New recycling approaches for thermoset polymeric composite wastes – an experimental study on polyester based concrete materials filled with fibre reinforced plastic recyclates

In this study, a new waste management solution for thermoset glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) based products was assessed. Mechanical recycling approach, with reduction of GFRP waste to powdered and fibrous materials was applied, and the prospective added-value of obtained recyclates was experimentally investigated as raw material for polyester based mortars. Different GFRP waste admixed mortar formulations were analyzed varying the content, between 4% up to 12% in weight, of GFRP powder and fibre mix waste. The effect of incorporation of a silane coupling agent was also assessed. Design of experiments and data treatment was accomplished through implementation of full factorial design and analysis of variance ANOVA. Added value of potential recycling solution was assessed by means of flexural and compressive loading capacity of GFRP waste admixed mortars with regard to unmodified polymer mortars. The key findings of this study showed a viable technological option for improving the quality of polyester based mortars and highlight a potential cost-effective waste management solution for thermoset composite materials in the production of sustainable concrete-polymer based products.

Experimental study on polyester based concretes filled with glass fibre reinforced plastic recyclates – a contribution to composite materials sustainability

The development and applications of thermoset polymeric composites, namely fibre reinforced plastics (FRP), have shifted in the last decades more and more into the mass market [1]. Despite of all advantages associated to FRP based products, the increasing production and consume also lead to an increasing amount of FRP wastes, either end-of-lifecycle products, or scrap and by-products generated by the manufacturing process itself. Whereas thermoplastic FRPs can be easily recycled, by remelting and remoulding, recyclability of thermosetting FRPs constitutes a more difficult task due to cross-linked nature of resin matrix. To date, most of the thermoset based FRP waste is being incinerated or landfilled, leading to negative environmental impacts and supplementary added costs to FRP producers and suppliers. This actual framework is putting increasing pressure on the industry to address the options available for FRP waste management, being an important driver for applied research undertaken cost efficient recycling methods. [1-2]. In spite of this, research on recycling solutions for thermoset composites is still at an elementary stage. Thermal and/or chemical recycling processes, with partial fibre recovering, have been investigated mostly for carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) due to inherent value of carbon fibre reinforcement; whereas for glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP), mechanical recycling, by means of milling and grinding processes, has been considered a more viable recycling method [1-2]. Though, at the moment, few solutions in the reuse of mechanically-recycled GFRP composites into valueadded products are being explored. Aiming filling this gap, in this study, a new waste management solution for thermoset GFRP based products was assessed. The mechanical recycling approach, with reduction of GFRP waste to powdered and fibrous materials was applied, and the potential added value of obtained recyclates was experimentally investigated as raw material for polyester based mortars. The use of a cementless concrete as host material for GFRP recyclates, instead of a conventional Portland cement based concrete, presents an important asset in avoiding the eventual incompatibility problems arisen from alkalis silica reaction between glass fibres and cementious binder matrix. Additionally, due to hermetic nature of resin binder, polymer based concretes present greater ability for incorporating recycled waste products [3]. Under this scope, different GFRP waste admixed polymer mortar (PM) formulations were analyzed varying the size grading and content of GFRP powder and fibre mix waste. Added value of potential recycling solution was assessed by means of flexural and compressive loading capacities of modified mortars with regard to waste-free polymer mortars.

Estudo da aplicação de materiais adesivos termofusíveis na conservação de papel vegetal

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Conservação e Restauro (Área de Documentos Gráficos)

Hidrogenação de óleo vegetal de colza para a produção de biocombustível líquido

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Energia e Bioenergia

Análise dos resultados dos planos de controlo de resíduos de pesticidas em produtos de origem vegetal: anos 2007-2009

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar

Microcystin-LR detection in water by the Fabry–Pérot interferometer using an optical fibre coated with a sol–gel imprinted sensing membrane

