acacia sp.). For the evaluation, the input values were used from local costs of goods, services and labour. The results show that the internal rate of return is the highest in the case of pure plantation in comparison with mixed forests – 86% to 77%(first planting pattern: Acacia sp. + noble hardwood species) and 54% (second planting pattern: Acacia + Dipterocarpus sp. + Sindora sp.). The average profit per hectare and year is almost five times higher in the case of mixed stands. The first planting pattern reaches 2,650 $, the second planting pattern 2,280 $ and the pure acacia plantation only 460 $. From an economic point of view, the cultivation of mixed forests that corresponds to the principles of sustainable forestry generates a good economical profit while maintaining habitat complexity and biodiversity.

The role of ligneous vegetation for livestock nutrition in the sub-Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa: Potential effects of climate change

Climate change and variability in sub-Saharan West Africa is expected to have negative consequences for crop and livestock farming due to the strong dependence of these sectors on rainfall and natural resources, and the low adaptive capacity of crops farmers, agro-pastoralist and pastoralists in the region. The objective of this PhD research was to investigate the anticipated impacts of expected future climate change and variability on nutrition and grazing management of livestock in the prevailing extensive agro-pastoral and pastoral systems of the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Burkina Faso. To achieve this, three studies were undertaken in selected village territories (100 km² each) in the southern Sahelian (Taffogo), northern Sudanian (Nobere, Safane) and southern Sudanian (Sokouraba) zone of the country during 2009 and 2010. The choice of two villages in the northern Sudanian zone was guided by the dichotomy between intense agricultural land use and high population density near Safane, and lower agricultural land use in the tampon zone between the village of Nobere and the National Park Kaboré Tambi of Pô. Using global positioning and geographical information systems tools, the spatio-temporal variation in the use of grazing areas by cattle, sheep and goats, and in their foraging behaviour in the four villages was assessed by monitoring three herds each per species during a one-year cycle (Chapter 2). Maximum itinerary lengths (km/d) were observed in the hot dry season (March-May); they were longer for sheep (18.8) and cattle (17.4) than for goats (10.5, p<0.05). Daily total grazing time spent on pasture ranged from 6 - 11 h with cattle staying longer on pasture than small ruminants (p<0.05). Feeding time accounted for 52% - 72% of daily time on pasture, irrespective of species. Herds spent longer time on pasture and walked farther distances in the southern Sahelian than the two Sudanian zones (p<0.01), while daily feeding time was longer in the southern Sudanian than in the other two zones (p>0.05). Proportional time spent resting decreased from the rainy (June - October) to the cool (November - February) and hot dry season (p<0.05), while in parallel the proportion of walking time increased. Feeding time of all species was to a significantly high proportion spent on wooded land (tree crown cover 5-10%, or shrub cover >10%) in the southern Sahelian zone, and on forest land (tree crown cover >10%) in the two Sudanian zones, irrespective of season. It is concluded that with the expansion of cropland in the whole region, remaining islands of wooded land, including also fields fallowed for three or more years with their considerable shrub cover, are particularly valuable pasturing areas for ruminant stock. Measures must be taken that counteract the shrinking of wooded land and forests across the whole region, including also active protection and (re)establishment of drought-tolerant fodder trees. Observation of the selection behaviour of the above herds of cattle and small ruminant as far as browse species were concerned, and interviews with 75 of Fulani livestock keepers on use of browse as feed by their ruminant stock and as remedies for animal disease treatment was undertaken (Chapter 3) in order to evaluate the consequence of climate change for the contribution of browse to livestock nutrition and animal health in the extensive grazing-based livestock systems. The results indicated that grazing cattle and small ruminants do make considerable use of browse species on pasture across the studied agro-ecological zones. Goats spent more time (p<0.01) feeding on browse species than sheep and cattle, which spent a low to moderate proportion of their feeding time on browsing in any of the study sites. As far as the agro-ecological zones were concerned, the contribution of browse species to livestock nutrition was more important in the southern Sahelian and northern Sudanian zone than the southern Sudanian zone, and this contribution is higher during the cold and hot dry season than during the rainy season. A total of 75 browse species were selected on pasture year around, whereby cattle strongly preferred Afzelia africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Piliostigma sp., while sheep and goats primarily fed on Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus mauritiana and Acacia sp. Crude protein concentration (in DM) of pods or fruits of the most important browse species selected by goats, sheep and cattle ranged from 7% to 13% for pods, and from 10% to 18% for foliage. The concentration of digestible organic matter of preferred browse species mostly ranged from 40% to 60%, and the concentrations of total phenols, condensed tannins and acid detergent lignin were low. Linear regression analyses showed that browse preference on pasture is strongly related to its contents (% of DM) of CP, ADF, NDF and OM digestibility. Interviewed livestock keepers reported that browse species are increasingly use by their grazing animals, while for animal health care use of tree- and shrub-based remedies decreased over the last two decades. It is concluded that due to climate change with expected negative impact on the productivity of the herbaceous layer of communal pastures browse fodder will gain in importance for animal nutrition. Therefore re-establishment and dissemination of locally adapted browse species preferred by ruminants is needed to increase the nutritional situation of ruminant stock in the region and contribute to species diversity and soil fertility restoration in degraded pasture areas. In Chapter 4 a combination of household surveys and participatory research approaches was used in the four villages, and additionally in the village of Zogoré (southern Sahelian zone) and of Karangasso Vigué (northern Sudanian zone) to investigate pastoralists’ (n= 76) and agro-pastoralists’ (n= 83) perception of climate change, and their adaptation strategies in crop and livestock production at farm level. Across the three agro-ecological zones, the majority of the interviewees perceived an increase in maximum day temperatures and decrease of total annual rainfall over the last two decades. Perceptions of change in climate patterns were in line with meteorological data for increased temperatures while for total rainfall farmers’ views contrasted the rainfall records which showed a slight increase of precipitation. According to all interviewees climate change and variability have negative impacts on their crop and animal husbandry, and most of them already adopted some coping and adaptation strategies at farm level to secure their livelihoods and reduce negative impacts on their farming system. Although these strategies are valuable and can help crop and livestock farmers to cope with the recurrent droughts and climate variability, they are not effective against expected extreme climate events. Governmental and non-governmental organisations should develop effective policies and strategies at local, regional and national level to support farmers in their endeavours to cope with climate change phenomena; measures should be site-specific and take into account farmers’ experiences and strategies already in place.

