Lanthanum-lithium-sodium double chromates as ionic conductors

Lanthanum-lithium-sodium double chromates Li1-xNaxLa(CrO4)2 were prepared and analysed by means of admittance spectroscopy. Their a.c. conductivity parameters are correlated with structural details of high and low temperature forms of pure lanthanum-lithium double chromates. Lithium compounds show the lowest conductivity values and the highest activation energy for ion motion, while the sample Li0.5Na0.5La(CrO4)2 exhibits the highest conductivity 10-5 S cm-1 and the lowest activation energy 0.58 eV.

S-, P-, and D-wave resonances in positronium-lithium-atom scattering

We investigate ortho-positronium-lithium-atom (Ps-Li) scattering using static-exchange and three-Ps-state coupled-channel calculations. The present three-PS-state scheme, while closely agreeing with the resonance and binding energies in the Ps-H system, predicts S-, P-, and D-wave resonances at 4.25 eV, 4.9 eV, and, 5.25 eV. respectively, in the electronic spin-singlet channel of Ps-Li scattering. The present calculation also yields a Ps-Li binding in this attractive singlet channel with an approximate binding energy of 0.218 eV, which is in adherence with the recent findings of a chemically stable PsLi system using stocastic variational and quantum Monte Carlo calculations. We further report elastic, Ps(2s)-, and Ps(2p)-excitation cross sections at low to medium energies (0.068-30 eV).

X-ray-induced conductivity in iron-doped lithium niobate crystals

Illumination of photorefractive, iron-doped lithium niobate crystals (LiNbO 3:Fe) with x-rays generates a conductivity that we determine from the speed of hologram erasure. The doping levels of the crystals and the acceleration voltage of our x-ray tube are varied. A theoretical model is presented, which describes the obtained results. A decrease of the conductivity with increasing Fe 2+ concentration can be explained by assuming that holes are the dominant charge carriers for this short-wavelength illumination.

Effect of lithium doping on the evolution of rheological and structural properties during gelation of siloxane-poly(oxypropylene) nanocomposites

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Measurement of orthovoltage X-ray intensity with a lithium niobate transducer

A microcontrolled instrument for measuring the energy fluence rate (or intensity) of X-ray pulses in the orthovoltage range of 120 to 300 kV is described. The prototype instrument consists of a pyroelectric sensor, a low-noise highsensitivity current-to-voltage converter, a microcontroller and a digital display. The response of the instrument is nonlinear with the intensity of the radiation. The precision is better than 3%. The equipment is inexpensive, rugged, simple to construct and has good long-term stability. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.

Effect of hydrofluoric acid etching duration on the roughness and flexural strength of a lithium disilicate-based glass ceramic

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different acid etching times on the surface roughness and flexural strength of a lithium disilicate-based glass ceramic. Ceramic bar-shaped specimens (16 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm) were produced from ceramic blocks. All specimens were polished and sonically cleaned in distilled water. Specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=15). Group A (control) no treatment. Groups B-E were etched with 4.9% hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 4 different etching periods: 20 s, 60 s, 90 s and 180 s, respectively. Etched surfaces were observed under scanning electron microscopy. Surface profilometry was used to examine the roughness of the etched ceramic surfaces, and the specimens were loaded to failure using a 3-point bending test to determine the flexural strength. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). All etching periods produced significantly rougher surfaces than the control group (p<0.05). Roughness values increased with the increase of the etching time. The mean flexural strength values were (MPa): A=417 ± 55; B=367 ± 68; C=363 ± 84; D=329 ± 70; and E=314 ± 62. HF etching significantly reduced the mean flexural strength as the etching time increased (p=0.003). In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that the increase of HF etching time affected the surface roughness and the flexural strength of a lithium disilicate-based glass ceramic, confirming the study hypothesis.

Stress distribution in ceramic restorations over natural tooth using finite element analysis. lithium disilicate x aluminum oxide material

Background: Data on stress distribution in tooth-restoration interface with different ceramic restorative materials are limited. The aim of this chapter was to assess the stress distribution in the interface of ceramic restorations with laminate veneer or full-coverage crown with two different materials (lithium dissilicate and densely sintered aluminum oxide) under different loading areas through finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: Six two-dimensional finite element models were fabricated with different restorations on natural tooth: laminate veneer (IPS Empress, IPS Empress Esthetic and Procera AllCeram) or full-coverage crown (IPS e.max Press and Procera AllCeram). Two different loading areas (L) (50N) were also determined: palatal surface at 45° in relation to the long axis of tooth (L1) and perpendicular to the incisal edge (L2). A model with higid natural tooth was used as control. von Mises equivalent stress (σ vM) and maximum principal stress (σ max) were obtained on Ansys software. Results: The presence of ceramic restoration increased σ vM and σ max in the adhesive interface, mainly for the aluminum oxide (Procera AllCeram system) restorations. The full-coverage crowns generated higher stress in the adhesive interface under L1 while the same result was observed for the laminate veneers under L2. Conclusions: Lithium dissilicate and densely sintered aluminum oxide restorations exhibit different behavior due to different mechanical properties and loading conditions. © 2011 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Estudo da dopagem no óxido de manganês tipo espinélio nanoestruturado no desempenho de um sensor potenciométrico para íons lítio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Governance of strategic minerals in Latin America: the case of Lithium

The objectives of this report are twofold: The first is to provide an integrated overview of the governance of strategic minerals in the Latin American and Caribbean region, focused on sharing the economic-resource rent. The second objective is to provide a context for the policy proposal of the Chilean National Lithium Commission (NLC. The collected data, and information, on the various fiscal regimes can be used as a reference for further research. The objectives in this report are met by analyzing distinct aspects of strategic mineral governance, in three different parts. The lithium-industry serves as a case study for this report, as an example of a strategic mineral.

