Ensino jurídico e cidadania : uma investigação acerca do PRAJUR (Núcleo de Prática Jurídica) das faculdades integradas de PATOS (FIP)

Esta dissertação aborda o tema do ensino jurídico e cidadania e da função social do Núcleo de Prática Jurídica(PRAJUR) da FIP-Faculdades Integradas de Patos-PB. Para analisar o ensino jurídico e cidadania do PRAJUR/FIP, parte-se da Resolução nº 09/2004/MEC que sucedeu a Portaria nº 1.886/94/MEC, onde instituiu a implantação de escritórios jurídicos em todos os cursos de Direito, na busca de melhor delinear o conhecimento prático dos acadêmicos. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram: descrever que através do conhecimento tem-se uma forma de diminuir a distância entre os níveis sociais e um caminho à buscar cidadania pela educação, refletir sobre o acesso à justiça como um direito de cidadania e analisar a função social do PRAJUR/FIP no acesso à justiça. A coleta dos dados foi realizada através de bibliografia, doutrina, dados documentais e aplicação de questionários. A dissertação foi organizada de forma a contemplar educação jurídica e efeitos práticos no exercício da cidadania onde no primeiro capítulo discorre-se sobre a educação e suas transversalidades aplicáveis atualmente na sociedade. No segundo capítulo abordou-se além da função social do PRAJUR/FIP no acesso à justiça, apresenta-se os dados coletados junto aos educadores em forma de entrevista do PRAJUR/FIP, e em forma de pesquisa dados coletados de exalunos e usuário. Finalmente, no terceiro capítulos aborda-se a evolução dos cursos de Direito e a formação acadêmica do educando.

O direito de ser diferente dos alunos com deficiência em uma universidade brasileira : análise de fatos e da concepção deste corpo discente

O direito ao acesso à educação escolar compreende-se como alicerce para que a pessoa com deficiência possa verdadeiramente tornar-se um cidadão na construção dos ideários democráticos, participação na vida econômica e política. Dados apresentados pelo IBGE sobre o aspecto educacional das pessoas com deficiência no ensino superior é bastante preocupante. Mediante Censo realizado pelo MEC, alunos com deficiência matriculados nas universidades representam apenas 0,1% do total. A CR/1988 instituiu o Estado Democrático de Direito, cuja implementação fática está condicionada à busca de uma igualdade substancial, onde o acesso à educação é uma ferramenta e um direito fundamental para emancipação social, cultural, e econômica, inclusive, desse segmento e na tutela da dignidade humana. Ações afirmativas fazem-se necessárias a essas pessoas, no sentido de corrigir desigualdades, balizada pela educação inclusiva que concatena com a ideia de universidade inclusiva e de uma sociedade também inclusiva, caminhando justamente na intenção de corrigir desigualdades de oportunidades, buscando dirimir a ótica excludente do atual estágio social. Este estudo analisa fatos e concepções dos alunos com deficiência e de um docente da UFPE, sob a ótica de que a educação escolar inclusiva constitui paradigma educacional fundamentado na concepção de que igualdade e diferença são valores indissociáveis na construção de uma sociedade mais justa e solidária.

Los tributos medioambientales: estudio comparado Andino

El desarrollo de la presente tesis es hacer un estudio comparativo de la implementación de los tributos Medioambientales en nuestro país, a partir de la experiencia de la Comunidad Europea quienes desarrollaron y siguen desarrollando la protección y conservación del Medio Ambiente a través de la imposición tributaria. En ese sentido partimos definiendo y precisando el término Medio Ambiente y ecología a fin de delimitar el tema de estudio, ya que el objetivo de la tesis es identificar las formas o mecanismos de protección del Medio Ambiente, enfatizando en la imposición Medioambiental que pueden ser a través de los impuestos, tasas o contribuciones; además de la consideración por nuestra Constitución del medio ambiente como un derecho humano fundamental de los seres humanos. Durante el desarrollo de la tesis, exponemos los instrumentos nacionales e internacionales, cuya finalidad busca garantizar la protección y conservación del Medio Ambiente, bajo el principio “quien contamina paga”, que no es otra cosa que la el criterio objetivo en la que el sujeto que deteriora o contamina el Medio Ambiente debe ser el responsable de reparar el daño causado. Finalmente analizamos la viabilidad de la protección del Medio Ambiente en los países andinos y en nuestro texto constitucional.

