A forma sem conteúdo e o sujeito sem subjetividade

O objetivo deste ensaio é refletir acerca da relação entre o primado da forma em nossa sociedade, que se expressa também nos âmbitos políticos e educacionais, e a formação de indivíduos pouco diferençados, no que se refere à sua sensibilidade, percepção e pensamento; tem como hipótese que a ênfase na forma, em diversos domínios sociais, em detrimento do conteúdo específico ao qual deveria se vincular contribui com a formação de indivíduos que têm dificuldades de se identificarem entre si e, por isso, de se desenvolver, sendo propensos à frieza, a uma ausência de percepção das contradições e conflitos sociais e a um pensamento basicamente adaptativo. Essa reflexão é desenvolvida tendo como referência obras de pensadores que constituíram a denominada Escola de Frankfurt, tais como T. W. Adorno, M. Horkheimer e H. Marcuse, e a Psicanálise Freudiana.

Psicologia, diretrizes curriculares e processos educativos na Amazônia: um estudo da formação de psicólogos

Este estudo objetiva analisar a formação de psicólogos frente às Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os Cursos de Psicologia no que tange aos processos educativos. Realizamos revisão da literatura pertinente ao tema, pesquisa documental e empírica com alunos, professores e coordenador de curso, utilizando questionário, entrevistas e adotando a estratégia de triangulação a partir das categorias: perfil sociocultural; nível de conhecimento acerca das mudanças oriundas das Diretrizes para o curso de Psicologia; percepção na qualidade da prática docente; nível de satisfação com relação à própria formação universitária, tomando como referência os conhecimentos, habilidades e competências adquiridas. Apresenta contribuições para a compreensão da formação de psicólogos no campo da educação na Amazônia no Ensino Superior, centrada na construção de um profissional de pensamento e prática críticos, capaz de analisar as transformações nos vários contextos educacionais e escolares, utilizando referenciais que permitam a compreensão do fenômeno educativo na sua complexidade.

O uso de videogames, jogos de computador e internet por uma amostra de universitários da Universidade de São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Avaliar uso de jogos eletrônicos (videogames, jogos de computador e internet) em uma amostra de universitários. MÉTODO: Um questionário a respeito de comportamentos relacionados ao uso de jogos eletrônicos, contendo a escala Problem Videogame Playing (PVP), foi aplicado em 100 alunos da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). RESULTADOS: A maioria (83%) relatou ter jogado no último ano, dentre a qual 81,9% eram homens, 51,8% jogavam de 1 a 2 horas por sessão; 74,4% afirmaram que jogar não interfere em seus relacionamentos sociais e 60,5%, que o uso de jogos violentos não influencia sua agressividade. Os estudantes dividiram-se entre jogadores ocasionais e frequentes, diferenciando-se por duração de cada sessão, jogo preferido, motivação para jogar, e influência do jogo na vida social. Cerca de 5% relataram só parar de jogar quando interrompidos, normalmente jogar mais de 4 horas por sessão e se relacionar mais com amigos virtuais, sugerindo maior envolvimento com a atividade. Na escala PVP, 15,8% da amostra preencheu mais da metade dos itens, indicando consequências adversas associadas ao uso dos jogos eletrônicos. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que o uso de jogos eletrônicos é comum entre os estudantes da USP e que uma parcela apresenta problemas relacionados ao excesso de jogo.

Dependência de Internet e de jogos eletrônicos: uma revisão

OBJETIVO: Com a inclusão das novas tecnologias contemporâneas, a Internet e os jogos eletrônicos tornaram-se ferramentas de uso amplo e irrestrito, transformando-se em um dos maiores fenômenos mundiais da última década. Diversas pesquisas atestam os benefícios desses recursos, mas seu uso sadio e adaptativo progressivamente deu lugar ao abuso e à falta de controle ao criar severos impactos na vida cotidiana de milhões de usuários. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar de forma sistemática os artigos que examinam a dependência de Internet e jogos eletrônicos na população geral. Almejamos, portanto, avaliar a evolução destes conceitos no decorrer da última década, assim como contribuir para a melhor compreensão do quadro e suas comorbidades. MÉTODO: Foi feita uma revisão sistemática da literatura através do MedLine, Lilacs, SciELO e Cochrane usando-se como parâmetro os termos: "Internet addiction", pathological "Internet use", "problematic Internet use", "Internet abuse", "videogame", "computer games" e "electronic games". A busca eletrônica foi feita até dezembro de 2007. DISCUSSÃO: Estudos realizados em diferentes países apontam para prevalências ainda muito diversas, o que provavelmente se deve à falta de consenso e ao uso de diferentes denominações, dando margem à adoção de distintos critérios diagnósticos. Muitos pacientes que relatam o uso abusivo e dependência passam a apresentar prejuízos significativos na vida profissional, acadêmica (escolar), social e familiar. CONCLUSÕES: São necessárias novas investigações para determinar se esse uso abusivo de Internet e de jogos eletrônicos pode ser compreendido como uma das mais novas classificações psiquiátricas do século XXI ou apenas substratos de outros transtornos.

