Phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 mediate reoxygenation-induced cardioprotection during hypoxia.

In vivo exposure to chronic hypoxia (CH) depresses myocardial performance and tolerance to ischemia, but daily reoxyenation during CH (CHR) confers cardioprotection. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we tested the role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B (Akt) and p42/p44 extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), which are known to be associated with protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained for two weeks under CH (10% O(2)) or CHR (as CH but with one-hour daily exposure to room air). Then, hearts were either frozen for biochemical analyses or Langendorff-perfused to determine performance (intraventricular balloon) and tolerance to 30-min global ischemia and 45-min reperfusion, assessed as recovery of performance after I/R and infarct size (tetrazolium staining). Additional hearts were perfused in the presence of 15 micromol/L LY-294002 (inhibitor of Akt), 10 micromol/L UO-126 (inhibitor of ERK1/2) or 10 micromol/L PD-98059 (less-specific inhibitor of ERK1/2) given 15 min before ischemia and throughout the first 20 min of reperfusion. Whereas total Akt and ERK1/2 were unaffected by CH and CHR in vivo, in CHR hearts the phosphorylation of both proteins was higher than in CH hearts. This was accompanied by better performance after I/R (heart rate x developed pressure), lower end-diastolic pressure and reduced infarct size. Whereas the treatment with LY-294002 decreased the phosphorylation of Akt only, the treatment with UO-126 decreased ERK1/2, and that with PD-98059 decreased both Akt and ERK1/2. In all cases, the cardioprotective effect led by CHR was lost. In conclusion, in vivo daily reoxygenation during CH enhances Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. This response was accompanied by a complex phenotype consisting in improved resistance to stress, better myocardial performance and lower infarct size after I/R. Selective inhibition of Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation abolishes the beneficial effects of the reoxygenation. Therefore, Akt and ERK1/2 have an important role to mediate cardioprotection by reoxygenation during CH in vivo.

Síntese de novos herbicidas derivados do 1,2alfa,4alfa,5-tetrametil-8-oxabiciclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ona

In this paper we report the synthesis of biologically active compounds through a [3+4] cycloaddition reaction to produce the main frame structure, followed by several conventional transformations. The 1,2alpha,4alpha,5-tetramethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (11) obtained from a [3+4] cycloaddition reaction was converted into 1,2alpha,4alpha,5-tetramethyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxi-8 -oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one (13) in 46% yield. This was further converted into the alcohols 1,2alpha,4alpha,5-tetramethyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxi-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol (14), 1,2alpha,4alpha,5-tetramethyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxi-8 -oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3beta-ol (15), 1,2alpha,4alpha,5-tetramethyl-3-butyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxi-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol (17), 1,2alpha,4alpha,5-tetramethyl-3-hexyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxi-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol (18) and 1,2alpha,4alpha,5-tetramethyl-3-decyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxi-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol (19). Dehydration of 17, 18 and 19 with thionyl chloride in pyridine resulted in the alkenes 20, 21 and 22 in ca. 82% - 89% yields from starting alcohols. The herbicidal activity of the compounds synthesized was evaluated at a concentration of 100 µg g-1. The most active compound was 21 causing 42,7% inhibition against Cucumis sativus L.

Síntese de novas fitotoxinas derivadas do 8-oxabiciclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ona

The [4+3] cycloaddition was utilized in order to prepare 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (1) derivatives. The correspondent acetonide 6 was converted into several alcohols (11-16). Addition of aryllithium reagents to 6 resulted in 3-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy -8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3alpha-ol (11, 72%) and 3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan -3alpha-ol (16, 20%). The 3-butyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol (15, 56%) was obtained through a Grignard reaction. Reduction of 6 resulted in 6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 beta-ol (7, 62%) and 6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol (8, 20%). The alcohols were treated with thionyl chloride in pyridine, and the corresponding alkenes were obtained with 31-80% yield. The effect of these compounds on the development of radicle and aerial parts of Sorghum bicolor was evaluated.

Le son - calligraphie : [1 & 3].

Digitoitu 10. 6. 2008.

