Dinámicas de externalización entre las ONG locales y las ONG extranjeras (terceros actores) presentes en Egipto: 2004-2009 (TERCEROS ACTORES) PRESENTES EN EGIPTO: 2004-2009

El propósito de la presente monografía es evaluar el papel de las ONG internacionales en la apertura de espacios de participación política para la sociedad civil en Egipto. En ese sentido, se analiza el contexto de oportunidades políticas locales y transnacionales del país, así como los procesos de articulación entre la política local e internacional a través de los niveles de integración entre sus actores. Mediante una investigación de tipo cualitativa basada en los desarrollos sobre teorías de la acción colectiva planteados por Sidney Tarrow, Charles Tilly, Robert Benford y David Snow, y las teorías sobre redes transnacionales de defensa desarrolladas por Margaret Keck y Kathryn Sikkink, se avanza hacia la identificación del desarrollo de procesos de externalización como medio para el fortalecimiento de organizaciones locales como alternativa de oposición política.

Towards an understanding of “crimes againsthumanity” since Nuremberg

This article makes an historical analysis of the manner in which crimes againsthumanity have acquired an independent status from crimes of war and aggressionever since the concept was first introduced in discussions between the Allies duringthe establishment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. It describes themanner in which the concept has evolved and been discussed in several internationalbodies, and how it was finally included in the Rome Statute of the International CriminalCourt. The article shows how the Nuremberg trials have a fundamental legaland historical meaning in that they institutionalized individual responsibility for anew category of crimes before an international tribunal. It also shows how after theNuremberg trials, crimes against humanity have been gradually withdrawn fromthe competency of government sovereignty to become a matter for the internationalcommunity of nations.

Reflections about Complicity and its Application in some Socio Economics Crimes

In Colombia, the definitions of crimes are found in the special part of the Criminal Code. They are set out as though the only way of to commit them was by being the author of the punishable conduct there described. Nevertheless, in the general part of the Criminal Code, we find other forms of criminal responsibility for the conduct described in the special part. Complicity is one of those ways. Although complicity is established in the Criminal Code, it does not appear as a criminal definition and, as such it is ignored or, worse, applied incorrectly. For those reasons, this article tries to reflect upon the validity of complicity. Accordingly, this article analyzes: what is complicity, what is the difference between complicity and co-authorship and how would complicity work in some practical cases related to socio-economic crimes, in which it has being overlooked or, has been used incorrectly. The article concludes that complicity is still valid, and that the correct application of complicity materializes the ideal of justice.

A juridical-practical framework for the investigation of crimes against granting of public housing services

The public service enterprises are victims of crimes and felonies which may reduce their capacity to perform their functions. These enterprises expend much money and effort in order to prevent those criminal behaviors. For this reason they ask from the authorities more efficient measures against crime; however, such enterprises may feel that they are not being given sufficient importance and/or remedies in dealing with such crime. The aim paper of this is not to study the problem from de substantive criminal law point of view. Rather, this paper’s goal is to study the Colombia’s Rules of Criminal Procedure, which regulate the investigation of this kind of crime. The article will look particularly at the competency of the relevant authorities at the investigative stages. Finally, it will make some recommendations regarding a proper route towards the investigation of these criminal behaviors.

Análisis del cubrimiento del periódico El Tiempo sobre la imagen de Juan Manuel Santos y Antanas Mockus en el proceso electoral colombiano llevado a cabo en el año 2010

En las noticias publicadas del 26 de febrero al 20 de junio del 2010 en el periódico El Tiempo durante la campaña electoral del año 2010, se puede ver la influencia que ejercen los medios de comunicación en las decisiones electorales de los ciudadanos. Para esto, no solo fue necesario el análisis de las noticias publicadas sino también el análisis de las encuestas y por supuesto el resultado final de la elección. Por medio de la teoría de la agenda setting se fundamenta teóricamente lo anteriormente expuesto, para poder llegar a afirmar que por diversos factores se ve una influencia en este caso del periódico El tiempo sobre un candidato especifico, Juan Manuel Santos, analizando como un medio de comunicación llega a tener cierto grado de polarización y politización donde se llega a ver un mayor cubrimiento y mejor contenido de las noticias publicadas.

Armed conflict and paramilitary groups in Chiapas

The armed conflict in Chiapas began in 1994 after the armed uprising of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN). Until now the Mexican government do not recognize the existence of an armed conflict there, for what they call inter-ethnic violence that happens in different municipalities in Chiapas. This study aims at demonstrating that, first, the Mexican state of Chiapas has an armed conflict since the mid-nineties, which has intensified and transformed over sixteen years. It is in this transformation that have emerged paramilitary groups seeking to destabilize the state, generating dynamics of appropriation and control of territory through different practices such as forced displacements, selective assassinations and terror spread within populations who are the targets of their attacks (mainly community support of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation). This work studied the "Peace and Justice" paramilitary group operating in different parts of the state of Chiapas, mainly in the Northern Zone. This case-study will look at the changes it has undergone Mexican democracy, which will be analyzed at two points: first, the failure of federal and Chiapas state to allow or endorse the creation of paramilitary groups and not to punish their actions; on the other, the consequences of the actions of such actors in democratic institutions, and democracy itself. Will seek to demonstrate that indeed both the permissiveness of the Mexican state and its complicity has weakened democracy in Mexico, since they are not able to manage conflict so that they do not degenerate into violence.