¿Eran cuidadanos los afrodescendientes libres en las sociedades esclavistas?: Cuba, Brasil y Estados Unidos en el siglo XIX (Estudios)

Se analiza el tema del estatus de los afrodescendientes libres en las sociedades esclavistas más pobladas de América, desde el punto de vista de los derechos políticos y sociales de súbditos y ciudadanos. Con la carta de libertad, los antiguos esclavos y sus descendientes libres adquirieron teóricamente los mismos derechos y obligaciones que la población blanca eurodescendiente. Sin embargo, por razones de “seguridad pública” y de “mantención del orden establecido”, en la práctica, se establecieron restricciones y privilegios para mantener la distancia social entre blancos y afrodescendientes. Desde una perspectiva comparada se estudian Brasil, Cuba y los Estados Unidos, las tres sociedades esclavistas más notorias en América durante el siglo XIX, y se examina este proceso tomando como objetos de análisis los derechos de libre movimiento, el acceso a la enseñanza superior, el sufragio y la propiedad.

Las razones del Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones, CIADI: análisis y evaluación del caso CMS contra Argentina (Jurisprudencia)

Tras analizar y evaluar la argumentación jurídica efectuada por el Tribunal del CIADI respecto del caso CMS vs. Argentina, se aprecia que tal argumentación descansa sobre la errada concepción de que en el caso no existían aspectos que afecten derechos humanos. En realidad se trataba de un caso difícil, en materia de derechos sociales, que no podía ser resuelto por la simple aplicación de las reglas específicas del sistema (subsunción), como erróneamente lo hizo el Tribunal del CIADI, pues necesariamente debía acudirse al procedimiento de la ponderación. Si se acude a la ponderación se podrá constatar que existen dos principios aplicables, cada uno de los cuales lleva a una solución incompatible con la del otro: por un lado, la protección del derecho a la seguridad jurídica del inversionista extranjero, que exige un respeto a los derechos pactados contractual y legalmente, y, por otro, el de la protección al derecho a la vivienda, que exige una congelación en las tarifas de servicios básicos esenciales, entre ellos del transporte y distribución del gas. En este caso el segundo prevalece sobre el primero.

Análisis de la sentencia n.º 001-10-SIN-CC. Casos n.º 0008-09-IN y 0011-09-IN sobre acción de inconstitucionalidad en contra de la Ley de Minería y efectos posteriores (Jurisprudencia)

This paper aims to analyze the decision issued by the Constitutional Court for Transition within the unconstitutionality presented against the Mining Act. Proponents, in the main, formal allege unconstitutional by the Mining Law have been issued by the Committee on Legislation and Oversight (National Assembly during the Transitional Period after the adoption of the 2008 Constitution) without the prior execution of a legislative pre query, this query being a collective right of national, indigenous peoples and communities recognized in Article 57 paragraph 17 of the Constitution of the Republic. The Constitutional Court ruled Transition to reject the unconstitutionality confirming the constitutionality of the regulatory body and the substantial and non-formal pre-legislative consultation.

Muerte, destierro y simulacro estatal: la consulta previa entre los afrocolombianos

Beginning from an introductory characterization, of the main involved people who form the area of conflict, by the sense of the previous consultation in the country, what I propose in this article, is to create a brief scheme that allows to underline this one as a strategic right of the ethnical groups. The previous consultation and an integral way the agreement 169/89 OIT, inscribes in the complexity dialectical for the decolonization and liberation of these folks, against the capitalistic counterattack, on its new stage of primary accumulation, which consumes huge regions of the world. Here is raised that actually, linked to the neo-extractivism, the major ethnocide against the Afro-descendants born in the Americas, which is carrying it out in Colombia.

Motorcycle accident risk could be inflated by a time to arrival illusion

Purpose. Drivers adopt smaller safety margins when pulling out in front of motorcycles compared with cars. This could partly account for why the most common motorcycle/car accident involves a car violating a motorcyclist's right of way. One possible explanation is the size-arrival effect in which smaller objects are perceived to arrive later than larger objects. That is, drivers may estimate the time to arrival of motorcycles to be later than cars because motorcycles are smaller. Methods. We investigated arrival time judgments using a temporal occlusion paradigm. Drivers recruited from the student population (n = 28 and n = 33) saw video footage of oncoming vehicles and had to press a response button when they judged that vehicles would reach them. Results. In experiment 1, the time to arrival of motorcycles was estimated to be significantly later than larger vehicles (a car and a van) for different approach speeds and viewing times. In experiment 2, we investigated an alternative explanation to the size-arrival effect: that the smaller size of motorcycles places them below the threshold needed for observers to make an accurate time to arrival judgment using tau. We found that the motorcycle/car difference in arrival time estimates was maintained for very short occlusion durations when tau could be estimated for both motorcycles and cars. Conclusions. Results are consistent with the size-arrival effect and are inconsistent with the tau threshold explanation. Drivers estimate motorcycles will reach them later than cars across a range of conditions. This could have safety implications.