Monoterpenos di-hidroxilados e hidróxi-nitrogenados 1,2 e 1,3 como ligantes quirais em reação de reformatsky assimétrica

This study describes the use of three (-)-alpha-pinene derivatives, one diol-1,2 [(-)-(1R, 2R, 3S, 5R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-2,3-diol 4] and two piridine-hydroxy derivatives [(+)-(1R,2S,3R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-(2-pyridinylmethyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-ol 7 and (-)-(1R,2S,3R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-[2-(2-pyridinyl) ethyl]bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-ol 8]; one diol-1,3 [(-)-(1S,2R,5S)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol 5] derived from (+)-isopulegol 2 and one diol-1,3 [(+)-(1R,2R,5R)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol 6] derived from (+)-neo-isopulegol 3, as ligands in the asymmetric Reformatsky reaction. The best enantiomeric excess of beta-hydroxy ester obtained in the Reformatsky asymmetric reaction was 18% using ligand 6, and the chemical yield of the reactions was 65% on average.

The preparation and reactions of some 1, 2-dipolar species /|nI. D. Brindle. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

This research was directed mainly towards the investigation of the reactions of allylic amineimides. The work can be divided into two main sections. Section 1 of the thesis deals mainly with thermolysis studies of amineimides. Sections 1a and 1b represent a comprehensive survey of amineimide literature up to 1971. N-A1ly1-N,N-dirnethylarnine-benzirnide was prepared and rearranged at 1400 to l-allyl-1-benzoyl-2,2-dimethylhydrazine. A tentative mechanism involving an initial migration to the carbonyl oxygen was disproved by incorporating the amineimide system into a five-membered ring. N,N~Dimethyl-N-propargylamine-benzimidedid not rearrange on heating; but the hydrobromide, on heating, disproportionated to give 1-benzoyl~2,2,2-trimethylhydraziniumbromide and I-benzoyl-2,2~ dimethylhydrazine. l-Ally'l--l, I-dimethyl-2-benzoy-lhydrazinium bromide and 1~benzoy-1-2,2, 2-trimethy-lhydrazinium iodide both disproportionated to give l~benzoyl-2,2-dimethylhydrazine. Section 1 concludes with a discussion of the mechanisms of ally'lic migrations in amineimides proposed by J. E. Baldwin. Section 2 deals with the formation of five-membered heterocyclic compounds from amineimides by bromination. 1,1-Dimethyl-2benzoyl- 4-bromopyrazolidinium bromide was formed from N-allyl-N,Ndime thy-lamtne-benzimide , 1,1-dimethyl-2-benzoyl-4-bromopyrazol-3enium bromide from N,N~dimethyl-N-propargylamine~benzimidevia the unusual acetylenic "bromonium" ion. Hydrogenolysis of both heterocyclic compounds gave the same product. The preparation was extended by forming 2,2-dimethyl-4-bromoisoxazolinium bromide from N-allylN, N-dimethylamine-N-oxide. Sections 3 and 4 cover a number of unsuccessful attempts to synthesise other amineimides and l,2-dipolar species.

Expression des SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 par les lymphocytes T humains en réponse à des cytokines immuno-modulatrices

Les cytokines jouent un rôle fondamental dans la régulation des processus biologiques via la cascade de signalisation JAK-STAT. Les « Suppressors of Cytokine Signalling » (SOCS), protéines intracellulaires, inhibent la voie JAK-STAT. Plusieurs études supportent leur implication dans des maladies immunitaires, mais peu d’informations sont disponibles sur leur expression par les lymphocytes T humains. Nous postulons que les cytokines Interféron-β(IFN-β) et Interleukine-27 (IL-27), dotées d’un potentiel immuno-régulateur, ont des rôles bénéfiques via l’induction des SOCS. L’impact de l’IFN-β et l’IL-27 sur l’expression des SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 par des cellules T CD8 et CD4 humaines a été étudié en utilisant des cellules sanguines de donneurs sains. L’expression de ces régulateurs a été évaluée aux niveaux de l’ARNm par qRT-PCR et protéique par immunocytochimie. Les SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 ont été rapidement induits en ARNm dans les deux types cellulaires en réponse à l’IFN-β ou l’IL-27 et une augmentation de l’expression a été confirmée au niveau protéique. Afin de mimer les thérapies à base d’IFN-β, les cellules T ont été exposées chroniquement à l’IFN-β. Après chaque ajout de cytokine les cellules T ont augmenté l’expression du SOCS-1, sans moduler le SOCS-3. L’IL-27 a induit les SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 préférentiellement dans les cellules T CD8 ; ceci corrèle avec des résultats du laboratoire démontrant une plus petite expression des récepteurs à l’IL-27 par les lymphocytes T CD4 que les CD8. Notre projet a permis d’élucider l’expression des SOCS dans deux populations de cellules T et de clarifier les mécanismes d’actions de l’IFN-β et l’IL-27.