Cyanobacteria deteriorate the water quality and are responsible for emerging outbreaks and epidemics causing harmful diseases in Humans and animals because of their toxins. Microcystin-LR (MCT) is one of the most relevant cyanotoxin, being the most widely studied hepatotoxin. For safety purposes, the World Health Organization recommends a maximum value of 1 μg L−1 of MCT in drinking water. Therefore, there is a great demand for remote and real-time sensing techniques to detect and quantify MCT. In this work a Fabry–Pérot sensing probe based on an optical fibre tip coated with a MCT selective thin film is presented. The membranes were developed by imprinting MCT in a sol–gel matrix that was applied over the tip of the fibre by dip coating. The imprinting effect was obtained by curing the sol–gel membrane, prepared with (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS), diphenyl-dimethoxysilane (DPDMS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), in the presence of MCT. The imprinting effect was tested by preparing a similar membrane without template. In general, the fibre Fabry–Pérot with a Molecular Imprinted Polymer (MIP) sensor showed low thermal effect, thus avoiding the need of temperature control in field applications. It presented a linear response to MCT concentration within 0.3–1.4 μg L−1 with a sensitivity of −12.4 ± 0.7 nm L μg−1. The corresponding Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP) displayed linear behaviour for the same MCT concentration range, but with much less sensitivity, of −5.9 ± 0.2 nm L μg−1. The method shows excellent selectivity for MCT against other species co-existing with the analyte in environmental waters. It was successfully applied to the determination of MCT in contaminated samples. The main advantages of the proposed optical sensor include high sensitivity and specificity, low-cost, robustness, easy preparation and preservation.

Damage assessment of fibre reinforced laminates

The use of solid wastes and natural fibres to the production of innovative composites is now a matter of environmental need. A set of hybrid composites constituted of waste rubber particles and sugarcane bagasse fibres into a thermoset composite material are drilled to determine the effect of rubber particle addition and size, sugarcane fibre addition and length and fibre chemical treatment on damage extension and related mechanical properties. Damage extension is determined by enhanced radiography for further damage measurement – diameter and areas – and correlated with mechanical test results — bearing test. The results demonstrated significant effect of the rubber and fibre additions on mechanical properties of the composites.

Performance assessment of waste fibre-reinforced mortar

Materials Science Forum Vols. 730-732 (2013) pp 617-622

Avaliação dos teores em metais em produtos de origem vegetal enlatados

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar

Numerical simulation of blast effects on fibre grout RC panels

The main purpose of the present dissertation is the simulation of the response of fibre grout strengthened RC panels when subjected to blast effects using the Applied Element Method, in order to validate and verify its applicability. Therefore, four experimental models, three of which were strengthened with a cement-based grout, each reinforced by one type of steel reinforcement, were tested against blast effects. After the calibration of the experimental set-up, it was possible to obtain and compare the response to the blast effects of the model without strengthening (reference model), and a fibre grout strengthened RC panel (strengthened model). Afterwards, a numerical model of the reference model was created in the commercial software Extreme Loading for Structures, which is based on the Applied Element Method, and calibrated to the obtained experimental results, namely to the residual displacement obtained by the experimental monitoring system. With the calibration verified, it is possible to assume that the numerical model correctly predicts the response of fibre grout RC panels when subjected to blast effects. In order to verify this assumption, the strengthened model was modelled and subjected to the blast effects of the corresponding experimental set-up. The comparison between the residual and maximum displacements and the bottom surface’s cracking obtained in the experimental and the numerical tests yields a difference of 4 % for the maximum displacements of the reference model, and a difference of 4 and 10 % for the residual and maximum displacements of the strengthened model, respectively. Additionally, the cracking on the bottom surface of the models was similar in both methods. Therefore, one can conclude that the Applied ElementMethod can correctly predict and simulate the response of fibre grout strengthened RC panels when subjected to blast effects.

Efeito do coberto vegetal no reforço e na proteção de taludes

A vegetação afeta o comportamento dos taludes sob a ação dos agentes da geodinâmica externa. Neste pressuposto, analisam-se no presente trabalho os seus efeitos no reforço e na proteção de taludes, com destaque para o papel das raízes para atingir esses objetivos. Numa segunda fase e tendo em conta a necessidade do uso da vegetação para reconstruir habitats, valorizar paisagisticamente o território e aumentar a segurança dos espaços, é abordado o assunto da Engenharia Natural. Trata-se de um acervo de técnicas que utilizam as plantas vivas como elementos principais do processo construtivo. São referidas as principais problemáticas desta ferramenta, as metodologias empregues e o modo como são aplicadas na proteção, estabilização e contenção dos taludes. Para que a aplicação de tais técnicas seja viável, é importante selecionar para cada situação geoambiental e climática o tipo mais apropriado de espécies vegetais. Por isso, numa terceira fase, enumeram-se as espécies consideradas mais adequadas em Portugal para esta finalidade e são dados a conhecer alguns casos de aplicação no referido país de técnicas de Engenharia Natural em taludes.

