Lepstospira interrogans shotgun phage display identified LigB as a heparin-binding protein

LigB is an adhesin from pathogenic Leptospira that is able to bind to extracellular matrix and is considered a virulence factor. A shotgun phage display genomic library was constructed and used for panning against Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan (HSPG). A phage clone encoding part of LigB protein was selected in panning experiments and showed specific binding to heparin. To validate the selected clone, fragments of LigB were produced as recombinant proteins and showed affinity to heparin and to mammalian cells. Heparin was also able to reduce the binding of rLB-Ct to mammalian cells. Our data suggests that the glycosaminoglycan moiety of the HSPG is responsible for its binding and could mediate the attachment of the recombinant protein rLB-Ct. Thus, heparin may act as a receptor for Leptospira to colonize and to invade the host tissue. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Molecular evolution of a malaria resistance gene (DARC) in primates

Genes involved in host-pathogen interactions are often strongly affected by positive natural selection. The Duffy antigen, coded by the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) gene, serves as a receptor for Plasmodium vivax in humans and for Plasmodium knowlesi in some nonhuman primates. In the majority of sub-Saharan Africans, a nucleic acid variant in GATA-1 of the gene promoter is responsible for the nonexpression of the Duffy antigen on red blood cells and consequently resistance to invasion by P. vivax. The Duffy antigen also acts as a receptor for chemokines and is expressed in red blood cells and many other tissues of the body. Because of this dual role, we sequenced a 3,000-bp region encompassing the entire DARC gene as well as part of its 5' and 3' flanking regions in a phylogenetic sample of primates and used statistical methods to evaluate the nature of selection pressures acting on the gene during its evolution. We analyzed both coding and regulatory regions of the DARC gene. The regulatory analysis showed accelerated rates of substitution at several sites near known motifs. Our tests of positive selection in the coding region using maximum likelihood by branch sites and maximum likelihood by codon sites did not yield statistically significant evidence for the action of positive selection. However, the maximum likelihood test in which the gene was subdivided into different structural regions showed that the known binding region for P. vivax/P. knowlesi is under very different selective pressures than the remainder of the gene. In fact, most of the gene appears to be under strong purifying selection, but this is not evident in the binding region. We suggest that the binding region is under the influence of two opposing selective pressures, positive selection possibly exerted by the parasite and purifying selection exerted by chemokines.

Relaxation of Adaptive Evolution during the HIV-1 Infection Owing to Reduction of CD4+T Cell Counts

Background: The first stages of HIV-1 infection are essential to establish the diversity of virus population within host. It has been suggested that adaptation to host cells and antibody evasion are the leading forces driving HIV evolution at the initial stages of AIDS infection. In order to gain more insights on adaptive HIV-1 evolution, the genetic diversity was evaluated during the infection time in individuals contaminated by the same viral source in an epidemic cluster. Multiple sequences of V3 loop region of the HIV-1 were serially sampled from four individuals: comprising a single blood donor, two blood recipients, and another sexually infected by one of the blood recipients. The diversity of the viral population within each host was analyzed independently in distinct time points during HIV-1 infection. Results: Phylogenetic analysis identified multiple HIV-1 variants transmitted through blood transfusion but the establishing of new infections was initiated by a limited number of viruses. Positive selection (d(N)/d(S)>1) was detected in the viruses within each host in all time points. In the intra-host viruses of the blood donor and of one blood recipient, X4 variants appeared respectively in 1993 and 1989. In both patients X4 variants never reached high frequencies during infection time. The recipient, who X4 variants appeared, developed AIDS but kept narrow and constant immune response against HIV-1 during the infection time. Conclusion: Slowing rates of adaptive evolution and increasing diversity in HIV-1 are consequences of the CD4+ T cells depletion. The dynamic of R5 to X4 shift is not associated with the initial amplitude of humoral immune response or intensity of positive selection.