Obesidade na adolescência e seus principais fatores determinantes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir os principais fatores ambientais determinantes do sobrepeso e da obesidade em adolescentes, fundamentando-se em uma revisão crítica sobre o assunto. Para a revisão do tema foram consultadas as principais bases de dados nacionais e internacionais, entre elas, Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, SciELO, Lilacs, compreendendo o período de 1975 a 2009. Os descritores e termos MeSH utilizados na busca foram: "sobrepeso", "obesidade", "adolescência", "adolescentes", "atividade física", "ingestão alimentar". Os resultados das pesquisas indicam que as mudanças ocorridas nos padrões alimentares nas últimas décadas, como o aumento do consumo de açúcares simples, alimentos industrializados e ingestão insuficiente de frutas e hortaliças, estão diretamente associadas ao ganho de peso dos adolescentes. Além disso, a redução progressiva da prática de atividade física combinada ao maior tempo dedicado às atividades de baixa intensidade, como assistir televisão, usar computador e jogar videogame, também tem contribuído para o aumento de peso dos jovens. Conclui-se, portanto, que as variáveis relacionadas ao padrão alimentar e de atividade física devem ser priorizadas nas intervenções voltadas para a prevenção da obesidade entre adolescentes.

Sigatoka disease reduces the greenlife of bananas

Sigatoka disease (SD) of bananas is caused by the pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella musicola Leach. This disease provokes necrotic lesions on leaves and serious infestations can lead to a substantial reduction in the leaf area of infected plants and thus to yield losses. In addition to these effects on yield, SO was found to have an impact on fruit quality, especially because exported bananas ripen prematurely. In the present work, a plantation survey and experiments have been conducted in Guadeloupe (FWI) to assess the effect of this disease on the greenlife of bananas harvested at a constant physiological age, as measured in degree-days (dd). Our results revealed that bananas harvested at 900 dd from plants with high Sigatoka disease severity had normal diameter growth, but a shorter greenlife (GL) than bananas harvested from uninfected plants. These results indicate that SD is directly responsible for the reduction of banana greenlife since the reduction of GL could not be attributed to the harvest of fruits at a more advanced physiological age (dd). Furthermore, a correlation was noted between SO severity and GL The potential physiological mechanisms involved are also discussed. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two decades of the Brazilian Standard for Marketing of Baby Food: are there reasons to celebrate?

Objective. To assess the impact that the Brazilian Standard for Marketing of Baby Food (Norma Brasileira de Comercializacao de Alimentos para Lactentes) have had on breastfeeding rates and regulating the marketing of breast-milk substitutes. Methods. Data were retrieved from a national survey conducted in 2000 that administered structured questionnaires to nine different groups. A total of 2 848 surveys were completed. Cluster sampling was employed to randomly select a sample from 159 towns located in the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District. Results. The survey showed that participants possess satisfactory knowledge regarding the importance of breastfeeding and its ideal duration period. During the past two decades, the median duration of breastfeeding has increased, but it is still below desired levels. The mother`s return to work, maternal health issues, perception of insufficient breast milk, and information provided by health professionals were among reasons given for early termination of breastfeeding. Knowledge of the Brazilian standard was very limited, even among health professionals. Conclusions. Breastfeeding promotion in Brazil should focus on overcoming the cultural, educational, and economic barriers identified from among the various groups assessed. Interagency cooperation should include public, private, and third-parties, and focus on disseminating breastfeeding information and promoting the desirability of breastfeeding. Barriers to cooperation should be tackled in order to ensure that the main goal of the Brazilian standard-protection of infant health-can be achieved.