A análise da relação trabalho e saúde na atividade dos bombeiros militares do Rio de Janeiro

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a dinâmica trabalho e saúde na atividade dosbombeiros militares de uma Corporação na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Como foco deinvestigação privilegiamos as narrativas relativas ao cotidiano dos trabalhadores, levandoem consideração o cenário encontrado na ocasião da pesquisa. Para marco teóricoconceitualforam selecionados os aportes da psicodinâmica do trabalho, da ergologia, daclínica da atividade e da psicossociologia. A perspectiva metodológica foi situada noâmbito da pesquisa qualitativa de natureza exploratória. Utilizamos a abordagem dashistórias de vida, guiada por um roteiro, juntamente com a aplicação de um pequenoquestionário, o qual registrou alguns dados mais objetivos. Os sujeitos da pesquisacompuseram um grupo de 20 (vinte) bombeiros de diversas patentes militares. A análisedos resultados foi organizada em três grandes seções com os seus respectivosdesdobramentos 1) Contextualização do cenário de atividade; 2) Narrativasprofissionais de três bombeiros militares e por último 3) A realidade de ser bombeiro.A aproximação do cenário, vivido pelos bombeiros militares, permitiu o exame dassituações que foram vivenciadas em um momento de tensão no campo das negociaçõespor direito à saúde e ao trabalho. Em função desta pauta, analisamos os depoimentos dostrabalhadores à luz do marco teórico conceitual proposto e neste mesmo percurso foipossível fazer emergir os aspectos que, em decorrência da natureza da atividade, exercemimpactos na saúde dos profissionais. Por tratar de uma atividade cujo principal objetivo ésalvar vidas e bens, os profissionais trabalham sob um clima de tensão e risco à própriavida. Contudo, concluímos diante dos resultados do estudo que, embora os bombeirosmilitares estabeleçam correlações entre o trabalho e a saúde, a categoria ainda não possuidispositivos coletivos para minimizar os efeitos deletérios da prática de trabalhoconstituídos desta relação.

The Article 51 reporting requirement for self-defense actions

This article examines one legal criterion for the exercise of the right of self-defense that has been significantly overlooked by commentators: the so-called “reporting requirement.” Article 51 of the United Nations (UN) Charter provides, inter alia, that “[m]easures taken by members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council.” Although the requirement to report all self-defense actions to the Council is clearly set out in Article 51, the Charter offers no further guidance with regard to this obligation. Reference to the practice of states since the UN’s inception in 1945 is therefore essential to understanding the scope and nature of the reporting requirement. As such, this article is underpinned by an extensive original dataset of reporting practice covering the period from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2013. We know from Article 51 that states “shall” report, but do they, and—if so—in what manner? What are the various implications of reporting, of failing to report, and of the way in which states report? How are reports used, and by whom? Most importantly, this article questions the ultimate value of states reporting their self-defense actions to the Security Council in modern interstate relations.

Students at Work in the Welding Department

Several students are pictured in a classroom in the Welding Department at the New York Trade School. Some are shown emerging from welding booths at the right of the photograph. Black and white photograph.

Motstånd och stöd : en studie av svenska muslimska församlingar

Opposition and Support: A Study of Swedish Muslim Congregations Anti-Islamic attitudes are deeply rooted in Western Europe, and Muslims have, especially in the post-September 11 context, experienced discrimination and demonization. But how do anti-Islamic attitudes affect practicing Muslims and their congregations? The aim of this study, the first of its kind in Europe, is to present a statistically representative view of how Muslim congregations in Sweden experienced the reactions from the surrounding community. The results of the survey carried out show that according to the representatives of the local congregations (n=105) half of the congregations have experienced opposition from the local community and in 40 percent of the congregations criminal offences have been committed against active Muslims or their places of worship.  This opposition is closely connected with two types of situations: either international occurrences (i.e. terrorist bombings in, for example, London, Madrid) or local events that have emphasized the presence of Islam in the public sphere. A multivariate analysis of the results of the study shows that the strongest opposition has taken place in small municipalities with a large proportion of immigrants. However, opposition does not preclude support. On the contrary, opposition appears to have a mobilizing effect on those who support the right of Muslims to exercise freedom of religion. However, neither opposition nor support are the key factors affecting whether congregations see themselves as established in the local community. The degree of anchorage depends on the demographic composition of the congregation and on the degree of contact that the members have with the surrounding community.