The antimicrobial effect of new and conventional endodontic irrigants on intra-orally infected dentin

Objectives. To evaluate if the incorporation of antimicrobial compounds to chelating agents or the use of chelating agents with antimicrobial activity as 7% maleic acid and peracetic acid show similar disinfection ability in comparison to conventional irrigants as sodium hypochlorite or iodine potassium iodide against biofilms developed on dentin. Materials and methods. The total bio-volume of live cells, the ratio of live cells and the substratum coverage of dentin infected intra-orally and treated with the irrigant solutions: MTAD, Qmix, Smear Clear, 7% maleic acid, 2% iodine potassium iodide, 4% peracetic acid, 2.5% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite was measured by using confocal microscopy and the live/dead technique. Five samples were used for each irrigant solution. Results. Several endodontic irrigants containing antimicrobials as clorhexidine (Qmix), cetrimide (Smear Clear), maleic acid, iodine compounds or antibiotics (MTAD) lacked an effective antibiofilm activity when the dentin was infected intra-orally. The irrigant solutions 4% peracetic acid and 2.5–5.25% sodium hypochlorite decrease significantly the number of live bacteria in biofilms, providing also cleaner dentin surfaces (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Several chelating agents containing antimicrobials could not remove nor kill significantly biofilms developed on intra-orally infected dentin, with the exception of sodium hypochlorite and 4% peracetic acid. Dissolution ability is mandatory for an appropriate eradication of biofilms attached to dentin.

Signal transduction in Plasmodium-Red Blood Cells interactions and in cytoadherence

Malaria is responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths each year, especially among children (Snow et al. 2005). Despite of the severity of malaria situation and great effort to the development of new drug targets (Yuan et al. 2011) there is still a relative low investment toward antimalarial drugs. Briefly there are targets classes of antimalarial drugs currently being tested including: kinases, proteases, ion channel of GPCR, nuclear receptor, among others (Gamo et al. 2010). Here we review malaria signal transduction pathways in Red Blood Cells (RBC) as well as infected RBCs and endothelial cells interactions, namely cytoadherence. The last process is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. The molecules displayed on the surface of both infected erythrocytes (IE) and vascular endothelial cells (EC) exert themselves as important mediators in cytoadherence, in that they not only induce structural and metabolic changes on both sides, but also trigger multiple signal transduction processes, leading to alteration of gene expression, with the balance between positive and negative regulation determining endothelial pathology during a malaria infection.

Impatto di rifaximina sul microbiota intestinale: selezione di bifidobatteri antibiotico resistenti