Ventilation Patterns Influence Airway Secretion Movement

BACKGROUND: Retention of airway secretions is a common and serious problem in ventilated patients. Treating or avoiding secretion retention with mucus thinning, patient-positioning, airway suctioning, or chest or airway vibration or percussion may provide short-term benefit. METHODS: In a series of laboratory experiments with a test-lung system we examined the role of ventilator settings and lung-impedance on secretion retention and expulsion. Known quantities of a synthetic dye-stained mucus simulant with clinically relevant properties were injected into a transparent tube the diameter of an adult trachea and exposed to various mechanical-ventilation conditions. Mucus-simulant movement was measured with a photodensitometric technique and examined with image-analysis software. We tested 2 mucus-simulant viscosities and various peak flows, inspiratory/ expiratory flow ratios, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressures, ventilation waveforms, and impedance values. RESULTS: Ventilator settings that produced flow bias had a major effect on mucus movement. Expiratory How bias associated with intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure generated by elevated minute ventilation moved mucus toward the airway opening, whereas intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure generated by increased airway resistance moved the mucus toward the lungs. Inter-lung transfer of mucus simulant occurred rapidly across the ""carinal divider"" between interconnected test lungs set to radically different compliances; the mucus moved out of the low-compliance lung and into the high-compliance lung. CONCLUSIONS: The movement of mucus simulant was influenced by the ventilation pattern and lung impedance. Flow bias obtained with ventilator settings may clear or embed mucus during mechanical ventilation.

Prevalence of cannabis use in Brazil: Data from the I Brazilian National Alcohol Survey (BNAS)

Aims: To estimate the prevalence of cannabis use in the last 12 months in the Brazilian population and to examine its association with individual and geographic characteristics. Design: Cross-sectional survey with a national probabilistic sample. Participants: 3006 individuals aged 14 to 65 years. Measurements: Questionnaire based on well established instruments, adapted to the Brazilian population. Findings: The 12-month prevalence of cannabis use was 2.1% (95%Cl 1.3-2.9). Male gender, better educational level, unemployment and living in the regions South and Southeast were independently associated with higher 12-month prevalence of cannabis use. Conclusion: While the prevalence of cannabis use in Brazil is lower than in many countries, the profile of those who are more likely to have used it is similar. Educational and prevention policies should be focused on specific population groups. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leishmania sp identification by PCR associated with sequencing of target SSU rDNA in paraffin-embedded skin samples stored for more than 30 years

Paraffin-embedded samples commonly stored at educational and research institutions constitute tissues banks for follow-up or epidemiological studies; however, the paraffin inclusion process involves the use of substances that can cause DNA degradation. In this study, a PCR protocol was applied to identify Leishmania strains in 33 paraffin-embedded skin samples of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. DNA was obtained by the phenol-chloroform protocol following paraffin removal and then used in PCR or nested PCR based on the nucleotide sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rDNA). The amplicons obtained were cloned and sequenced to determine the single nucleotide polymorphism that distinguishes between different Leishmania species or groups. This assay allowed to distinguish organisms belonging to the subgenus Viannia and identify L. (Leishmania) amazonensis and L. (L.) chagasi of the Leishmania subgenus. Of the 33 samples, PCR and nested PCR identified 91% of samples. After sequencing the PCR product of 26 samples, 16 were identified as L. (L.) amazonensis, the other 10 contain organisms belonging to the L. (Viannia) sub-genus. These results open a huge opportunity to study stored samples and promote relevant contributions to epidemiological studies.

Dose-dependent hepatic response to subchronic administration of nandrolone decanoate

Background: Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are synthetic hormone derivatives of testosterone and are mainly used to enhance athletic performance and muscle mass, but medical applications also have been described. Short- and long-term side effects have been demonstrated in many organs, but the liver adverse effects are the most common and serious ones associated with AAS use. However, these effects have been supported by few clinical and experimental studies. Objective: To evaluate the hepatic function and structure after 5 wk of nandrolone decanoate administration at three different doses. Methods: Twenty-seven adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control, clinical, intermediate, and suprapharmacological doses of nandrolone decanoate during 5 wk. Results: The biochemical studies showed that nandrolone decanoate administration leads to a dose-dependent increase in serum levels of the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P < 0.05), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P < 0.01), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P < 0.001), as well as a significant decrease in total proteins (P < 0.01), bilirubin (P < 0.05), total cholesterol and fractions (P < 0.05), and triglycerides (P < 0.05). Although a significant statistical difference was found for AST, ALT, and ALP when compared with the control group, their values remained within the normal range. The number of Kupffer cells was increased in the liver parenchyma (P < 0.05), and the content of collagen was increased in the central lobular vein wall, in the hepatic parenchyma, and in the portal space (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that subchronic treatment with nandrolone decanoate, mainly administered at higher-than-clinical doses, are potentially deleterious to the liver, leading to incipient fibrosis.

