Reproductibilité et discussion des différents biais d'un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire adapté à une population de femmes suisses âgées (>75ans)

Résumé: Un des domaines de prédilection de la recherche préventive en ostéoporose, est l'alimentation. L'étude « EVANIBUS » s'inscrit dans le cadre de cette recherche. Un de ses buts est de cibler à travers un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire chez une population féminine âgée de plus de 75 ans, l'alimentation à risque pour l'ostéoporose. Le choix du questionnaire pour cette étude s'est porté sur le «Food Frequency Questionnaire», élaboré et validé sur une population pré-ménopausique écossaise par Susan New. Ce questionnaire se répartit en différents groupes et sous-groupes alimentaires. A l'aide de tables nutritionnelles les principaux micronutriments essentiels à la santé osseuse contenus dans lés sous-groupes alimentaires ont été calculés. Avant d'utiliser un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire dans une population différente, il est nécessaire de procéder à une adaptation et une nouvelle validation du questionnaire. Cependant, cette procédure nécessite la collaboration d'un spécialiste en nutrition. Pour cette raison, seule la reproductibilité du questionnaire a été testée. Le test choisi est la première et deuxième étape du test de Bland-Altman. La reproductibilité s'établit entre les 2 mesures (1 mois d'intervalle) de la fréquence moyenne de consommation obtenue pour chaque item (groupes et sous-groupes alimentaires). Les résultats montrent que seule une minorité d'item présente une acceptation des 2 étapes du test de Bland-Altman. Pour expliquer cette mauvaise reproductibilité, les biais systématiques ont été mis en évidence et analysés en détails. Les erreurs dues à la méthodologie sont également analysées. Ces dernières sont en principe évitables. C'est l'absence d'adaptation du questionnaire qui semble en être la cause principale. A cet effet des mesures de correction sont proposées, telles qu'un pilotage du questionnaire dans un échantillon de la population cible. L'analyse du questionnaire relève également une diminution globale de la consommation lors de la deuxième mesure. On émet alors, l'hypothèse d'une influence météorologique par l'intermédiaire d'une hausse des températures.

The Visual Dysphagia Questionnaire: Evaluating the first Tool for Assessing Food Consistency-Dependent Dysphagia in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Background and Aims: The international EEsAI study group iscurrently developing the first a ctivity index specific forEosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). None of the existing dysphagiaquestionnaires take into account the consistency of theingested food t hat considerably impacts the symptompresentation. Goal: To d evelop and evaluate an E oE-specificquestionnaire assessing dysphagia caused by foods of differentconsistencies.Methods: B ased on patient interviews and chart reviews, a nexpert panel ( EEsAI study g roup) identified internationallystandardizedfood prototypes t ypically a ssociated with EoErelateddysphagia. Food consistencies were c orrelated withEoE-related d ysphagia, t aking into account p otential f oodavoidance and f ood processing. This V isual D ysphagiaQuestionnaire (VDQ) was piloted in 20 patients and is currentlyevaluated in a cohort of 150 adult EoE patients.Results: T he following 8 food c onsistency prototypes w ereidentified: soft foods (pudding, jelly), grits, toast bread, Frenchfries, dry rice, ground meat, raw fibrous f oods (eg. apple,carrot), s olid m eat. Dysphagia was r anked o n a 4-point Likertscale (0=no difficulties; 3= severe difficulties, food will not pass).First analysis demonstrated that severity of dysphagia is relatedto the eosinophil load and presence of esophageal strictures.Conclusions: T he VDQ i s the first EoE-specific tool f orassessing dysphagia caused by i nternationally-standardizedfoods of different consistencies. This instrument also addressesfood avoidance behaviour and food processing habits. This toolperformed well in a p ilot study a nd is currently evaluated in acohort of 150 adult EoE patients.

Changing healthcare: stakeholder perceptions of the burden of chronic disease and the value of teams, measurements and communication.

Canadian healthcare is changing. Over the course of the past decade, the Health Care in Canada Survey (HCIC) has annually measured the reactions of the public and professional stakeholders to many of these change forces. In HCIC 2008, for the first time, the public's perception of their health status and all stakeholders' views of the burden and effective management of chronic diseases were sought. Overall, Canadians perceive themselves as healthy, with 84% of adults reporting good-to-excellent health. However, good health decreased with age as the occurrence of chronic illness rose, from 12% in the age group 18-24 to 65% for the population =65 years. More than 70% of all stakeholders were strongly or somewhat supportive of the implementation of coordinated care, or disease management programs, to improve the care of patients with chronic illnesses. Concordant support was also expressed for key disease management components, including coordinated interventions to improve home, community and self-care; increased wellness promotion; and increased use of clinical measurements and feedback to all stakeholders. However, there were also important areas of non-concordance. For example, the public and doctors consistently expressed less support than other stakeholders for the value of team care, including the use of non-physician professionals to provide patient care; increased patient involvement in decision-making; and the use of electronic health records to facilitate communication. The actual participation in disease management programs averaged 34% for professionals and 25% for the public. We conclude that chronic diseases are common, age-related and burdensome in Canada. Disease management or coordinated intervention often delivered by teams is also relatively common, despite its less-than-universal acceptance by all stakeholders. Further insights are needed, particularly into the variable perceptions of the value and efficacy of team-delivered healthcare and its important components.

Librarians' perceptions on the use of electronic resources at Catalan academic libraries: results of a focus group

The aim of this paper is to expand on previous quantitative and qualitative research into the use of electronic information resources and its impact on the information behaviour of academics at Catalan universities.