The ideal approach for the long term treatment of intestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is represented by a safe and well tolerated therapy able to reduce mucosal inflammation and maintain homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. A combined therapy with antimicrobial agents, to reduce antigenic load, and immunomodulators, to ameliorate the dysregulated responses, followed by probiotic supplementation has been proposed. Because of the complementary mechanisms of action of antibiotics and probiotics, a combined therapeutic approach would give advantages in terms of enlargement of the antimicrobial spectrum, due to the barrier effect of probiotic bacteria, and limitation of some side effects of traditional chemiotherapy (i.e. indiscriminate decrease of aggressive and protective intestinal bacteria, altered absorption of nutrient elements, allergic and inflammatory reactions). Rifaximin (4-deoxy-4’-methylpyrido[1’,2’-1,2]imidazo[5,4-c]rifamycin SV) is a product of synthesis experiments designed to modify the parent compound, rifamycin, in order to achieve low gastrointestinal absorption while retaining good antibacterial activity. Both experimental and clinical pharmacology clearly show that this compound is a non systemic antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antibacterial action, covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, both aerobes and anaerobes. Being virtually non absorbed, its bioavailability within the gastrointestinal tract is rather high with intraluminal and faecal drug concentrations that largely exceed the MIC values observed in vitro against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. The gastrointestinal tract represents therefore the primary therapeutic target and gastrointestinal infections the main indication. The little value of rifaximin outside the enteric area minimizes both antimicrobial resistance and systemic adverse events. Fermented dairy products enriched with probiotic bacteria have developed into one of the most successful categories of functional foods. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” (FAO/WHO, 2002), and mainly include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Probiotic bacteria exert a direct effect on the intestinal microbiota of the host and contribute to organoleptic, rheological and nutritional properties of food. Administration of pharmaceutical probiotic formula has been associated with therapeutic effects in treatment of diarrhoea, constipation, flatulence, enteropathogens colonization, gastroenteritis, hypercholesterolemia, IBD, such as ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease, pouchitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Prerequisites for probiotics are to be effective and safe. The characteristics of an effective probiotic for gastrointestinal tract disorders are tolerance to upper gastrointestinal environment (resistance to digestion by enteric or pancreatic enzymes, gastric acid and bile), adhesion on intestinal surface to lengthen the retention time, ability to prevent the adherence, establishment and/or replication of pathogens, production of antimicrobial substances, degradation of toxic catabolites by bacterial detoxifying enzymatic activities, and modulation of the host immune responses. This study was carried out using a validated three-stage fermentative continuous system and it is aimed to investigate the effect of rifaximin on the colonic microbial flora of a healthy individual, in terms of bacterial composition and production of fermentative metabolic end products. Moreover, this is the first study that investigates in vitro the impact of the simultaneous administration of the antibiotic rifaximin and the probiotic B. lactis BI07 on the intestinal microbiota. Bacterial groups of interest were evaluated using culture-based methods and molecular culture-independent techniques (FISH, PCR-DGGE). Metabolic outputs in terms of SCFA profiles were determined by HPLC analysis. Collected data demonstrated that rifaximin as well as antibiotic and probiotic treatment did not change drastically the intestinal microflora, whereas bacteria belonging to Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus significantly increase over the course of the treatment, suggesting a spontaneous upsurge of rifaximin resistance. These results are in agreement with a previous study, in which it has been demonstrated that rifaximin administration in patients with UC, affects the host with minor variations of the intestinal microflora, and that the microbiota is restored over a wash-out period. In particular, several Bifidobacterium rifaximin resistant mutants could be isolated during the antibiotic treatment, but they disappeared after the antibiotic suspension. Furthermore, bacteria belonging to Atopobium spp. and E. rectale/Clostridium cluster XIVa increased significantly after rifaximin and probiotic treatment. Atopobium genus and E. rectale/Clostridium cluster XIVa are saccharolytic, butyrate-producing bacteria, and for these characteristics they are widely considered health-promoting microorganisms. The absence of major variations in the intestinal microflora of a healthy individual and the significant increase in probiotic and health-promoting bacteria concentrations support the rationale of the administration of rifaximin as efficacious and non-dysbiosis promoting therapy and suggest the efficacy of an antibiotic/probiotic combined treatment in several gut pathologies, such as IBD. To assess the use of an antibiotic/probiotic combination for clinical management of intestinal disorders, genetic, proteomic and physiologic approaches were employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms determining rifaximin resistance in Bifidobacterium, and the expected interactions occurring in the gut between these bacteria and the drug. The ability of an antimicrobial agent to select resistance is a relevant factor that affects its usefulness and may diminish its useful life. Rifaximin resistance phenotype was easily acquired by all bifidobacteria analyzed [type strains of the most representative intestinal bifidobacterial species (B. infantis, B. breve, B. longum, B. adolescentis and B. bifidum) and three bifidobacteria included in a pharmaceutical probiotic preparation (B. lactis BI07, B. breve BBSF and B. longum BL04)] and persisted for more than 400 bacterial generations in the absence of selective pressure. Exclusion of any reversion phenomenon suggested two hypotheses: (i) stable and immobile genetic elements encode resistance; (ii) the drug moiety does not act as an inducer of the resistance phenotype, but enables selection of resistant mutants. Since point mutations in rpoB have been indicated as representing the principal factor determining rifampicin resistance in E. coli and M. tuberculosis, whether a similar mechanism also occurs in Bifidobacterium was verified. The analysis of a 129 bp rpoB core region of several wild-type and resistant bifidobacteria revealed five different types of miss-sense mutations in codons 513, 516, 522 and 529. Position 529 was a novel mutation site, not previously