Differential protein expression and subcellular distribution of TGFβ1, β2 and β3 in cardiomyocytes during pressure overload-induced hypertrophy

The transforming growth factorβ(TGFβ) superfamily plays an important role in the myocardial response to hypertrophy. We have investigated the protein expression of TGFβ1,β2andβ3in left ventricular tissue, and determined their subcellular distribution in myocytes by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry during the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), using isoform specific antibodies to TGFβ1,β2andβ3. LVH was produced in rats by aortic constriction (AC) and LV tissue was obtained at days (d)0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 42 following operation. Compared with age matched sham-operated controls (SH), TGFβ1levels in LV tissue of AC rats increased significantly from d1–d14 (P<0.03) concomitant with the adaptive growth of LV tissue. In contrast, TGFβ3levels decreased in LV tissue of AC rats from d3 post-operation (significant from d14–d42,P<0.03). No significant difference in TGFβ2levels were observed from SH and AC rats after operation. Antibodies to TGFβ1stained intercalated disks, sarcolemmal membranes and cytoplasm, but not nuclei, of cardiomyocytes on LV sections from untreated and SH rats. However, a trans-localisation of TGFβ1to the nuclei of cardiomyocytes was observed in AC hearts. Antibodies to TGFβ3stained T tubules, cytoplasm and the nuclei of cardiomyocytes from untreated and SH rats. However, by d7 post-AC operation, TGFβ3expression was lost rapidly from nuclei of cardiomyocytes followed by a reduction in total TGFβ3immunofluorescence in myocytes. Antibodies to TGFβ2stained sarcolemmal membranes of cardiomyocytes from both SH and AC rats without significant difference between groups. Thus, the differential pattern of protein expression and subcellular distribution of TGFβ1,β2andβ3in myocytes during the development of LVH suggests that these molecules play different roles in the response of cardiomyocytes to LVH.

Gas-phase reactions of NO3 and N2O5 with (Z)-hex-4-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol ('leaf alcohol'), (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-2-en-1-ol and (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol

The night-time atmospheric chemistry of the biogenic volatile organic compounds (Z)-hex-4-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol ('leaf alcohol'), (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-2-en-1-ol and (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, has been studied at room temperature. Rate coefficients for reactions of the nitrate radical (NO3) with these stress-induced plant emissions were measured using the discharge-flow technique. We employed off-axis continuous-wave cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) for the detection of NO3, which enabled us to work in excess of the hexenol compounds over NO3. The rate coefficients determined were (2.93 +/- 0.58) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (2.67 +/- 0.42) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (4.43 +/- 0.91) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), (1.56 +/- 0.24) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), and (1.30 +/- 0.24) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for (Z)-hex-4-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3en-1-ol, (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-2-en-1-ol and (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol. The rate coefficient for the reaction of NO3 with (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol agrees with the single published determination of the rate coefficient using a relative method. The other rate coefficients have not been measured before and are compared to estimated values. Relative-rate studies were also performed, but required modification of the standard technique because N2O5 (used as the source of NO3) itself reacts with the hexenols. We used varying excesses of NO2 to determine simultaneously rate coefficients for reactions of NO3 and N2O5 with (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol of (5.2 +/- 1.8) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) and (3.1 +/- 2.3) x 10(-18) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Our new determinations suggest atmospheric lifetimes with respect to NO3-initiated oxidation of roughly 1-4 h for the hexenols, comparable with lifetimes estimated for the atmospheric degradation by OH and shorter lifetimes than for attack by O-3. Recent measurements of [N2O5] suggest that the gas-phase reactions of N2O5 with unsaturated alcohols will not be of importance under usual atmospheric conditions, but they certainly can be in laboratory systems when determining rate coefficients.