La subpoliarquía colombiana. Deficiencias estatales, democracia deficitaria

El artículo analiza la democracia colombiana en la década 2002-2011. El argumento central es que Colombia representa un caso de una democracia con déficits, que no alcanza a cubrir las condiciones mínimas de las democracias políticas y se constituye en una subpoliarquía. En esta condición incide de forma  directa las deficiencias estatales, en sus dimensiones de coacción y cohesión social. Los déficits democráticos se presentan en las condiciones básicas de la competencia  política, con elecciones periódicas, pero no libres ni competitivas ni limpias; en la presencia continuada de fraude y manipulación de los resultados electorales y en la  ausencia de garantías para las libertades civiles y políticas. Estas características justifican los diversos adjetivos aplicados a la democracia colombiana, siempre  en clave negativa.

Desafíos 23 - I

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Finales

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A Grey Area of Rights and Knowledge: Displacement in Colombia, South-South Migration and Health Equity

Globalization and liberalization of the economies have produced among others drastic effects on the human mobility, generating confusion, enhancing discrimination and a lack of respect to the rights of several migrant collectives. In this article we analyse several challenges for the study of these phenomena, based on the case of the neglected health rights of Colombian women, who have been forced to displace by the country's internal conflict, and are thus pushed to cross the border to Ecuador. The article identifies several knowledge gaps that could allow and advance a better understanding of these critical subjects. The paper - a think piece -is based upon a general review of documents and studies on the relation between migration and health. The supporting theory on the research comes from international organisations such as the WHO and IOM, NGOs, grass-roots organisations and academic research. This paper shows the need for focusing on the reality of supra states which globalization has generated, and t e urgency of securing the access to essential health preconditions to migrant populations. These issues can no longer be neglected and should be included on agendas at international level, widening the approach of programs to the displaced/immigrant population by taking into account the need to ensure the essential health preconditions (equity), prevention, and protection. Further, it is clear that women and children require a better protection with enhanced prevention and responding measures to sexual abuse, stigmatisation, violence and the respect of their rights.

Desafíos 23 - I

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Finales

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Feminist Debate around ‘Trafficking’ in Women for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation in Prostitution

Women trafficking, as a widespread phenomenon, is a complex topic with manifold consequences which have a direct bearing on the way in which the problem of trafficking is understood by regulatory institutions and their proposed solutions. The governmental strategy must respond to this multidimensional phenomenon through state tools to counteract the effects of crime and recognize that women, men, children and adolescents may be indiscriminately vulnerable to this scourge. Nevertheless, we must recognize that, due to cultural facts, women and girls constitute the majority of its victims and specific actions are required for them.

Bolivia - Un viaje por el proceso político que eligió a Evo Morales Presidente de Bolivia

Este artículo analiza el triunfo electoral de Evo Morales Aima, dirigente del Partido Movimiento al Socialismo, MAS, quien obtuvo la presidencia de Bolivia en diciembre de 2005. El trabajo examina el contexto político previo al proceso electoral, la crisis del sistema tradicional de partidos y los elementos de un sistema nuevo, la estrategia del MAS para lograr la presidencia, en el marco de las instituciones electorales en las que ocurrió ese triunfo y el examen inicial del nuevo mapa político en Bolivia.-----This paper is a reflection on Evo Morales Aima’s (political leader of MAS) election victory in becoming president of the Republic of Bolivia in December, 2005. The political context before the election process and the main elements behind the ballot results are here analyzed. The paper also examines MAS’s strategy to achieve the country’s presidency as well as the nature of its victory through the analysis of Bolivia’s institutional organization and its new political map.

The voters of Colombia are free?

A fundamental principle of democracy is citizenship freedom. We suggest that a fair electoral contest is possible if a relationship between free will, electoral preferences and respect to the public institutions (constitutionalism) (section 1) exists. We focus on three illiberal practices that perturb the voter's decision: political clientelism and political markets (sections 2 to 4), media influence (which feeds on the voter's limited rationality and limited information) (section 5), and the suppression of opposition options (section 6). Later (section 8), we provide a brief balance and, additionally, we show how in Colombia the political system has missed opportunities to expand the voters' freedom. Our interpretation of the electoral process in Colombia is an appeal, supported on theoretical arguments and empirical evidence, to doubt about the voters' freedom. Also we make a call for more etudies.