1000 resultados para Uvas - Análise química


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A importância que as actividades experimentais de natureza investigativa assumem na aprendizagem das ciências, no Ensino Básico, depende, sobretudo, da sua consistência com os objectivos da Educação em Ciência e do envolvimento do aluno. O estudo das suas vantagens, relativamente a uma metodologia tradicional, constituiu o objectivo central desta investigação que incidiu no tema Reacções Químicas e envolveu duas turmas de 8° ano. O estudo desenvolveu-se segundo um desenho quasi-experimental, tendo a recolha de dados sido efectuada através de um Inquérito por questionário e de registos de aula efectuados pela professora/investigadora. Os resultados obtidos revelaram, a existência de algumas dificuldades na selecção e síntese da informação e na comunicação de resultados, mas evidenciaram opiniões bastante favoráveis dos alunos do Grupo Experimental. Puseram ainda em evidência o papel determinante da reflexão, antes, durante e após a realização da actividade e indicaram desenvolvimento conceptual e procedimental significativo, relativamente ao tema desenvolvido. ABSTRACT: The importance that experimental activities of investigative nature take in learning Science in the Elementary Schools depends, above all, on its consistency with the goals of Education in Science and the student's involvement. The study of its advantages over a traditional methodology was the main objective of this investigation which focused on the topic Chemical Reactions and involved two classes of the 8th grade. The study was carried out according to a quasi-experimental design and the data collection was conducted through a questionnaire survey and records made by the classroom teacherIresearcher. The results revealed some difficulty in the selection and synthesis of information and communication of results, but showed quite positive opinions of the students in the experimental group. They also put in evidence the role of reflection before, while and after the activity and showed significant procedural and conceptual development in relation to the theme.

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Errors are always present in experimental measurements so, it is important to identify them and understand how they affect the results of experiments. Statistics suggest that the execution of experiments should follow random order, but unfortunately the complete randomization of experiments is not always viable for practical reasons. One possible simplification is blocked experiments within which the levels of certain factors are maintained fixed while the levels of others are randomized. However this has a cost. Although the experimental part is simplified, the statistical analysis becomes more complex.

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Chromatography combined with several different detection systems is one of the more used and better performing analytical tools. Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection gives highly selective and sensitive analyses and permits obtaining structural information about the analites and about their molar masses. Due to these characteristics, this analytical technique is very efficient when used to detect substances at trace levels in complex matrices. In this paper we review instrumental and technical aspects of chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the state of the art of the technique as it is applied to analysis of toxic substances in food.

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A method to quantify lycopene and β-carotene in freeze dried tomato pulp by high performance liquid chromatography (HLPC) was validated according to the criteria of selectivity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, and uncertainty estimation of measurement was determined with data obtained in the validation. The validated method presented is selective in terms of analysis, and it had a good precision and accuracy. Detection limit for lycopene and β-carotene was 4.2 and 0.23 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The estimation of expanded uncertainty (K = 2) for lycopene was 104 ± 21 mg 100 g-1 and for β-carotene was 6.4 ± 1.5 mg 100 g-1.

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This manuscript aims to show the basic concepts and practical application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a tutorial, using Matlab or Octave computing environment for beginners, undergraduate and graduate students. As a practical example it is shown the exploratory analysis of edible vegetable oils by mid infrared spectroscopy.

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Edible films are thin materials based on biopolymers and food additives. The aim of this work is a review on the application of dynamic mechanical analysis in edible film technology. After a brief review of the linear visco-elasticity theory, a description of some practical aspects related to dynamic mechanical analysis, such as sample fixation and sample dehydration during analysis and types and modes of tests are presented. Thus, the use of temperature scanning analysis for glass transition and for plasticizer-biopolymer compatibility studies and frequency scanning tests, less common in edible film technology, are critically reviewed.

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The pollutant transference among reservoirs atmosphere-hydrosphere, relevant to the atmospheric chemistry, depends upon scavenging coefficient (Λ) calculus, which depends on the raindrop size distribution as well as on the rainfall systems, both different to each locality. In this work, the Λ calculus will be evaluated to gas SO2 and particulate matter fine and coarse among five sites in Germany and two in Brazil. The results show three possible classifications in function of Λ, comparable to literature, however with a greater range due to the differences of rainfall system sites. This preliminary study supports future researches