Screening for Alzheimer`s Disease Among Illiterate Elderly: Accuracy Analysis for Multiple Instruments

One of the challenges in screening for dementia in developing countries is related to performance differences due to educational and cultural factors. This study evaluated the accuracy of single screening tests as well as combined protocols including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Verbal Fluency animal category (VF), Clock Drawing test (CDT), and Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ) to discriminate illiterate elderly with and without Alzheimer`s disease (AD) in a clinical sample. Cross-sectional study with 66 illiterate outpatients diagnosed with mild and moderate AD and 40 illiterate normal controls. Diagnosis of AD was based on NINCDS-ADRDA. All patients were submitted to a diagnostic protocol including a clinical interview based on the CAMDEX sections. ROC curves area analyses were carried out to compare sensitivity and specificity for the cognitive tests to differentiate the two groups (each test separately and in two by two combinations). Scores for all cognitive (MMSE, CDT, VF) and functional assessments (PFAQ) were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.001). The best screening instruments for this sample of illiterate elderly were the MMSE and the PFAQ. The cut-off scores for the MMSE, VF, CDT, and PFAQ were 17.5, 7.5, 2.5, and 11.5, respectively. The most sensitive combination came from the MMSE and PFAQ (94.1%), and the best specificity was observed with the combination of the MMSE and CDT (89%). Illiterate patients can be successfully screened for AD using well-known screening instruments, especially in combined protocols.

Characterization of autopsy-proven fatal asthma patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Few data are available on autopsy-proven fatal asthma patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil. We characterized 73 asthma patients who were autopsied at the Servico de Verificacao de Obitos do Universidade de Sao Paulo between 1996 and 2004. An interview with the next of kin assessed socioeconomic status, history, and treatment of asthma. There were 42 women and 31 men. Fifty-six (76.7%) of them were older than 34 years. Sixty-three percent were Caucasians, 77.3% had < 8 years of schooling, and the median income was 1.6 times the minimum wage. Twenty-two patients (30.1%) were smokers and 14 (19.2%) were ex-smokers. Only 25 (34.2%) patients were regularly followed by a doctor. Only 12.3% received inhaled steroids. Thirty-five patients (47.9%) had moderate-to-severe asthma. Fifty-five (75.3%) deaths took place outside a hospital, We conclude that this population shares characteristics of severe or poorly controlled asthma, low educational and socioeconomic levels, and lack of medical care and of inhaled steroid use.

Involvement of the central nervous system in the chronic form of Chagas` disease

Background and purpose: Apart from the central nervous system parasitic invasion in chagasic immunodeficient patients and strokes due to heart lesions provoked by the disease, the typical neurological syndromes of the chronic phase of Chagas` disease (CD) have not yet been characterized, although involvement of the peripheral nervous system has been well documented. This study aims at investigating whether specific signs of central nervous system impairment might be associated with the disease. Methods: Twenty-seven patients suffering from the chronic form of Chagas` disease (CCD) and an equal number of controls matched for sex, age, educational and socio-cultural background, and coming from the same geographical regions, were studied using neurological examinations, magnetic resonance images, and electroencephalographic frequency analysis. Results: Nineteen patients were at the stage A of the cardiac form of the disease (without documented structural lesions or heart failure). Dizziness, brisk reflexes, and ankle and knee areflexia were significantly more prevalent in the patients than in the controls. The significant findings in quantitative electroencephalogram were an increase in the theta relative power and a decrease in the theta dominant frequency at temporal-occipital derivations. Subcortical, white matter demyelination was associated with diffuse theta bursts and theta-delta slowing in two patients. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a discrete and unspecific functional cortical disorder and possible white matter lesions in CD. The focal nervous system abnormalities in CD documented here did not seem to cause significant functional damage or severely alter the patient`s quality of life. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.