Experimentation and Stages of Acquisition for Tobacco Consumption in Spanish Adolescents

One area which has been largely neglected when studying the acquisition of addiction to smoking with the transtheoretical model is whether the individual had previously experimented with smoking. The importance of including the experimentation variable was supported by this research

La valoración de la prueba testimonial; el paradigmático caso del Coronel Luis Alfonso Plazas Vega

De acuerdo a la coyuntura social por la que atraviesa actualmente la administración de justicia colombiana, en cuanto a la proliferación de injusticias y errores judiciales causados por la valoración probatoria positiva de los falsos testigos, nace nuestro estudio y la respectiva crítica a la estimación superficial que se realiza a la prueba testimonial por parte de algunos de nuestros jueces, y la aceptación sin mayor control que efectúa la Fiscalía General de la Nación. En ese sentido, se realiza una exhaustiva pero concisa investigación al respecto de todos y cada uno de los factores relevantes a la hora de valorar al deponente y su testimonio como medio probatorio, de suerte que establece los diferentes requisitos formales y sustanciales de los cuales debe gozar, tanto el testigo como su declaración, para que puedan ser tomados en cuenta a la hora de tomar una decisión judicial en materia penal. Con base en lo anterior, nuestra monografía consta de una parte teórica y una parte teóricopractica, en la cual se tomó como ejemplo principal, el paradigmático caso del Coronel ® Luis Alfonso Plazas Vega, toda vez que es un proceso que actualmente se encuentra en sede de casación, y aun no tiene un pronunciamiento definitivo por parte de la honorable Corte Suprema de Justicia, por lo cual es posible realizar una crítica constructiva y propia en lo que concierne a la valoración de la prueba testimonial, en el entendido en que no existe una decisión inequívoca. Finalmente, lo que se pretende con este trabajo es explicar de una manera sencilla y de fácil entendimiento la labor que deben realizar los jueces de la República y la Fiscalía, que aunque no es la que toma la decisión, también debería realizar un mínima valoración, o por lo menos una verificación al momento de aportar y darle credibilidad a testigos que son favorables a su teoría del caso. De forma tal que, la administración de justicia debe llevar a cabo una valoración probatoria, específicamente encaminada al estándar probatorio que se le debe atribuir al testimonio, teniendo en cuenta los factores externos e internos que afecten la declaración, y por los cuales se vea influenciada la misma; todo esto, con el fin de evitar los errores judiciales que se han generado a lo largo de nuestra historia, los cuales han conllevado a innumerables injusticias creando gran polémica y un desasosiego por parte de la sociedad civil.

La influencia de León Duguit en la reforma social de 1936 en Colombia: El sistema jurídico, la función social de la propiedad y la teoría de los servicios públicos

El documento muestra la sólida influencia de la corriente doctrinal del profesor francés León Duguit (1859 – 1928), en la reforma constitucional colombiana de 1936, desde tres perspectivas: El sistema jurídico, la función social de la propiedad y los servicios públicos. Para el primer tercio del siglo XX, en Colombia, al igual que sucedía en Norteamérica y los países europeos que encauzaban nuestra tradición jurídica, las tesis individualistas sobre el modelo de Estado y el derecho, habían envejecido, y se planteaban nuevas interpretaciones del sistema jurídico imperante y del papel del Estado en la sociedad, en Colombia, el francés, León Duguit secundaría de manera decisiva, aunque no exclusiva, tal proceso.

Medidas de sintomas depressivos em idosos: relações com variáveis sociodemográficas

Fundamentação: Considerando a prevalência da depressão em pessoas idosas, torna-se importante conhecer mais sobre as manifestações de sintomas depressivos nessa fase da vida. Objetivo: Este estudo se propôs a verificar possíveis relações entre medidas de sintomas depressivos, considerando as variáveis sexo e idade em idosos. Método: Fizeram parte do estudo 183 idosos, divididos em dois grupos, G1 - asilares, e G2- nãoasilares praticantes de atividades físicas. Após eliminar os participantes com indicador de demência por meio do Exame Mental Mini-Mental- MMSE e outros critérios de inclusão da amostra, restaram 69 participantes, nos quais foram aplicadas a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica – GDS e a Escala Baptista de Depressão em Idosos - EBADEP -I. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram um índice de correlação excelente entre as duas medidas e pouca variação quando controlados sexo e idade. Na amostra pesquisada os homens apresentaram escores maiores nas duas medidas, bem como os idosos asilados e os acima de 75 anos.