described, and position 522 appeared interesting for both the double point substitutions and the heterogeneous profile of nucleotide changes. The sequence heterogeneity of codon 522 in Bifidobacterium leads to hypothesize an indirect role of its encoded amino acid in the binding with the rifaximin moiety. These results demonstrated the chromosomal nature of rifaximin resistance in Bifidobacterium, minimizing risk factors for horizontal transmission of resistance elements between intestinal microbial species. Further proteomic and physiologic investigations were carried out using B. lactis BI07, component of a pharmaceutical probiotic preparation, as a model strain. The choice of this strain was determined based on the following elements: (i) B. lactis BI07 is able to survive and persist in the gut; (ii) a proteomic overview of this strain has been recently reported. The involvement of metabolic changes associated with rifaximin resistance was investigated by proteomic analysis performed with two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Comparative proteomic mapping of BI07-wt and BI07-res revealed that most differences in protein expression patterns were genetically encoded rather than induced by antibiotic exposure. In particular, rifaximin resistance phenotype was characterized by increased expression levels of stress proteins. Overexpression of stress proteins was expected, as they represent a common non specific response by bacteria when stimulated by different shock conditions, including exposure to toxic agents like heavy metals, oxidants, acids, bile salts and antibiotics. Also, positive transcription regulators were found to be overexpressed in BI07-res, suggesting that bacteria could activate compensatory mechanisms to assist the transcription process in the presence of RNA polymerase inhibitors. Other differences in expression profiles were related to proteins involved in central metabolism; these modifications suggest metabolic disadvantages of resistant mutants in comparison with sensitive bifidobacteria in the gut environment, without selective pressure, explaining their disappearance from faeces of patients with UC after interruption of antibiotic treatment. The differences observed between BI07-wt e BI07-res proteomic patterns, as well as the high frequency of silent mutations reported for resistant mutants of Bifidobacterium could be the consequences of an increased mutation rate, mechanism which may lead to persistence of resistant bacteria in the population. However, the in vivo disappearance of resistant mutants in absence of selective pressure, allows excluding the upsurge of compensatory mutations without loss of resistance. Furthermore, the proteomic characterization of the resistant phenotype suggests that rifaximin resistance is associated with a reduced bacterial fitness in B. lactis BI07-res, supporting the hypothesis of a biological cost of antibiotic resistance in Bifidobacterium. The hypothesis of rifaximin inactivation by bacterial enzymatic activities was verified by using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Neither chemical modifications nor degradation derivatives of the rifaximin moiety were detected. The exclusion of a biodegradation pattern for the drug was further supported by the quantitative recovery in BI07-res culture fractions of the total rifaximin amount (100 μg/ml) added to the culture medium. To confirm the main role of the mutation on the β chain of RNA polymerase in rifaximin resistance acquisition, transcription activity of crude enzymatic extracts of BI07-res cells was evaluated. Although the inhibition effects of rifaximin on in vitro transcription were definitely higher for BI07-wt than for BI07-res, a partial resistance of the mutated RNA polymerase at rifaximin concentrations > 10 μg/ml was supposed, on the basis of the calculated differences in inhibition percentages between BI07-wt and BI07-res. By considering the resistance of entire BI07-res cells to rifaximin concentrations > 100 μg/ml, supplementary resistance mechanisms may take place in vivo. A barrier for the rifaximin uptake in BI07-res cells was suggested in this study, on the basis of the major portion of the antibiotic found to be bound to the cellular pellet respect to the portion recovered in the cellular lysate. Related to this finding, a resistance mechanism involving changes of membrane permeability was supposed. A previous study supports this hypothesis, demonstrating the involvement of surface properties and permeability in natural resistance to rifampicin in mycobacteria, isolated from cases of human infection, which possessed a rifampicin-susceptible RNA polymerase. To understand the mechanism of membrane barrier, variations in percentage of saturated and unsaturated FAs and their methylation products in BI07-wt and BI07-res membranes were investigated. While saturated FAs confer rigidity to membrane and resistance to stress agents, such as antibiotics, a high level of lipid unsaturation is associated with high fluidity and susceptibility to stresses. Thus, the higher percentage of saturated FAs during the stationary phase of BI07-res could represent a defence mechanism of mutant cells to prevent the antibiotic uptake. Furthermore, the increase of CFAs such as dihydrosterculic acid during the stationary phase of BI07-res suggests that this CFA could be more suitable than its isomer lactobacillic acid to interact with and prevent the penetration of exogenous molecules including rifaximin. Finally, the impact of rifaximin on immune regulatory functions of the gut was evaluated. It has been suggested a potential anti-inflammatory effect of rifaximin, with reduced secretion of IFN-γ in a rodent model of colitis. Analogously, it has been reported a significant decrease in IL-8, MCP-1, MCP-3 e IL-10 levels in patients affected by pouchitis, treated with a combined therapy of rifaximin and ciprofloxacin. Since rifaximin enables in vivo and in vitro selection of Bifidobacterium resistant mutants with high frequency, the immunomodulation activities of rifaximin associated with a B. lactis resistant mutant were also taken into account. Data obtained from PBMC stimulation experiments suggest the following conclusions: (i) rifaximin does not exert any effect on production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10, whereas it weakly stimulates production of TNF-α; (ii) B. lactis appears as a good inducer of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; (iii) combination of BI07-res and rifaximin exhibits a lower stimulation effect than BI07-res alone, especially for IL-6. These results confirm the potential anti-inflammatory effect of rifaximin, and are in agreement with several studies that report a transient pro-inflammatory response associated with probiotic administration. The understanding of the molecular factors determining rifaximin resistance in the genus Bifidobacterium assumes an applicative significance at pharmaceutical and medical level, as it represents the scientific basis to justify the simultaneous use of the antibiotic rifaximin and probiotic bifidobacteria in the clinical treatment of intestinal disorders.