'Biased' Risk Perceptions of Longevity and Disability in Old Age

Rational learning theories postulate that information channels and cognitive biases such as individual optimism may influence an individual¿s assessment of the risk of undesired events, especially with regard to those that have a cumulative nature. This is the case with disability in old age, which may take place upon survival to an advanced age, and such factors have been regarded as responsible for certain individual behaviours (for example, the limited incidence of insurance purchase). This paper examines the determinants of individual perceptions with regard to disability in old age and longevity. The cumulative nature of such perceptions of risk is tested, and potential biases are identified, including `optimism¿ and a set of information determinants. Empirical evidence from a representative survey of Catalonia is presented to illustrate these effects. The findings from this research suggest a significant overestimation of disability in old age, yet this is not the case with longevity. Furthermore, individual perceptions with regard to disability in old age, unlike those with regard to longevity, exhibit on aggregate an `optimistic bias¿ and, are perceived as `cumulative risks¿. Gender influences the perceived risk of disability in old age at a population level but not at the individual level, and the opposite holds true for age. Finally, self-reported health status is the main variable behind risk perceptions at both the individual and population level.

Public perceptions of collectives at the outbreak of the H1N1 epidemic: Heroes, villains and victims

Lay perceptions of collectives (e.g., groups, organizations, countries) implicated in the 2009 H1N1 outbreak were studied. Collectives serve symbolic functions to help laypersons make sense of the uncertainty involved in a disease outbreak. We argue that lay representations are dramatized, featuring characters like heroes, villains and victims. In interviews conducted soon after the outbreak, 47 Swiss respondents discussed the risk posed by H1N1, its origins and effects, and protective measures. Countries were the most frequent collectives mentioned. Poor, underdeveloped countries were depicted as victims, albeit ambivalently, as they were viewed as partly responsible for their own plight. Experts (physicians, researchers) and political and health authorities were depicted as heroes. Two villains emerged: the media (viewed as fear mongering or as a puppet serving powerful interests) and private corporations (e.g., the pharmaceutical industry). Laypersons' framing of disease threat diverges substantially from official perspectives.

Multi-level modeling of aspects associated with poor mental health in a sample of prehospital emergency professionals.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this paper is to investigate the respective influence of work characteristics, the effort-reward ratio, and overcommitment on the poor mental health of out-of-hospital care providers. METHODS: 333 out-of-hospital care providers answered a questionnaire that included queries on mental health (GHQ-12), demographics, health-related information and work characteristics, questions from the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire, and items about overcommitment. A two-level multiple regression was performed between mental health (the dependent variable) and the effort-reward ratio, the overcommitment score, weekly number of interventions, percentage of non-prehospital transport of patients out of total missions, gender, and age. Participants were first-level units, and ambulance services were second-level units. We also shadowed ambulance personnel for a total of 416 hr. RESULTS: With cutoff points of 2/3 and 3/4 positive answers on the GHQ-12, the percentages of potential cases with poor mental health were 20% and 15%, respectively. The effort-reward ratio was associated with poor mental health (P < 0.001), irrespective of age or gender. Overcommitment was associated with poor mental health; this association was stronger in women (β = 0.054) than in men (β = 0.020). The percentage of prehospital missions out of total missions was only associated with poor mental health at the individual level. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency medical services should pay attention to the way employees perceive their efforts and the rewarding aspects of their work: an imbalance of those aspects is associated with poor mental health. Low perceived esteem appeared particularly associated with poor mental health. This suggests that supervisors of emergency medical services should enhance the value of their employees' work. Employees with overcommitment should also receive appropriate consideration. Preventive measures should target individual perceptions of effort and reward in order to improve mental health in prehospital care providers.

Perceptions de la performance et comportements de agents publics suisses dans un environnement en constante évolution

Alors que les modèles et notions de performance généralement analysés dans les recherches sont presque toujours ceux du management et des cadres dirigeants, cet article propose de s'arrêter sur la vision des employés, en l'occurrence des agents publics suisses. Il présente, à la lumière des réformes entreprises dans l'administration publique en Suisse, d'une part la conception générale qu'ont les agents publics de la performance du service public, et d'autre part leur perception de l'évolution des performances organisationnelle, individuelle, ainsi que celle en lien avec les prestations fournies aux bénéficiaires. L'analyse de la performance perçue est effectuée à travers la mise en évidence de l'existence de plusieurs mondes de référence auxquels se rapportent les agents publics lorsqu'ils parlent de leur travail. Les résultats révèlent la prégnance du monde industriel, devançant le monde civique qui, lui-même, relègue les mondes domestique et marchand respectivement en troisième et quatrième position. Un intérêt particulier est également accordé aux différents comportements, découlant des réformes du service public, qu'adoptent les agents publics, et aux liens qui pourraient exister entre ces comportements et les différents mondes de référence. Un mariage entre deux mondes, potentiellement contradictoires, semble se dessiner dans l'esprit des agents publics. Il pourrait constituer une réponse à une forme de crise identitaire, mise en avant par de nombreux spécialistes, provoquée par des injonctions contradictoires auxquelles sont soumis actuellement les agents publics.

Self perceptions as predictors for return to work 2 years after rehabilitation in orthopedic trauma inpatients.

Purpose This study aimed to identify self-perception variables which may predict return to work (RTW) in orthopedic trauma patients 2 years after rehabilitation. Methods A prospective cohort investigated 1,207 orthopedic trauma inpatients, hospitalised in rehabilitation, clinics at admission, discharge, and 2 years after discharge. Information on potential predictors was obtained from self administered questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression models were applied. Results In the final model, a higher likelihood of RTW was predicted by: better general health and lower pain at admission; health and pain improvements during hospitalisation; lower impact of event (IES-R) avoidance behaviour score; higher IES-R hyperarousal score, higher SF-36 mental score and low perceived severity of the injury. Conclusion RTW is not only predicted by perceived health, pain and severity of the accident at the beginning of a rehabilitation program, but also by the changes in pain and health perceptions observed during hospitalisation.