Essays on firm dynamics in the Swedish wholesale trade sector

This thesis consists of a summary and five self-contained papers addressing dynamics of firms in the Swedish wholesale trade sector. Paper [1] focuses upon determinants of new firm formation in the Swedish wholesale trade sector, using two definitions of firms’ relevant markets, markets defined as administrative areas, and markets based on a cost minimizing behavior of retailers. The paper shows that new entering firms tend to avoid regions with already high concentration of other firms in the same branch of wholesaling, while right-of-the-center local government and quality of the infrastructure have positive impacts upon entry of new firms. The signs of the estimated coefficients remain the same regardless which definition of relevant market is used, while the size of the coefficients is generally higher once relevant markets delineated on the cost-minimizing assumption of retailers are used. Paper [2] analyses determinant of firm relocation, distinguishing between the role of the factors in in-migration municipalities and out-migration municipalities. The results of the analysis indicate that firm-specific factors, such as profits, age and size of the firm are negatively related to the firm’s decision to relocate. Furthermore, firms seems to be avoiding municipalities with already high concentration of firms operating in the same industrial branch of wholesaling and also to be more reluctant to leave municipalities governed by right-of-the- center parties. Lastly, firms seem to avoid moving to municipalities characterized with high population density. Paper [3] addresses determinants of firm growth, adopting OLS and a quantile regression technique. The results of this paper indicate that very little of the firm growth can be explained by the firm-, industry- and region-specific factors, controlled for in the estimated models. Instead, the firm growth seems to be driven by internal characteristics of firms, factors difficult to capture in conventional statistics. This result supports Penrose’s (1959) suggestion that internal resources such as firm culture, brand loyalty, entrepreneurial skills, and so on, are important determinants of firm growth rates. Paper [4] formulates a forecasting model for firm entry into local markets and tests this model using data from the Swedish wholesale industry. The empirical analysis is based on directly estimating the profit function of wholesale firms and identification of low- and high-return local markets. The results indicate that 19 of 30 estimated models have more net entry in high-return municipalities, but the estimated parameters is only statistically significant at conventional level in one of our estimated models, and then with unexpected negative sign. Paper [5] studies effects of firm relocation on firm profits of relocating firms, employing a difference-in-difference propensity score matching. Using propensity score matching, the pre-relocalization differences between relocating and non-relocating firms are balanced, while the difference-in-difference estimator controls for all time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity among firms. The results suggest that firms that relocate increase their profits significantly, in comparison to what the profits would be had the firms not relocated. This effect is estimated to vary between 3 to 11 percentage points, depending on the length of the analyzed period. 

Privacy law in Australia

This book begins by examining the nature and scope of the right to privacy and the moral basis and status: What is privacy? What interests does it affect and protect? Is there a justification for the right?
It discusses the relevant legal regime in all Australian jurisdictions. It covers the extent to which privacy has been protected under common law and equity and then weaves these principles into the statutory discussion of privacy. It focusses specifically on the most important areas of privacy protection - medical records, communications, criminal investigations and DNA, employment, territory, etc. Finally, it examines how the law may develop in the future.

Indigenous peoples, self-determination and international law

The article examines the re-emergence of indigenous rights in contemporary international law in the context of worldwide agitation by indigenous peoples for the adoption by the United Nations of a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Two approaches to the protection of indigenous rights are considered: a minimal one that relies on existing human rights conventions, and an inspirational one that seeks a Declaration negotiated in partnership with states willing to recognise indigenous autonomy. Attention is given to judicial recognition of the right to self-determination as a right of free choice, and to the distinction between minority rights and indigenous autonomy. The importance of defining indigenous self-determination in a positive way is emphasised, and prospects for a new UN permanent indigenous forum overcoming the stalemate about indigenous rights are reviewed in terms of the need for greater dialogue.