Untersuchungen zum nichtphotochemischen Lochbrennen auf Einzelmolekülebene am Modellsystem Terrylen in p-Terphenyl

Die Arbeit beschreibt Untersuchungen zum nichtphoto- chemischen Lochbrennen, das bei 1.4 Kelvin in Form von rein lichtinduzierten Frequenzsprüngen einzelner in p-Terphenyleingebetteter Terrylenmoleküle beobachtet werden kann. Dabei zeigen alle Chromophore aus der X1-Einbaulage ein exzellent reproduzierbares Verhalten, sowohl im bistabilen primären Photozyklus wie auch in dem daran angegliederten sekundärenPhotozyklus, welcher aus drei weiteren spektralen Positionen besteht. Aus den Ergebnissen der nach der genauen Charakterisierung dieser Eigenschaft des Systems durchgeführten Experimente - Fluoreszenzspektroskopie der Photoprodukte, Stark-Effekt-Messungen und Polarisationsmodulation - wird ein Modell für die den lichtinduzierten Änderungen der Absorptionsfrequenzzugrundeliegenden Konformationsänderungender Wirt/Gast- Struktur abgeleitet und diskutiert. Die mittlerweile verfügbaren Ergebnisse von diesbezüglichen molekular- dynamischen Simulationen einer Theoriegruppe ausBordeaux, die alle grundlegenden Annahmen dieses Modellsbestätigen und eine noch genauere mikroskopische Beschreibung des Systems liefern, werden zur Abrundung der Darstellung ebenfalls vorgestellt. Außerdem geht die Dissertation auf die durchgeführten Einzelmolekül- untersuchungen an Terrylen in p-Terphenyl bei Raumtemperatur ein und stellt das im Rahmen der Arbeit aufgebaute temperaturvariable laserscannende Konfokalmikroskop im Detail vor.

Herstellung, Struktur und Polymerisation neuer Cyclodextrin-komplexierter (Meth)acrylate und radikalische Polymerisation neuer Monomere zur Steuerung rheologischer Eigenschaften

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Polymerisationseigenschaften hydrophober Monomere untersucht, die mittels methyliertem b-Cyclodextrin (me-b-CD) als Wirt/Gast-Komplexe homogen in die wäßrige Phase überführt wurden. Mit diesem Verfahren steht eine neue Variante der Polymerisation hydrophober Monomere in Wasser zur Verfügung.Die Charakterisierung der Monomer/CD-Komplexe erfolgte mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie: steigende Größe der Gast-Komponente erhöht die Wechselwirkungen zum CD. Zur Untersuchung der Polymerisationsreaktion wurden Copolymerisationsparameter von Komplexen und Übertragungskonstanten von Mercaptoverbindungen bei Polymerisationen von Komplexen ermittelt. In Abhängigkeit der Größe der Gastkomponente und ihrer Wasserlöslichkeit resultieren unterschiedliche Reaktivitäten relativ zu Polymerisationen unkomplexierter Reaktanden in organisch-wäßriger Lösung. Außerdem wurden Copolymerisationen zwischen hydrophoben, me-b-CD-komplexierten Monomeren und wasserlöslichen Monomeren untersucht wie z.B. N-Isopropylacrylamid oder Natrium-4-(acrylamido)phenyldiazosulfonat, dessen Copolymerisation mit Styrol bislang nicht möglich war. Eine weitere Aufgabe war die Herstellung wasserstoffbrückenbindender Polymere. Hierzu wurden assoziationsfähige Monomere hergestellt und mit Methylmethacrylat copolymerisiert. Lösungen der Copolymere wurden rheologisch untersucht. Die Lösungen besitzen hohe Nullscherviskositäten bei 20°C und sind strukturviskos. Die Untersuchung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Nullscherviskositäten ergab insbesondere bei der Lösung von Poly(N-(methacryl-2-ethyl)-N'-(3-amino-(1,2,4-triazol-2-yl))harnstoff-co-methylmethacrylat) bei niedrigen Temperaturen eine hohe Fließaktivierungsenergie, die zu höheren Temperaturen sank. Die komplexe Viskosität dieser Lösung fiel mit zunehmender Temperatur zunächst ab, stieg dann wieder an und sank erneut. Mittels DSC-Messungen konnten Phasenübergänge für dieses Fließverhalten verantwortlich gemacht werden. Außerdem kann Poly(N-(methacryl-2-ethyl)-N'-(3-amino-(1,2,4-triazol-2-yl))harnstoff-co-methylmethacrylat) thermisch vernetzen.