Conversão química de madeiras da amazônia - Carvão e briquetes de carvão vegetal

Nesta pesquisa é relatada a qualidade do carvão fabricado com madeiras do Distrito Agropecuário da Suframa, e do briquete manufaturado tendo como adesivo a tapioca. Mostra-se, as dificuldades para a conversão mecânica das madeiras de terra firme da proximidade de Manaus, assim como, a impossibilidade da conversão química para a produção de celulose e furfural. Postula-se ser o carvoejamento a transformação mais compatível com as características dessas madeiras. Menciona-se o processo de fabricação do carvão vegetal. Caracteriza-se a sua qualidade considerando os parâmetros: carbono fixo, cinzas, materiais voláteis, poder calorífico, umidade, densidade aparente, densidade verdadeira, friabilidade e porosidade. Descreve-se o processo de fabricação do briquete, fazendo-se considerações sobre as características do adesivo. Compara-se a qualidade do carvão versus a qualidade do briquete. Discute-se as informações existentes na literatura sobre o uso do briquete para gasogênio automotivo. Infere-se várias conclusões entre as quais que o carvão vegetal e o briquete seriam produtos florestais alternativos para regiões detentoras de florestas e de condições ecológicas propícias ao desenvolvimento da cultura da mandioca, como a Amazônia brasileira.

Qualidade do carvão vegetal produzido com madeiras da região de Manaus em fornos de alvenaria

Algumas características de madeiras da região de Manaus, no Amazonas foram determinadas, como identificação anatômica, densidade básica e umidade, visando reconhecer o material para produção de carvão vegetal. Identificou-se 28 famílias botânicas sendo que 50% do material foi representado por Anonaceae, Lecythidaceae e Sapotaceae. Quanto a gênero, encontrou-se 43, destes sobressairam-se Miconia, Guateria, Brasimum Goupiae Eschweilera, representando 38% das madeiras. As espécies Goupia glabra, Aldina heterophylla, Jacaranda copaia, Diplotropis purpurea e Tapirina guianensis foram as de maior ocorrência na madeira estudada. A densidade básica média foi 0,73 g/cm3 e a umidade média, sendo a madeira seca ao ar livre, ficou em 24.16% base úmida. A madeira foi carbonizada em fornos de alvenaria e do carvão obtido determinou-se características físicas e químicas. Os resultados médios foram: tamanho médio 45,30mm; friabilidade 15,46% de finos gerados menor que 13 mm e índice de quebra de 39,13%; tensão máxima de ruptura foi 43,36kgf/cm2; densidade aparente 0,51 e verdadeira 1,48; porosidade 65,28%; umidade 6,80%; matérias voláteis 17,65%; cinzas 2,29%; carbono fixo 80,06% e poder calorífico superior 6.826 Kcal/kg.

Efeitos antihipertensor e diurético de alguns alimentos de origem vegetal

Nove extratos de plantas amplamente utilizadas como alimento tem sido investigados sobre seus efeitos diurético e antihipertensor em ratos. Os efeitos diuréticos foram moderados. Três extratos (oliveira, alho e manjericão) diminuiram a pressão arterial durante várias horas. O agrião mostrou um efeito hipertensor. Conclui-se que alimentos de origem vegetal podem produzir efeitos importantes sobre a pressão arterial em ratos.

Qualidade do carvão vegetal de madeiras amazônizas - Balbina

RESUMOProduziu-se carvão com madeiras provenientes da área de inundação da Hidrelétrica de Balbina no Amazonas. As madeiras possuiam teor de umidade situado entre 25 a 35%, diâmetro inferior a 0,18 m, bitolas de 2,00 m de comprimento e densidade básica inferior a 0,75 ton/m3. Fizeram-se vinte e três carbonizações utilizando forno de alvenaria. No carvão vegetal determinou-se a friabilidade, a densidade aparente, a densidade verdadeira, a porosidade, o poder calorífico e os teores de umidade, matérias voláteis, cinzas e carbono fixo. No geral obteve-se um carvão de boas qualidades e sem nenhum parâmetro que pudesse comprometer a aplicação do produto em usos convencionais.