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Objetivou-se analisar a experiência de uma formadora num curso de formação continuada para professores de Química, ocorrido numa universidade pública do estado de São Paulo, em 2004. Os dados apresentados surgiram da observação da prática da formadora e de suas reflexões, nas quais ela própria evidencia ideias, conflitos, angústias e impressões sobre suas ações durante o curso. Entre a prática da formadora e suas reflexões, surgem contrastes que irão se tornar nosso foco de investigação. Interpretamos esses contrastes como a atuação de elementos inconscientes que ora favorecem ora dificultam a sua prática e nos mostram que nem sempre a reflexão e a ação atuam na mesma direção. Defendemos uma prática reflexiva mais profunda e questionadora dos sujeitos como possibilidade para produzir melhores efeitos na formação e na atividade docente. Conceitos do referencial teórico psicanalítico de Freud e Lacan serviram de base para a análise dos dados.

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Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as concepções de licenciandos em Química e em Física sobre a prática profissional e as marcas deixadas pelas disciplinas pedagógicas na sua formação, assim como identificar sinais de mudanças em suas concepções durante a realização do curso de Licenciatura. Para tanto, textos foram produzidos por 54 alunos matriculados em cursos de Licenciatura de duas universidades públicas do estado de São Paulo, nos quais os licenciandos expressaram suas experiências de formação e apontaram elementos que consideram que terão alguma influência em sua atuação profissional. Os textos revelaram que as ideias que os licenciandos carregam são consistentes com muitas das visões e objetivos apresentados em cursos de formação de professores. Nas produções dos estudantes faz-se presente o desejo de compartilhar e promover em seus futuros alunos o interesse pela Química e a Física. Os seus comentários refletiram visões de professores que tiveram no passado, os quais gostariam de imitar, e de outros que não gostariam de ser. Os comentários também tornaram evidente a vontade dos licenciandos em se estabelecerem como professores que se preocupam com seus alunos. Os textos foram analisados segundo a Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, como tem sido divulgada por Eni Orlandi, especialmente a noção de formação discursiva.

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Interactions of cationic dye methylene blue (MB) with clay particles in aqueous suspension have been extensively studied. As already known, the number of natural negative charges on the clay modifies significantly the particle sizes dispersed in water and therefore the nature of the interaction with the dye. This work evaluated with UV-Vis spectroscopy method how the clay particle sizes weighted on the adsorption and rearrangement of the dye molecules in aqueous system. The results obtained from light-scattering measurements confirmed that larger particles are found in suspensions containing the high-charged clays as the visible absorption band related to the MB aggregates (570 nm) on these suspensions prevailed.

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Alkaline salts of the palmitic acid were synthesized and characterized from aqueous and ethanolic medium. The salts were characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). EA and IR, being its synthesis comproved, also characterized the ethyl palmitate. All the salts and the ester were submitted to thermal analysis using thermogravimetry (TG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in the temperature ranging from room to 700 ºC under air dynamic atmosphere. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were taken from -90 ºC up to temperatures close to the starting of the decomposition temperature, determined by thermogravimetry, using heating and cooling cycles.

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Os óleos vegetais comestíveis foram introduzidos na dieta humana em substituição as gorduras animais nas últimas décadas sendo amplamente consumidos em todo o mundo. O presente artigo descreve o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para análise de aldrin, dieldrin, endrin e endosulfan em óleos vegetais por cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução (HRGC) utilizando-se extração em fase sólida (SPE). As médias de recuperação dos pesticidas estiveram entre 70 e 110%[1].

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The year of 2010 marks the 20th anniversary of the development of Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) by Ruzicka and Marshall. Considered the second generation of the flow injection methods, this article briefly describes the history, the basic principles of the technique and reviews all papers developed by Brazilian scientists aiming the divulgation of this automation technique in Analytical Chemistry.

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The sensitivity and accuracy of sequential injection methods are dependent on efficient overlapping of reagent and sample zones as they are propelled toward the detector cell. The formation of the reduced phosphomolybdic acid is used to demonstrate that the overlapping efficiency in a fixed reaction coil relies on a suitable choice of reagent to sample volume ratio. Additionally, under poor mixing conditions or highly concentrated samples, the reaction extension is strongly dependent on the reagent concentration. The zone-sampling concept is exploited to determine phosphate in cola-based soft drinks after in-line dilution in an auxiliary coil.

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This is a review of direct analysis using solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Greater emphasis is dedicated to sample preparation, sample homogeneity, calibration and its application to microanalysis and micro-homogeneity studies. The main advantages and some difficulties related to the applicability of this technique are discussed. A literature search on the application of solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in trace element determination in many kinds of samples, including biological, clinical, technological and environmental ones, is also presented.