Photochemie von ungesättigten Sternverbindungen

Photochemie von ungesättigten Sternverbindungen.Wirt-Gast-Systeme bei stilbenoiden Dendrimeren. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und denphotochemischen Eigenschaften stilbenoider und chalkonoiderSternverbindungen.Die Synthese der stilbenoiden Dendrimere gelingt über einekonvergente in einzelnen Generationen gekoppelteSynthesestrategie durch Wittig-Horner-Olefinierung inKombination mit einer Schutzgruppentechnik.Experimente mit den stibenoiden Dendrimeren 1. Generationhaben gezeigt, dass geänderte Belichtungsbedingungen(monochromatisches Licht in Gegenwart einesTriplett-Sensibilisators) die photochemische[2+2]Cycloaddition bzw. CC-Verknüpfung unterdrücken. Dabeiverläuft selektiv eine cis/trans-Isomerisierung, die füroptische Schaltung genutzt werden könnte.Mit Triplett-Sensibilisatoren wie Diacetyl oder Acetonkonnten auch Wirt-Gast-Systeme mit stilbenoiden Dendrimerengebildet werden. Das zeigt die Möglichkeit der Einlagerungvon Gastmolekülen in freie Kavitäten der Dendrimere.Die Synthese der chalkonoiden Sternverbindungen gelingt übereine dreifache Aldolkondensation des 1,3,5-Triacetylbenzolsmit unsubstituierten oder 3,4,5-trialkoxysubstituiertenBenzaldehyden. Mit einer geeigneten Verzweigungseinheitwurden auch Armbauteile zur Generationenerweiterungsynthetisiert.Die photochemischen Eigenschaften der chalkonoidenSternverbindungen in Lösung und im Festzustand wurdenstudiert und die entstandenen Produkte charakterisiert. BeiBelichtung im Festzustand läuft bei topochemischer Kontrolleeine Photodimerisierung unter Bildung eines Cyclobutanringsdurch Cycloaddition olefinischer Doppelbindungen ab, wobeiein Kopf-Schwanz-anti-Dimer erhalten wird. BeiPhotodimerisierung in Lösung entsteht einKopf-Kopf-anti-Dimer als Hauptprodukt. Das kann zur Syntheseder sonst schwer zugänglichen [4.4.4](1,3,5)Cyclophanegenutzt werden.

Funktionalisierte Polyphenylen-Dendrimere als nanoskopische Bausteine in der Sensorik

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese funktionalisierter Polyphenylen-Dendrimere für den Einsatz als Nanobausteine in übermolekularen 3-D Aggregaten für potentielle sensorische Anwendungen. Im ersten Teil werden zwei Konzepte zur Synthese von funktionalisierten Cyclopentadienonbausteinen vorgestellt: einer führt zu Bausteinen die zur Synthese von peripher-funktionalisierten Polyphenylen-Dendrimere geeignet sind, und ein zweiter Ansatz zielt auf Cyclopentadienonbausteine, die es erlauben Polyphenylen-Dendrimere im Inneren zu funktionalisieren. Für das erste Ziel erwies sich die Suzuki-Kreuzkupplung von Arylboronsäuren und Arylboronsäurenester mit Arylhalogeniden als ein optimales synthetisches Werkzeug. Demgegenüber wurden für das zweite Ziel -methylesterfunktionalisierten Cyclopentadienonbausteine anhand der Knoevenagel-Kondensation von bereits funktionstragenden-Partnern synthetisiert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden die Synthesen von funktionalisierten Polyphenylen-Dendrimeren vorgestellt. Hierbei kamen zwei verschiedene synthetische Ansätze zum Einsatz: Einerseits wurden durch die Diels-Alder-Addition der funktionalisierten Cyclopentadienonbausteine an ethinylfunktionalisierten Polyphenylen-Grundkörper unterschiedlicher Generation die verfolgten funktionalisierten Zielverbindungen erhalten. Andererseits wurde in bestimmten Fällen die polymeranaloge Konversion von „Übergangsfunktionen“ in einem a posteriori-Funktionalisierungsschritt angewendet. Dementsprechend wurde die Einführung von funktionellen Gruppen möglich die entweder die alkalischen Bedingungen der Knoevenagel – Kondensation oder die hohen Temperaturen der Diels-Alder-Cycloaddition nicht überstehen. Die synthetischen Werkzeuge, die bei der a posteriori-Funktionalisierung zum Einsatz kamen, mussten die vollständige und nebenreaktionsfreie Konversion der Übergangsfunktionen ermöglichen. Als Reaktionen, die dieser Bedingungen genügen, wurden die Williamson –Ethersynthese und die Esterknüpfung nach der DCC-Methode in Verbindung mit hydroxyfunktionalisierten Polyphenylen-Grundkörper und die basische Esterspaltung an methyleseterfunktionalisierten Dendrimeren angewandt. Die aufgezählten Reaktionen führten zu Endprodukten, die ihre Monodispersität beibehielten und eine definierte Anzahl an Funktionalität aufwiesen. Anhand eingehenden Untersuchungen (der Aufbau von Sensorschichten für flüchtige organische Lösungsmittel, die Untersuchungen an elektrostatisch-wechselwirkenden übermolekularen Aggregaten sowie die Einlagerung von Gastmolekülen) wird es ersichtlich dass die synthetisierten Polyphenylen-Dendrimere vielseitig als Nanobausteine zur Erzeugung von funktionalen Materialien von potenzieller Bedeutung sind.

Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Histidinkinasen in Magnaporthe oryzae und zum Wirkmechanismus des Fungizids Fludioxonil

Das aus wissenschaftlicher und ökonomischer Sicht wichtigste Pflanzenpathogen M. oryzae entwickelte im Laufe der Evolution konservierte aber auch einzigartige Mechanismen zur Signaltransduktion. Das Erforschen dieser Mechanismen und Prozesse ist essenziell für das Verständnis von Differenzierungsprozessen bei der Pathogen-Wirt-Interaktion.rnIm ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Signalweg zur Osmoregulation, der „High Osmolarity Glycerol“ (HOG)-Signalweg, erstmals anhand physiologischer Experimente in entsprechenden Mutantenstämmen in M. oryzae untersucht. Dabei konnten klare Unter-schiede zum HOG-Signalweg von S. cerevisiae aufgezeigt werden. rnDas in M. oryzae bisher noch nicht beschriebene Gen MoYPD1, welches das Phosphotransferprotein MoYpd1p kodiert, wurde erfolgreich inaktiviert. Diese Inaktivierung ist in S. cerevisiae und vielen anderen Pilzen letal und resultierte bei M. oryzae in einer apathoge¬nen Albinomutante, deren Konidiogenese gestört ist. Insbesondere die Funktion des Phosphotransferproteins MoYpd1p, sowohl im Phosphorelaysystem des HOG-Signal¬wegs als auch im Wirkmechanismus des Fungizids Fludioxonil, konnte eindeutig mittels Y2H- und Western Blot-Analysen nachgewiesen werden.rnEs wurden entscheidende Fortschritte für das Verständnis des Aufbaus und der Funktion des HOG-Signalwegs sowohl als physiologisches Regulationssystem für Umweltreize als auch als Fungizidtarget im Pflanzenschutz erzielt. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Zweikompo-nenten-Hybrid-Histidinkinase (HIK) MoSln1p als Signalsensor für Salzstress und MoHik1p als Signalsensor für Zuckerstress fungiert. Die Beteiligung der Histidinkinasen MoHik5p und MoHik9p als Sensorproteine für Hypoxie im HOG-Signalweg ist durchaus denk¬bar und wurde durch erste Ergebnisse bekräftigt. rnSo konnte der HOG-Signalweg in mehreren Modellen dargestellt werden. Die Modelle der Signalerkennung und –transduktion von osmotischem Stress, von Hypoxie und der Wirkmecha¬nismus von Fludioxonil wurden erstmals in diesem Umfang für M. oryzae ausgearbei¬tet.rnDer zweite Teil dieser Arbeit repräsentiert die erste umfassende Untersuchung aller zehn HIK-codierender Gensequenzen, die im Genom von M. oryzae identifiziert werden konnten. Diese Signalproteine waren bisher noch nicht Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Studien. Die Untersuchung beginnt mit einer phylogenetischen Einordnung aller untersuchten Proteinsequen¬zen in die verschiedenen Gruppen von Histidinkinasen in Pilzen. Eine ausführli-che phänotypische Charakterisierung aller HIK-codierender Gene folgt und wurde anhand von Mutanten durchgeführt, in denen diese Gene einzeln inaktiviert wurden.rnDie Beteiligung von MoHik5p und MoHik9p als mögliche Sauerstoffsensoren im HOG-Signal-weg konnte dokumentiert werden und die anschließenden Western Blot-Analysen bestätig¬ten erstmals die Aktivierung des HOG-Signalwegs bei hypoxieähnlichen Zuständen.rnDes Weiteren wurden mit MoHik5p und MoHik8p zwei neue Pathogenitätsfaktoren in M. oryzae identifiziert. Die apathogenen Mutantenstämme ΔMohik5 und ΔMohik8 sind in der Konidiogenese gestört und nicht in der Lage Appressorien zu differenzieren. Der Einsatz dieser Proteine als Fungizidtarget im protektiven Pflanzenschutz in der Zukunft ist somit denk-bar.rn