Effect of Resin Cement Type on the Microtensile Bond Strength to Lithium Disilicate Ceramic and Dentin Using Different Test Assemblies

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Propiedades Eléctricas en Membranas de Complejos Electrolitos Poliméricos PVA-OH/LI2SO4/PEG400

Lithium ion conducting polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA-OH) complexed with salt Li2SO4 and different weight percent ratios of PEG(400) plasticizer have been prepared by solution cast technique using deionized water as solvent. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the thermal stability of the materials depended on the plasticizer content. The FTIR study confirmed the polymer salt complex formation. The modulus spectra indicated the non-Debye nature of the material; a dominant relaxation process is visible being associated with the dynamic glass transition, relaxation-a. The maximum of each peak is shifted to higher frequencies as the plasticizer increases due to an enhancement of dipolar mobility in the origin of cooperative motions. A power law frequency dependence of the real part of the electrical conductivity is observed, which is characteristic of the effects of ion-ion and/or ion-chain correlations in ion motion. This variation is well fitted to a Jonscher's expression.

Perfil econômico do lítio nos países sulamericanos e consumo mundial

The lithium industry has changed and the producers of lithium carbonate form South America play a dominant role in the world. This paper discusses the South American geological resources, production and producers of lithium considering the potential growth in lithium consumption for electric vehicle batteries. Taking into account the manufacturing companies and their external connections, their participation in corporate groups and the international market for the stocks of metal, in addition to facts and updates that affect this market and its key growth trends. This inventory of the most important reserves takes into account the geological context of the formation of these deposits, including a description of the types of deposits exploited in the world today. Besides the general description was made a brief description of the South American resources, more exploited by the media (Salar de Atacama, Salar de Hombre Muerto, Salar de Uyuni) and Pegmatites of Província Pegmatítica Oriental do Brasil and Província Seridó-Borborema).

Effects of lithium on the proliferation and migration of neuroblasts in the rostral migratory stream in adult mice

The discovery of neurogenesis in adult brains opened the possibility of cellular therapy strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Neurogenesis in the adult brain occurs in two areas: subgranular zone of the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. Neurons that originate from the SVZ migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) through the rostral migratory stream (RMS). In Alzheimer’s disease, there is a progressive neuronal dysfunction and degeneration, resulting in brain atrophy and cognitive impairments including olfactory dysfunction. Several studies have demonstrated that pharmacological treatment with lithium exerts positive effects on adult neurogenesis, and one pathway seems to be the modulation of factors that regulate the migration of neuroblasts. The objective of this study was to investigate whether treatment with lithium promotes the increase of migratory neuroblasts using as parameter the RMS. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into control and lithium-treated groups. The animals were treated for 6 weeks and, at four different time points, i.e., 10 days, 7 days, 3 days and 1 day before the end of treatments, they received an injection of BrdU (cell proliferation marker). The animals were sacrificed by perfusion fixation and the brains were immunohistochemically labeled for BrdU for analysis of migrating neuroblasts in the RMS. The results showed that the number of BrdU+ cells in the RMS was not significantly different between the two groups, suggesting that lithium, alone, is not capable of increasing the number of neuroblasts migrating from the SVZ to the OB

Surface degradation of lithium disilicate ceramic after immersion in acid and fluoride solutions

Purpose: To analyze whether immersion in sodium fluoride (NaF) solutions and/or common acidic beverages (test solutions) would affect the surface roughness or topography of lithium disilicate ceramic. Methods: 220 ceramic discs were divided into four groups, each of which was subdivided into five subgroups (n = 11). Control group discs were immersed in one of four test beverages for 4 hours daily or in artificial saliva for 21 days. Discs in the experimental groups were continuously immersed in 0.05% NaF, 0.2% NaF, or 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel for 12, 73, and 48 hours, respectively, followed by immersion in one of the four test beverages or artificial saliva. Vickers microhardness, surface roughness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) associated with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) assessments were made. Data were analyzed by nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05). Results: Immersion in the test solutions diminished the microhardness and increased the surface roughness of the discs. The test beverages promoted a significant reduction in the Vickers microhardness in the 0.05% and 0.2% NaF groups. The highest surface roughness results were observed in the 0.2% NaF and 1.23% APF groups, with similar findings by SEM and AFM. Acidic beverages affected the surface topography of lithium disilicate ceramic. Fluoride treatments may render the ceramic surface more susceptible to the chelating effect of acidic solutions.

Effect of lithium on behavioral disinhibition induced by electrolytic lesion of the median raphe nucleus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)