An efficient and rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of 1-acetyl-1H-indol-3-YL acetates

An efficient and rapid synthesis of 1-acetyl-1H-indol-3-yl acetate 1 and its derivatives 7 via the microwave-assisted cyclisation and decarboxylation of 2-[(carboxymethyl)amino]benzoic acids 5 is described. The latter were left to react with acetic anhydride using triethylamine as the base and were subjected to microwave irradiation for 1 minute, at 80 °C with initial power of 300 W. The target 1-acetyl-1H-indol-3-yl acetate 1 and derivatives 7 were isolated in 34-71% yield. In particular, synthesis of 1-acetyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl acetate 7f and 1-acetyl-3-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl acetate 7h is reported for the first time.

Chronic resistance training decreases MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 gene expression but does not modify Akt, GSK-3 beta and p70S6K levels in rats

Long-term adaptation to resistance training is probably due to the cumulative molecular effects of each exercise session. Therefore, we studied in female Wistar rats the molecular effects of a chronic resistance training regimen (3 months) leading to skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the plantaris muscle. Our results demonstrated that muscle proteolytic genes MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 were significantly decreased in the exercised group measured 24 h after the last resistance exercise session (41.64 and 61.19%, respectively; P < 0.05). Nonetheless, when measured at the same time point, 4EBP-1, GSK-3 beta and eIF2B epsilon mRNA levels and Akt, GSK-3 beta and p70S6K protein levels (regulators of translation initiation) were not modified. Such data suggests that if gene transcription constitutes a control point in the protein synthesis pathway this regulation probably occurs in early adaptation periods or during extreme situations leading to skeletal muscle remodeling. However, proteolytic gene expression is modified even after a prolonged resistance training regimen leading to moderate skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

3,5-Dimethyl-1-thiocarbamoylpyrazole and its Pd(II) complexes: Synthesis, spectral studies and antitumor activity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dynamically induced spontaneous symmetry breaking in 3-3-1 models

We show that in SU(3)(C) circle times SU(3)(L) circle times U(1)(N) (3-3-1) models embedded with a singlet scalar playing the role of the axion, after imposing scale invariance, the breaking of Peccei-Quinn symmetry occurs through the one-loop effective potential for the singlet field. We, then, analyze the structure of spontaneous symmetry breaking by studying the new scalar potential for the model, and verify that electroweak symmetry breaking is tightly connected to the 3-3-1 breaking by the strong constraints among their vacuum expectation values. This offers a valuable guide to write down the correct pattern of symmetry breaking for multi-scalar theories. We also obtained that the accompanying massive pseudo-scalar, instead of acquiring mass of order of Peccei-Quinn scale as we would expect, develops a mass at a much lower scale, a consequence solely of the breaking via Coleman-Weinberg mechanism. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Thermal study of cyclopalladated complexes of the type [Pd-2(dmba)(2)X-2(bpe)] - (X=NO3-, Cl-, N-3(-), NCO-, NCS-; bpe=trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene)

The synthesis, characterization and thermal analysis of the novel cyclometallated compounds [Pd-2(dmba)(2)Cl-2(mu-bpe)] (1), [Pd-2(dmba)(2)(N-3)(2)(mu-bpe)] (2), [Pd-2(dmba)(2)(NCO)(2)(mu-bpe)] (3), [Pd-2(dmba)(2)(SCN)(2)(mu-bpe)] (4), [Pd-2(dmba)(2)(NO3)(2)(mu-bpe)] (5) (bpe=trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene; dmba=N,N-dimethylbenzylamine) are described. The thermal stability of [Pd-2(dmba)(2)X-2(mu-bpe)] complexes varies in the sequence 1 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 5. The final residues of the thermal decompositions were characterized as metallic palladium by X-ray powder diffraction.