Telescopic crowns: extra-oral and intra-oral retention force measurement--in vitro/in vivo correlation

This study deals with the determination of the retentive forces of telescopic crowns measured extra- and intra-orally and the correlation of these values.

Identification of novel rhoptry proteins in Neospora caninum by LC/MS-MS analysis of subcellular fractions

Apicomplexan parasites possess an apical complex that is composed of two secretory organelles recognized as micronemes and rhoptries. Rhoptry contents are secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole during the host cell invasion process. Several rhoptry proteins have been identified in Toxoplasma gondii and seem to be involved in host-pathogen interactions and some of them are considered to be important virulence factors. Only one rhoptry protein, NcROP2, has been identified and extensively characterized in the closely related parasite Neospora caninum, and this has showed immunoprotective properties. Thus, with the aim of increasing knowledge of the rhoptry protein repertoire in N. caninum, a subcellular fractionation of tachyzoites was performed to obtain fractions enriched for this secretory organelle. 2-D SDS-PAGE followed by MS and LC/MS-MS were applied for fraction analysis and 8 potential novel rhoptry components (NcROP1, 5, 8, 30 and NcRON2, 3, 4, 8) and several kinases, proteases and phosphatases proteins were identified with a high homology to those previously found in T. gondii. Their existence in N. caninum tachyzoites suggests their involvement in similar events or pathways that occur in T. gondii. These novel proteins may be considered as targets that could be useful in the future development of immunoprophylactic measures.

Ruminant organotypic brain-slice cultures as a model for the investigation of CNS listeriosis

Central nervous system (CNS) infections in ruminant livestock, such as listeriosis, are of major concern for veterinary and public health. To date, no host-specific in vitro models for ruminant CNS infections are available. Here, we established and evaluated the suitability of organotypic brain-slices of ruminant origin as in vitro model to study mechanisms of Listeria monocytogenes CNS infection. Ruminants are frequently affected by fatal listeric rhombencephalitis that closely resembles the same condition occurring in humans. Better insight into host-pathogen interactions in ruminants is therefore of interest, not only from a veterinary but also from a public health perspective. Brains were obtained at the slaughterhouse, and hippocampal and cerebellar brain-slices were cultured up to 49 days. Viability as well as the composition of cell populations was assessed weekly. Viable neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes were observed up to 49 days in vitro. Slice cultures were infected with L. monocytogenes, and infection kinetics were monitored. Infected brain cells were identified by double immunofluorescence, and results were compared to natural cases of listeric rhombencephalitis. Similar to the natural infection, infected brain-slices showed focal replication of L. monocytogenes and bacteria were predominantly observed in microglia, but also in astrocytes, and associated with axons. These results demonstrate that organotypic brain-slice cultures of bovine origin survive for extended periods and can be infected easily with L. monocytogenes. Therefore, they are a suitable model to study aspects of host-pathogen interaction in listeric encephalitis and potentially in other neuroinfectious diseases.

Mansonella perstans causing symptomatic hypereosinophilia in a missionary family

Mansonella perstans is rarely pathogenic. The rare reports of symptomatic cases, however, include severe complications. Three cases of symptomatic hypereosinophilia with multi-organ involvement are described in a missionary family returning from tropical Africa. Pathogenicity may be related to the induction of hypereosinophilia rather than direct host-parasite interactions.